Gram Of Dry Matter Research Articles

Chemical composition and porcine in vitro disappearance of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls

Soybean hulls are poorly digested by pigs. Heat-pretreatment or the use of fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation of soybean hulls can potentially improve the digestibility of soybean hulls. Thus, study was conducted to determine the effects of heat pretreating (at 160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) and supplementing soybean hulls with the multienzyme product, Superzyme-OM (Canadian Bio-Systems, Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada), which was in liquid form in was dosed at 3 mg/g of sample, which supplied 5100 U of cellulase, 3300 U of pectinase, 720 U of mannanase, 90 U of galactanase, 3600 U of xylanase, 1080 U of glucanase, 4500 U of amylase, and 360 U of protease per kilogram of feedstuff on porcine in vitro nutrient disappearance. The samples were subjected to in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin and pancreatin. The samples were incubated in a buffer solution with fresh pig feces as inocula for 72 h to measure gas production. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) per gram of dry matter (DM) of samples was measured in fermented solutions. On a DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6 % crude protein. Heat pretreatment reduced total non-starch polysaccharides content of soybean hulls from 71.5 to 64.2%. Heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on coefficient of in vitro disappearance of dry matter (IVDDM). Heat pretreatment increased (P < 0.01) the coefficient of IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5 % whereas multi-enzyme supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.055) the coefficient of IVDDM of soybean hulls by 3%. Heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P < 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation and half time such that the fraction rate of degradation for soybean hulls increased (P < 0.01) and the half time for soybean hulls decreased (P < 0.05) when both heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme supplemented. Cumulative gas volume for heat-pretreated soybean hulls at 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h after the commencement of incubation was greater (P < 0.01) than that of untreated soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment of soybean hulls increased (P < 0.05) the VFA production per gram of DM of feedstuff. In conclusion, heat-pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM of soybean hulls, implying that the heat pretreatment used in the current study can be used to enhance the nutrient utilization of soybean hulls for pigs.

Water intake and ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets based on silages of cactus pear and tropical forages.

The objective was to evaluate the water intake and ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets containing silages of cactus pear combined with tropical forages. Forty sheep without defined breed, intact, with initial average weight of 22.65 ± 1.01 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental diets consisted of cactus pear silage (CPS), cactus pear + buffel grass silage (CPBS), cactus pear + gliricidia silage (CPGS), cactus pear + pornunça silage (CPPS), and corn silage (CS). CPGS provided higher water intake via food, total water intake, metabolic water, and excretion via feces and urine (P < 0.05). Animals that received diets containing CS showed higher water intake via drinking fountain, less efficient feeding and rumination of dry matter, less efficient rumination of neutral detergent fiber, grams of dry matter per cud, grams of neutral detergent fiber per cud, and the shortest average time spent in chewing per cud (P < 0.05). CPGS, CPPS, and CS provided longer times for rumination and numbers of cuds per day (P < 0.05). CPS showed animals spending more time in idleness, lower quantity of cuds per minute, higher concentration of crystals in urine, with a higher frequency of ammonia-magnesium phosphate and calcium oxalate. Silages based on cactus pear are an alternative to the supply of water via food for sheep in semi-arid.

Physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties, rate of polyphenols and flavonoids of the Stenochlaena tenuifolia (BLECHNACEAE) leaves

