Food Consumption And Energy Intake In Rural Areas of Bangladesh

Background: Previous studies have indicated that snacking is contributing to increased calories in the American diet, and that the contribution of snacks to energy intake has increased in recent decades. Objective: The objective was to examine trends in the energy intake deriving from snacks and food sources of snacks for US adults over 35 years from 1977 to 2012, and whether these trends differ across sociodemographic groups. Methods: Participants included 74,291 US adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 1977–1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS); the 1989–1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), the 1994–1996 CSFII, the 1997–1998 CSFII, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004, NHANES 2005–2006, NHANES 2009–2010 and NHANES 2011–2012; all surveys are a stratified random sample of the total civilian, non-institutionalized US population. Overall patterns of snacking, trends in energy intake from snacking, trends in snacking food and beverage sources and energy intake from snacks across racial/ethnic, age, education and income groups were examined. Results: For all US adults there was a significant increase in per capita energy intake from snacks from 1977 to 2012 (p < 0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks had the highest snacking energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in each year (p < 0.01 for all), with a peak intake in 2003–2006 of 76 kcal per capita per day. Intake of salty snacks increased in all groups between 1977 and 2012, with non-Hispanic blacks having the highest intake in 2009–2012 (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found between income or education groups. Conclusions: Results show that snacking remains a significant component of the US diet and the foods consumed at these snacks (SSBs, desserts and sweets and salty snacks) are not the types of foods recommended by the US dietary guidelines. Our finding that non-Hispanic blacks are consuming a higher proportion of SSBs and salty snacks than other groups, and showing the largest increase in energy intake deriving from snacks overall over the past 35 years, is indeed concerning.

Resemblance of dietary intakes of snacks, sweets, fruit, and vegetables among mother–child dyads from low income families

The purpose of the study are (1) Identify the various characteristics of household food security in rural areas, (2) Identify the social capital that developed in rural areas, (3) Identify the various characteristics of sustainable food security in rural areas and (4) Analysis of social capital on development of sustainable food security in various community groups. The study design was cross sectional. The study was conducted in Kerinci regency, by the time the research for 8 (eight) months of the calendar. Research variables: (1) family food security (availability, accessibility, and utilization of food and nutrition, (2) social capital (local associations and public characters), and (3) Sustainable food security (ecology, economic status, and sosio-demographic), with the number of respondents 165 households. The data were analyzed using models of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) by LISREL program. The results showed: (1) the level of household food security in Kerinci regency good views of availability, accessibility and household utilization of nutrients obtained quite enough and stable. Respondents in the study area has a fairly high level of stability of food consumption (energy and protein consumption), (2) social capital in the study area owned by households is high and good views of the local association level as well as from the aspect of interaction and community character, (3) sustainable food security is enough high, (4) social capital (local associations and public characters) either directly or indirectly have a positive highly significant to the development of food security and sustainable food security. That is, the higher and varied levels of social capital owned by the family, the more stable the level of food security so that the turn can improve the sustainable food security of the family.Key words: food security, social capital, sustainable, and development.

Agricultural zakat has a role in strengthening food security in rural areas. However, faced with the challenge of lack of literacy in the distribution of agricultural zakat owned by the community, especially farmers. So that the distribution of agricultural zakat has not contributed to food security in rural areas. Therefore, this research aims to, first; to explore food security in rural areas; Second, to analyze the distribution pattern of agricultural zakat that has been running in rural areas, third, to explore the pattern of distribution of agricultural zakat that can meet village food security. The research was carried out with a qualitative approach, with the type of case study in Pandanarum Village as a representation of the village that was able to produce a watermelon crop of 15 tons per 0.5 hectare. Thus, the object is worth researching. Data was collected by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The data were analyzed using descriptive techniques through the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The data was tested using source triangulation and techniques. This study resulted in findings 1. Food security in rural areas presents challenges such as limited access to food and dependence on the harvest season, thus requiring appropriate interventions to ensure sustainable food availability, 2. The distribution pattern of agricultural zakat in rural areas today generally runs in two forms, direct distribution by muzakki to mustahik and distribution through organized amil zakat institutions, with consumptive and productive methods, 3. The effective distribution pattern of agricultural zakat for village food security is to distribute zakat to the Amil Zakat Institution (LAZ) which is then redistributed to farmers.