The general objective of this study is to contribute to the promotion of edible wild vegetables available in Madagascar. Its specific objective is to determine the physicochemical, nutritional and functional properties and the polyphenols and flavonoids contents of the Stenochlaena tenuifolia (BLECHNACEAE) leaves. Physical, physicochemical and biochemical methods have been used to characterize the powder from the leaves of this plant. The results obtained showed that the powder of the Stenochlaena tenuifolia leaves has a pH equal to 5.25±0.04 and an acidity equal to 2.57±0.23%. Its water and dry matter contents are respectively equal to 3.35±0.03% and 95.65±0.01%. Its macronutrient content, such as proteins, crude fat and carbohydrates, expressed in grams per 100 grams of dry matter, are respectively 32.30±0.17; 4.27±0.06 and 49.71±0.01. The metabolizable energy provided by this powder (in kcal per 100g) is 292.02±0.01. Its crude ash content is 10.35±0.04%. Its mineral elements content, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, zinc and copper (in mg per 100 g) of this powder are respectively 81.78±0.29; 287.15±6.60; 3140.59±24.64; 15.64±0.16; 540.90±7.71; 4.91±0.13 and 2.85±0.03. The potential renal acid load of this plant is –52.88. The functional properties, such as water and oil retention capacities, the hydrophilic-lipophilic ratio and the solubility index of the powder produced are respectively 486.29±8.44%; 170.00±8.16%; 2.86 and 20.36±0.20%. Its total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents are respectively 457.01±0.15mg pyrogallol equivalent per gram of dry matter and 15.12±0.23mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dry matter. Therefore, this plant has important nutritional, functional and phytochemical properties. Thus, this wild leaf vegetable can be used to fight against malnutrition and especially protein-energy malnutrition which affects almost the entire population in Madagascar.

Liberación de azúcares reductores a partir de lirio acuático por hidrólisis termoquímica y enzimática

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is considered a pernicious herb in many parts of the world due to its rapid growth. However, for its high content of cellulose and hemicellulose, it could be considered as raw material to produce fermentable sugars. In this work, the effect of sulfuric acid concentration by thermochemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on the release of sugars from water hyacinth was evaluated. Initially, the effect of the sulfuric acid concentration from 1.5 to 9% at 120 ºC was evaluated. With 1.5%, the release of reducing sugars was 160 milligrams of reducing sugars per gram of dry matter (mg red-sug/g dm). After the thermochemical pretreatment, the enzymatic hydrolysis with the cellulase complex (NS22086) allowed obtaining a reducing sugars concentration up to 317 mg red-sug/g dm. These thermochemical and enzymatic approaches to recover reducing sugars from water hyacinth is promising and should be evaluated for bioprocess using reducing sugars as the main source of carbon, such as bioethanol production.

Saccharification of water hyacinth biomass by a combination of steam explosion with enzymatic technologies for bioethanol production.

In the present work, bioethanol was produced by sugar fermentation obtained from water hyacinth using a novelty hybrid method composed of steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis, using hydrolytic enzymes produced by solid-state fermentation and water hyacinth as substrate. The highest activity, 42 U for xylanase and 2 U for cellulase per gram of dry matter, respectively, was obtained. Steam explosion pretreatment was performed at 190℃ for 1, 5, and 10min, using water hyacinth sampled from the Maria Lizamba Lagoon, the Arroyo Hondo and the Amapa River. The highest amounts of reducing sugars of water hyacinth were obtained form the samples from the lagoon (5.4g/50g of dry matter) after 10min of treatment. Steamed biomass was hydrolysed using the enzymes obtained by solid-state fermentation, obtained reducing sugars (maximum 15.5g/L); the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was 0.51g of reducing sugars per gram of water hyacinth. Finally, reducing sugars were fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for conversion to ethanol, with the highest ethanol concentration (7.13g/L) and an ethanol yield of 0.23g/g of dry matter.

Seasonal Variability of Juniperus communis L. Berry Ethanol Extracts: 1. In Vitro Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity

In the present study, in vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, total phenols and terpene contents in 70% ethanol extracts were evaluated. Samples of crushed (CB) and non-crushed ripe juniper berries (NCB) collected at five localities in North-East Slovakia during the years 2012–2014 were compared. Standard or modified methods for determining phytochemical and antioxidant activity were used together with a novel method for the evaluation of the results after the correction of the measured values per gram of dry matter (DM). Statistically significantly higher DM contents (average values for three years) were found in the CB extracts (ranging from 18.86 to 21.91 mg/mL) in comparison to those for NCB (ranging from 2.59 to 9.90 mg/mL). Depending on the localities and years, the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity ranged from 15.52 to 32.85% for NCB and from 65.59 to 88.12% for CB, respectively. The contents of total phenols ranged from 43.75 to 246.75 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L (NCB) and from 151.84 to 278.19 mg GAE/L (CB), respectively. However, the higher content of total phenols per gram of DM was found in the NCB extracts (8.49–42.23 mg GAE/g DM) and then in CB (6.87–18.77 GAE/g DM). The results obtained in this study showed a higher efficiency for extraction from juniper berries in 70% ethanol if the pericarp was disrupted in comparison to that achieved with the maceration of intact berries.

Giant milkweed (Calotropis gigantea): A new plant resource to inhibit protozoa and decrease ammoniagenesis of rumen microbiota in vitro without impairing fermentation

This study screened six different species of forest plants and then further evaluated the most promising plant, giant milkweed (Calotropis gigantea), for the potential to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) through inhibiting rumen protozoa in vitro. Ground leaves of giant milkweed at 1.6 and 3.2 mg/mL decreased the counts of Entodinium cells by 41.30% and 58.89%, respectively, and damaged their cell surface structure. Dasytricha, Isotricha, Epidinium, Ophryoscolex, and Diplodinium were not affected, while total bacterial and archaeal populations did not decrease. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration decreased by 50.64% and 33.33% at 1.6 g/mL and 3.2 mg/mL, respectively. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and methane production remained unaffected, but butyrate production increased. The giant milkweed leaves contained (per gram of dry matter) 3636 μg phenolics including 205.9 μg of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2079 μg flavonoids including 1197.5 μg of quercetin and 91.4 μg of myricetin, and 490 μg alkaloids including 219.8 μg of anthraquinone glycosides. The effective inhibition of Entodinium was accompanied by a decrease in NH3-N concentration, and methane production did not increase except for the dose of 1.6 mg/mL. Giant milkweed may be used as a new feed additive or an alternative to chemicals or antibiotics for sustainable animal husbandry enhancing NUE in ruminants.

Antioxidant, antidiabetic and identification of phenolic constituents from Potentilla discolor Bge.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity, and characterize the bioactive constituents of the phenolic extract of Potentilla discolor Bge. Dry material of Potentilla discolor Bge. was extracted with 80% ethanol solution to obtain the crude phenolic extract (CPE) with the total phenolic content (TPC) of 20.40 ± 0.69 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry material (mg GAE/g DM). After purified with AB-8 macroporous resin, TPC of the purified phenolic extract (PPE) (353.65 ± 5.50 mg GAE/g DM) was much higher than that of the CPE. PPE exhibited stronger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity than CPE and 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), with the IC50 values of 0.030 ± 0.002 mg/mL and 0.059 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. The total antioxidant activities of PPE and BHT were similar, and were higher than CPE. PPE was found to significantly inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.966 ± 0.072 and 2.431 ± 0.088 mg/mL, respectively. Finally, using UPLC-TOF–MS/MS technology, 35 compounds were tentatively identified, including 12 phenolic acids, 23 flavonoids and their derivatives, 29 of which have been discovered for the first time in Potentilla discolor Bge. These results suggested that PPE had the potential to be used as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic component in functional foods.

Dietary regimen of the woodpigeon (Columba palumbus).

Recently, new agricultural policies and European Directives brought to important changes in farming practice, some of which could affect food availability for the wild bird population endangering biodiversity. This study aims to evaluate the consequences of such agricultural changes in France on the woodpigeon's dietary regimen. A total of 1,093 woodpigeons were collected over a four-year period (2014-2017). Voluntary sampling was performed in six regions in the south-west of France by local hunters during this species' autumnal migration and wintering. Ingluvies contents were recovered, macroscopically and microscopically identified, and then weighed before and after drying. Five food groups were identified: acorns, corn, green plant material, cultivated seeds and others. ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's test for multiple comparison were performed (R version 3.5.2). Significance was set at p<.05. A total of 762 woodpigeons met the study's inclusion criteria. Mean weight of total crop contents was less of 9 grams of dry matter. Most frequent food groups were "green plant material" (70.3%), acorns (42.3%) and corn (27.2%). In terms of grams of dry matter, the most important food in the crop content were acorns (62%): these were eaten more during the first two hunting seasons (p<.001), and in region A, lower amount was consumed compared to all other regions. On the contrary, corn intake peaked during the third year (p<.001), and in region A, birds had an increasing intake of this cereal. Cultivated seeds contributed to the diet more during migration (p=.007), while "green plant material" and others more during wintering (p=.011; p=.004). In conclusion, results confirm the opportunistic nature of the woodpigeon, balancing its diet according to food availability. Corn was eaten more in areas where the winter burying of chopped maize stover (mulching), provided by the Nitrate's directive, was in derogation.