Introduction: Anemia is a substantial public health problem that happens worldwide with higher prevalence noted in children less than 5 years and rural children. The studywas aimed to explore the keypredictors of anemia of study population in rural setting of Bangladesh. Methodology & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural Bangladesh from 1 July 2018 to December 2019. Under-five children aged six months to below sixty months were enrolled in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interview from attending primary caregiver and from the results of laboratory tests of blood sample from target children. Data were analyzed through SPSS 23 software. Initially univariate analysis was done to identify predictors of anaemia followed by multivariate analysis to explore the key predictors through logistic regression. Results: A total data of258 under-five children aged 6-59 month were included in this study from the rural areas of Bangladesh. Among the studied children overall prevalence of anaemia was found 61.8%. The significant predictors (p <0.05) of anaemia through univariate analysis are age, maternal education level, monthly family income, exclusive breast feeding, proper complementary feeding practice as well as regular consumption of animal protein, fruits and vegetables. In addition, children who were under-weight stunted and wasted. Through multivariate analysis the key factors were explored as age group 6-24 month (AOR=0.02; p=0.006), family income less than 10000 BDT group-i.e 5000BDT or below (AOR=0.27;p=0.01) and 5001- 10000 BDT (AOR=8.84; 0.02), early and late weaning practiced children (AOR=0.23;p=0.002), low consumption of animal protein (AOR=0.05; p=0.001), and vegetables (AOR=0.18; p<0.001), stunting (AOR=0.18;p<0.001), wasting (AOR=0.14; p=0.03) and children who have chronic or recent infection (AOR=0.33; p=0.008). Conclusion: The keypredictors of anaemia are explored in this study are age below 2 year, family income less than 10000 BDT (in 2018 AD) or below, early and late weaning practice, low consumption of animal protein and vegetables, chronic malnutrition, acute malnutrition and chronic or recent infection. Rising mass awareness among the caregiver group on child care, nutrition and special focus to the children below age of two years will be the key strategies to prevent and control this extensive public health problem in Bangladesh.

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a condition of female adolescent experiencing a lack of energy and protein intakes for a long period. Nowadays social media is a popular media among adolescents. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of social media in improving nutrition knowledge, energy and protein intakes of CED's adolescent girls in rural and urban areas. A quasi experimental research design with one group pre-test post-test was applied, subject was taken with a purposive technique. A total of 56 CED teenage girls from SMAN 1 Baturraden represented rural group and 54 CED teenage girls from SMAN 5 Purwokerto represented urban group were taken. Knowledge was measured using a knowledge questionnaire, data on energy and protein intakes were collected using 2x24 hour Food Recall. Statistical analysis used were dependent T-test, Wilcoxon, Independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney. The average change in nutritional knowledge scores was 2.71 in rural area, and 2.48 in urban area. Average changes in energy intake in rural area was 510.66 kcal, and urban area was 592.43 kcal. Average changes in protein intake in rural area was 24.78 g, and urban area was 20.78 g. There was a difference before and after nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, energy intake, protein intake in rural areas (p = 0.000) and urban areas (p = 0.000). There was no difference in increasing nutritional knowledge (p = 0.899), energy intake (p = 0.426), protein intake (p = 0.663) between rural and urban areas. There were differences in nutrition knowledge, energy and protein intakes, before and after social media-based nutrition education given in rural and urban areas. However, the amount of improvement in the score of nutritional knowledge and energy-protein intakes, did not differ between rural and urban areas.

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

Consumers in the UK responded to the rapid increases in food prices between 2007 and 2009 partly by reducing the amount of food energy bought. Household food and drink waste has also decreased since 2007. The present study explored the combined effects of reductions in food purchases and waste on estimated food energy intakes and dietary energy density. The amount of food energy purchased per adult equivalent was calculated from Kantar Worldpanel household food and drink purchase data for 2007 and 2012. Food energy intakes were estimated by adjusting purchase data for food and drink waste, using waste factors specific to the two years and scaled for household size. Scotland. Households in Scotland (n 2657 in 2007; n 2841 in 2012). The amount of food energy purchased decreased between 2007 and 2012, from 8·6 to 8·2 MJ/adult equivalent per d (P<0·001). After accounting for the decrease in food waste, estimated food energy intake was not significantly different (7·3 and 7·2 MJ/adult equivalent per d for 2007 and 2012, respectively; P=0·186). Energy density of foods purchased increased slightly from 700 to 706 kJ/100 g (P=0·010). While consumers in Scotland reduced the amount of food energy that they purchased between 2007 and 2012, this was balanced by reductions in household food and drink waste over the same time, resulting in no significant change in net estimated energy intake of foods brought into the home.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate those variables which have significant impact on the food security in a developing country such as Pakistan. The matter of food security in rural areas is of immense nature and needs to be probed. A number of factors are responsible for the situation. The current paper examines the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption.Design/methodology/approachTo estimate the determinants of each component, a series of models is created, in which each component of food security is a function of socio‐economic variables. Ordinary least square regression is used to estimate the coefficients.FindingsIt has been observed from the results that the production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district, except Sindh, is more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility, electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a first study which measures the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of a developing country such as Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. This study provides a new road map for the next studies.Practical implicationsThe paper guides the policy makers and experts, showing how they are able to minimize the disparity among the different regions of a developing country such as Pakistan.Social implicationsThe paper will help to minimize the social disparity among the different segments of a developing country, especially in the rural areas, which is the most neglected part in most of the developing countries.Originality/valueThe paper presents the first study of its nature which has been conducted in Pakistan.