Modeling of enzymatic waste water treatment

Processing and recycling of waste water is an important environmental problem. One possible and promising way to use the generated sludge is production biofertilizers for agriculture. However, in view of the risks of chemical and bacteriological contamination, it is necessary to develop technologies that ensure a high level of conditioning and stabilization of sludge. Maximum enzyme activity is observed in a microbubble medium under the conditions of a mesophilic process. To accelerate the biochemical transformation of pollutants, an enzyme-cavitation method has been developed, based on the stimulation of growth processes of microorganisms in bioreactors by low and high intensity cavitation created by turbojets. It has been established that the quality and duration of sludge treatment depends on the pressure of the substrate at the entrance to the oxidizing jets. It has been proven that at a pressure p = 0.30-0.35 MPa, the processing time of the sludge before stabilization of the chemical oxygen consumption at 16% is 8 hours. Microscopic studies found that the processed substrate is an accumulation of microorganisms with a total surface of up to 100 m2 per 1 gram of dry matter that provides high sorption properties with respect to moisture.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polyphenols and antioxidants from Picea abies bark

Spruce bark represents a reservoir of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of independent variables (temperature, liquid to solid ratio, time and methanol content) and their interaction within the extraction process by the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of conventional (solvent extraction; SE) and modern (ultrasound-assisted extraction; UAE) methods for the extraction of antioxidants (antioxidant capacity; AC) and polyphenols (total polyphenol content; TPC) was compared. Maximum yields of AC and TPC by SE and UAE were obtained at modified optimal conditions of 63 °C, methanol content of 53 % (v/v) and 38 mL of extraction solvent per gram of dry material. Two-step extraction process consisting of the fast washing and slow diffusion steps was suitable described by Peleg and Patricelli mathematic models. The HPLC fingerprints of both extracts did not show significant differences while the content of phenolic compounds extracted by UAE was 1.1- to 7.1-times higher than that obtained by SE, quantified by HPLC.

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensisSchneid.) fruit

Neglected and underutilized plant species could serve as a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid) genotypes of Ukrainian and Slovak origin. The content of the total antioxidant activity (DPPH method and molybdenum reducing antioxidant power), total polyphenol, flavonoid and phenolic acid compounds in the pulp and peel of Chinese quince were compared across five genotypes from Slovakia and three from Ukraine. All tested samples exhibited DPPH&bull; radical scavenging activities with values from 6.17 to 9.56 mg TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) per gram of dry matter (DM). Antioxidant activity, measured using the molybdenum reducing antioxidant power method, ranged from 69.82 to 225.04 mg TEAC per gram of DM. Total polyphenol content was from 34.73 to 82.02 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent), while total flavonoid content was from 0.50 to 26.72 mg QE (quercetin equivalent) per gram DM. Phenolic acid content varied from 1.12 to 8.39 mg CAE (caffeic acid equivalent) per gram DM. The peel extracts contained the highest content of bioactive compounds when compared with the pulp extract (from 15.30 to 32.60%). All observed parameters differed significantly between the genotypes. Strong positive correlations (p &le; 0.05) were observed between the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the peel in plants from Slovakia (r = 0.951, r = 0.928, respectively); between the phenolic acid and antioxidant capacities detected using the MRP method &ndash; r = 0.950 and r = 0.955 for peel and pulp, respectively; between the determination of antioxidant activity by the DPPH and MRP methods in the peel and pulp in plants from Ukraine (r = 0.986, r = 0.998, respectively). Significantly positive correlations were found between all the parameters in the samples of Ukrainian origin. The results showed that all fruit extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which generally correlated positively with the total phenolic content. This study demonstrates that Chinese quince fruit grown in Ukraine and Slovakia is a perspective source of valuable polyphenol content with high antioxidant activity and is a valuable fruit for use in the agriculture and food industries.

Carboxylated Wheat Gluten Proteins: A Green Solution for Production of Sustainable Superabsorbent Materials.

Functionalized wheat gluten (WG) protein particles with the ability to absorb fluids within the superabsorbent range are presented. Ethyleneditetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD), a nontoxic acylation agent, was used for the functionalization of the WG protein at higher protein content than previously reported and no additional chemical cross-linking. The 150-550 μm protein particles had 50-150 nm nanopores induced by drying. The EDTAD treated WG were able to absorb 22, 5, and 3 times of, respectively, water, saline and blood, per gram of dry material (g/g), corresponding to 1000, 150 and 100% higher values than for the as-received WG powder. The liquid retention capacity after centrifugation revealed that almost 50% of the saline liquid was retained within the protein network, which is similar to that for petroleum-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). An advantageous feature of these biobased particulate materials is that the maximum swelling is obtained within the first 10 min of exposure, that is, in contrast to many commercial SAP alternatives. The large swelling in a denaturation agent (6 M urea) solution (about 32 g/g) suggests that the secondary entangled/folded structure of the protein restricts protein network expansion and when disrupted allows the absorption of even higher amounts of liquid. The increased liquid uptake, utilization of inexpensive protein coproducts, easy scalable protocols, and absence of any toxic chemicals make these new WG-based SAP particles an interesting alternative to petroleum-based SAP in, for example, absorbent disposable hygiene products.

Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities in Chloranthus henryi

This study investigates the antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative properties of the ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and n-butanol extracts from Chloranthus henryi. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenol content (TPC) values for the extracts could be investigated. The TPC value for extracts changed from 4.36 to 19.64 milligram gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry material, and the TFC of extracts changed from 3.13 to 9.99 milligram rutin equivalents per gram of dry material. The antioxidant properties were evaluated and their antimicrobial activity was tested against bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Group A Streptococcus and Monilia albican. The results showed that all extract displayed moderate or great potential of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Strong correlations were observed between TPC and antioxidant activity. Five compounds could be separated from n-butanol extract, which showed high content of TPC and significant antioxidant activity. They are (1) gallic acid, (2) caffeic acid, (3) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (4) rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate (5). Antiproliferative activity was tested using HepG2, Hela and MCF-7 cells. The study suggested that components of Chloranthus henryi possessed fine antioxidant property, therefore can be applied for antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative agents in the food or drug industries.

Antioxidative Polyphenols of Canola Meal Extracted by High Pressure: Impact of Temperature and Solvents.