Introduction: Handwashing practice is an effective way to minimize severe infectious diseases such as COVID-19, diarrhea, and pneumonia. The study aimed to explore the prevalence of handwashing behavior and associated determinants in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Methods: The research was performed using cross-sectional survey data from the 2019 Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, and 61,242 household members were the sample for this study. The Chi-square test was applied for the bivariate analysis. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to identify the risk factors of practicing handwashing in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Results: Only 65% of the country's households had access to handwashing facilities (place, water, and materials). While urban dwellers were more likely to wash their hands, rural dwellers were only 63% likely to do so. The level of education of household heads, wealth status, division, number of family members, sanitation facilities, and water source were the key factors associated with handwashing behavior. This study revealed that the odds were significantly lower among illiterate respondents compared to those with secondary and above-secondary education in both areas of Bangladesh, and a positive association was found between wealth status and handwashing behavior practiced in both urban and rural areas. In this study, the size of the family was statistically significant for both rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Conclusion: Handwashing is the most prominent consideration for controlling COVID-19. Policymakers are striving to improve handwashing facilities by increasing awareness-raising programs, especially among rural residents of Bangladesh.

Countries in South East Asia are undergoing a nutrition transition, which typically involves a dietary shift from plant to animal proteins. To explore the main drivers of protein consumption, the SCRiPT (Socio Cultural Research in Protein Transition) study recruited a population sample in Malaysia (N = 1604). Participants completed in-person 24 h dietary recalls and socio-demographic surveys. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using Nutritionist Pro. A novel recipe-based frequency count coded protein sources as meat (chicken, beef, pork, and mutton), fish, eggs, dairy, and plants (cereals, pulses, tubers). Dietary intakes and frequencies were examined by gender, age, income, education, ethnicity, religion, and family status, using ANOVAs and general linear models. Energy intakes were 1869 kcal/d for men and 1699 kcal/d for women. Protein intakes were 78.5 g/d for men and 72.5 g/d for women. Higher energy and protein intakes were associated with Chinese ethnicity, higher education and incomes. Frequency counts identified plant proteins in 50% of foods, followed by meat (19%), fish (12%), eggs (12%), and dairy (7%). Most frequent source of meat was chicken (16%) rather than pork or beef (1.5% each). In bivariate analyses, animal protein counts were associated with younger age, higher education and incomes. In mutually adjusted multivariate regression models, animal proteins were associated with education and ethnicity; plant proteins were associated with ethnicity and religion. Protein choices in Malaysia involve socio-cultural as well as economic variables.

ABSTRACTBackground: Access to food differs between school-age children in rural and urban areas which is thought to have an impact on differences in the eating patterns and nutritional status of school-age children. The purpose of this study was to analyse differences in food pattern and nutritional status of school-age children in rural and urban areas.Methods: This research is a cross-sectional design. SDN I Benda which is located in Tasikmalaya City represents an urban area and SDN 3 Sukasari in Ciamis represents a rural area. The number of subjects in rural areas is 38 students and in urban areas is 40 students. Differences in eating patterns in rural and urban areas were analysed using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney at significance (p0.05).Results: The average food diversity of school-age children in rural areas (4) is less than in urban areas (4.5). The intake of energy (1636.8 vs 1526.1 kcal), protein (47.2 vs 43 g), fat (71 vs 62.8 g) and carbohydrates (214.1 vs 120.8 g) of school-age children in rural areas is slightly higher than in urban areas. This study showed that there were differences in the food diversity of school-age children in rural and urban areas (p=0.003); but there was no difference in energy (p=0.280), protein (p=0.593), fat (p=0.154), and carbohydrate (p=0.308) intake of school-age children in rural and urban areas.Conclusion: The food diversity of school-age children in rural areas is less than in urban areas, therefore efforts are needed to increase food diversity in rural areas