Canola meal, a by-product of oil pressing, is a rich source of phenolic antioxidants. However, its use in the food and feed sector is still limited by the need for greener, sustainable, and more cost-effective extraction methods. This study used accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) to enhance the extraction efficiency of the phenolic antioxidants. The high selectivity and short extraction time associated with ASE were ideal for obtaining high yields of these antioxidants. The structure-based activity of phenolic compounds may be influenced by the high pressure and temperature of the greener ASE process. The present study evaluated the effect of temperature (140, 160, and 180 °C) and pressure (1,500 psi) on the extraction and yield of phenolic compounds from canola meal as well as the solvent type (ethanol and methanol) and concentration (30%, 40%, 60%, and 70% v/v). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, and ion-chelating activity. The highest yield of phenolic compounds was obtained with 70% methanol (20.72 ± 1.47 mg SAE/g DM [milligrams of sinapic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter]) and 70% ethanol (24.71 ± 2.77 mg SAE/g DM) at 180 °C temperature. A similar trend was observed for the antioxidant activity of the extracts and their total flavonoid content. The structure-based antioxidant activity of the extracts examined increased with the increase in the percentage of the extracting solvent (P > 0.05). This study established ASE as an efficient green method for extracting phenolic compounds from canola meal, with potential application for the production of natural bioactive compounds from underutilized agricultural by-products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: ASE is an efficient eco-friendly method for extracting phenolic compounds from agricultural by-products such canola meal. Under the conditions of high pressure and temperature, ASE significantly improved the yields of phenolic compounds, sinapine, sinapic acid, and canolol. Under these conditions, water, as an extractant, was not effective in extracting sianpine. Moreover, it was much less effective than both 70% ethanol and 70% methanol in extracting sinapine or canolol. These phenolic compounds are of great interest as natural antioxidants for enhancing the shelf life of food products. They also represent new sources of neutraceuticals for improving human health.

Effect of combining wheat grain with nitrate, fat or 3-nitrooxypropanol on in vitro methane production

Enteric methane emitted by ruminants is a nutritional inefficiency that contributes to global warming. Feeding substantial quantities of wheat grain to dairy cows has been reported to decrease enteric methane emissions compared with other feeds. Feeding methane mitigating agents such as nitrate, fat and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) to ruminants have also been reported to decrease enteric methane emissions. This research involved three in vitro experiments that examined the combined effect of wheat grain with nitrate, fat or 3-NOP on in vitro methane mitigation. In each of the experiments, wheat grain or corn grain were incubated in combination with one of the three methane mitigating agents (nitrate, fat or 3-NOP). The fermentation of wheat grain produced 22% less methane than the fermentation of corn grain. All three methane mitigating agents decreased in vitro methane production and methane production expressed per gram of dry matter degraded. The addition of nitrate, fat and 3-NOP decreased in vitro methane production by 21, 19 and 44% respectively. The methane mitigating effect of wheat grain in combination with nitrate, fat or 3-NOP was greater than the individual effects of wheat grain, nitrate, fat or 3-NOP. The feeding of the combination of wheat grain with nitrate, fat or 3-NOP to ruminants may be effective strategies for decreasing their enteric methane emissions.

Optimization of Total Anthocyanin Content, Stability and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Anthocyanin Extract from Vietnamese Carissa Carandas L. Fruits

In this study, the extraction of anthocyanin colorant from karanda fruit (Carissa carandas L.) was carried out and optimized with multiple single factor assays. Selected conditions for yield maximization consisted of ripen fruits with black-purple color, material size of thin slices (1.0–1.5 mm), solvent of EtOH 50%, material/ solvent ratio of 1:3, temperature of 50 °C, extraction time of 45 min, and two extraction cycles. The anthocyanin content in the extract was 277.2 mg/L, which is equivalent to 9.33 mg anthocyanin per gram of dry material. Aqueous solutions of the extract and dried extracts from Carissa carandas fruit were evaluated for stability at two temperature conditions, namely room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and 45 °C. The temperature exerted great impact on color change, anthocyanin content and the degree of polymerization of anthocyanin. Aqueous solutions of extract with citric acid (3.0–5.0 g/L) were generally more color stable and less anthocyanin degradable than those without citric acid. In the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay, The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the dried extract was 87.56 μg/mL, which was approximately 29 times higher than that of vitamin C. After 3-month storage at −18 °C, IC50 of the dried extract was 173.67 μg/mL.

Effect of the spray and freeze dryers on the bioactive compounds of olive leaf aqueous extract by chemometrics of HCA and PCA

Olive leaf extract contains significant amounts of valuable compounds such as Oleuropein and phenolic compounds. The study aimed to introduce a proper method for drying olive leaf extract to increase its value in terms of valuable compounds with antioxidant properties and the correlation among all parameters. Extraction of olive leaf (Mary cultivar, Fars province) was performed using water and ultrasound device and the extract was condensing with two freeze-drying and spray drying methods, and some features were measured as follows: total tannin content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory strength of 50% using the DPPH method, total phenol content using Folin Ciocalteu colorimetric method, total flavonoid by aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and polyphenol compounds using HPLC in olive leaf extract samples. The results showed that the dried extract with freeze-drying had the highest total phenolic content 446.63 ± 7.6 (mg gallic acid per gram dry matter) and the highest antioxidant activity of 96.57 ± 0.19%, inhibitory effect of 0.44 ± 0.32 μg/ml, tannin content of 128.71 ± 0.26 mg of gallic acid per g of dry matter and total flavonoid 396.43 ± 0.25 mg of quercetin per gram of dry matter were seen in the dried extract with spray drying. Evaluation of the type and amount of bioactive compounds in three types of extracts (solution and condensate extracts) by principal components analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) showed that the use of spray drying has been effective in maintaining the amount of unstable polyphenolic and bioactive compounds.

Comparative evaluation of chemical composition, in vitro fermentation and methane production of selected tree forages

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritive value of leaves of six tree forage species [Acacia albida (Del.), Acacia nilotica (L.) Del., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufodontis and Morus alba (L.)] sampled from southwestern part of Ethiopian rift valley. The leaf samples were analyzed for chemical composition using official methods, and in vitro gas test was conducted to estimate their metabolizable energy content, organic matter digestibility (OMD), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and gas production characteristics. Crude protein was highest in L. leucocephala (213.09 g kg−1 DM) and M. stenopetala (209.80 g kg−1 DM) and the lowest was in M. alba (101.63 g kg−1 DM). The fiber (NDF, ADF and ADL) fractions were highest in B. aegyptiaca and lowest in M. stenopetala. Condensed tannin concentration ranged from 10.76 g kg−1 DM in B. aegyptiaca to 81.89 g kg−1 DM in A. nilotica. The OMD, cumulative gas volume, SCFA and NH3-N production were highest (p < 0.05) in M. stenopetala and M. alba followed by the values measured for L. leucocephala, B. aegyptiaca and A. albida and lowest was for A. nilotica. Highest methane (CH4) production per gram of dry matter was noted for M. stenopetala and the lowest for A. nilotica though opposite situation was observed when CH4 production was expressed as a ratio to total gas produced. Overall, most of the studied browse plants are desirable candidate species for mitigation of enteric methane emission while supplying optimum level of nitrogen if used as a supplement to low-quality forages.

Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Cleome heratensis (Capparaceae) plant extracts

BackgroundIn this research, different active phytochemical constituents present in Cleome heratensis (C. heratensis) from Capparaceae family were investigated. Moreover, the fatty acids present in the seed and aerial parts of the plant were identified by gas chromatography (GC) after esterification of the oil. Antioxidant activity of the aerial parts and seed of C. heratensis methanolic extract over 2,2′-diphenylpicryl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH) was investigated using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer.MethodsTo study total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the plant was extracted from ethanol by ultrasonic method, then further extracted with other solvents. Amounts of anthocyanins and tannins/condensed tannins were determined by their corresponding ethanolic and acetone extracts. Antioxidant activity of the plant species was studied by a spectrophotometric method using 80% methanolic extract.ResultsThe high content of phenolics as 16.915 mg tannic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter (TAE/g DM), tannins (12.231 mg TA/gr DM) and condensed tannins (4.086 mg TA/g DM) was obtained for the C. heratensis extract. The most flavonoids content was found 4.444 rutin equivalents (in mg) per gram of dry matter (mg RE/g DM) in plant’s aerial extract. The most amount of anthocyanin (0.48 mmol/gr WM) was observed in flowering stage. Antioxidant activity of the aerial parts and seed of C. heratensis methanolic extract were 11.92 and 63.54 mg/mL IC50, respectively.ConclusionHigh level of phenolic components including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and tannins was detected in the extract of aerial parts of the plant. The oil of seed of this plant is a rich source of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Finally, C. heratensis aerial part extract was found as an excellent natural antioxidant.