To revisit seasonality by assessing how household diets vary across agricultural seasons in rural and urban Ethiopia. The role of seasonality on the sources and intake of energy (per capita) and household dietary diversity score (HDDS) was analysed. The use of nationally representative household-level data collected each month over one year to study the seasonal changes in the sources and intake of energy and HDDS. Eleven regions of Ethiopia, including rural and urban settings. Total of 27 835 households were interviewed between July 2010 and July 2011 in all eleven regions of the country. On average each month saw 2300 household interviews, yielding nationally representative data for each calendar month. For rural households, the mean daily per capita energy intake was 10 288 kJ (2459 kcal) in February (post-harvest period) and lower in the lean season: 9703 kJ (2319 kcal) in June (P<0·05) and 9552 kJ (2283 kcal) in July (P<0·001). HDDS for rural households was highest in February (6·73) and lowest in June (5·98; P<0·001) but high again in July (6·57). Urban energy intake was also lower in the lean season but HDDS varied less by season. Considerable seasonal variation was also found in energy sources in rural areas, less so in urban areas. Household diets in Ethiopia remain subjected to significant seasonal stress. HDDS and food security measured using energy intake do not always agree. Preferably, HDDS and energy intake data should be used together to assess food security.

Recent data have shown that candy is a modest source of energy in the average American's diet, but little is known about how the contribution of candy to energy intake has changed over time. This study examined trends in consumption of candy by the U.S. population. Data from day 1 dietary recalls from participants in 11 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES): NHANES I 1971–1974; NHANES II 1976–80; NHANES III phase I 1988–1991 and phase II 1991–1994; NHANES 1999–2000; and NHANES, What We Eat in America (WWEIA) 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010 and 2011–2012 were used. Percent consumers of candy (total excluding chewing gum), per capita intake of candy (g/day), per capita energy intake from candy (kcal/day) and a population proportion of percent energy from candy were estimated within each survey period and trends across survey periods were examined using linear and logistic regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The sample was comprised of children age 2–18 years (n=49,140) and adults age 19–74 years (n=71,139). Across the 4 decades, percent consumers of candy on a given day increased (p&lt;0.05), with 20.5% consumers on a day in 1971–1974 and 24.6% in 2011–2012. The per capita amount of candy consumed and energy from candy increased for the total population and adults, though there were no changes for children. Percent contributions to energy intake from candy were consistent for each population across the 11 surveys, ranging from a minimum of 1.3% to a maximum of 2.4% for the population ages 2–74 y. In analyses limited to data collected in WWEIA components of NHANES (2001–2002 through 2011–2012), percent consumers, per capita candy intake and per capita energy intake from candy significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) for the total population and among adults 19–74 y. In the WWEIA components among the population 2–74 y, percent consumers of candy ranged from 24.6 to 27.6% and per capita candy intake was 9 to 11 g/day, providing 41 to 50 kcal/day and accounting for 1.9 to 2.2% of total energy intake. Results from this study show that per capita consumption of candy in the United States increased relative to levels in the early 1970s though remained stable as a percent of energy. Additionally, per capita consumption declined over the last decade. The improved methods of data collection in WWEIA, including better capture of potentially forgotten foods, may explain the apparent changes in candy consumption since the early 1970s. Overall, candy remains a relatively small source of energy in the U.S. diet accounting for approximately 2% of energy.Support or Funding InformationNational Confectioners Association

Abstract: Out of 120 districts of Pakistan (for rural areas) only 40 are food secure while 80 (67 percent) are food insecure. Within these food insecure districts, 38 (46 percent) are extremely food insecure. The matter of food security in rural areas is of immense nature and needs to be probed. A number of factors are responsible for the situation. The current paper examines the determinants of three aspects of food security in rural areas of Pakistan, i.e. food availability, accessibility and absorption. For the purpose a series of models is applied on district level data of rural areas of Pakistan. The production of wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, poultry meat and fish at the district level is found to affect food availability positively. All the district except of Sindh are more probable to be food insecure in availability. In the food accessibility electrification and adult literacy emerged as the factors having negative effect. Child immunization, safe drinking water and number of hospitals have shown positive effect on food absorption.