Gram-negative Bacterial Species Research Articles

Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Insecticidal Activities of Scolymus Grandiflorus Essential Oil Rich in Davanoid Compounds

Background: This study explores the antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties of Scolymus grandiflorus essential oil, examining its potential uses in the fields of pharmacology and agriculture. Materials and Methods: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was studied by GC and GC/MS. The antibacterial capacity of the essential oil was determined against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial species. The antifungal activity of the essential oil was investigated against two fungi responsible for many fruit and vegetable diseases. The insecticidal activity of essential oil was evaluated against larvae, pupae, and adult flies of Ceratitis capitata. Results: The GC and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of the roots of S. grandiflorus revealed the predominant presence of davanoids, representing more than 80% of its chemical composition. The results of the disc diffusion test showed significant antimicrobial activity. The essential oil inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi (25 mm), Staphylocoque aureus (18 mm), and Escherichia coli (17 mm), with inhibition diameters comparable to those of gentamicin. The essential oil significantly inhibited mycelial growth, with up to 98% inhibition for Fusarium solani and 73% for Alternaria alternata at 8 μL/mL. Insecticidal activity was most pronounced on adult flies, followed by pupae and finally larvae. Conclusion: Tests on the essential oils of S. grandiflorus revealed promising characteristics as insecticidal, antifungal, and antimicrobial agents. These results could be used in the development of new solutions to control pathogens responsible for plant diseases and mycotoxin-producing organisms.

A recent update on the antibacterial effects ofdistinct bioactive molecules derived from theCannabis plant.

The number of human infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is increasing worldwide and constitutes a serious threat to human health. Given the lack of novel antibiotic compounds worsening this dilemma, alternative antibiotic-independent treatment and prevention strategies of infectious diseases applying natural compounds appear highly appreciable. Given the long-known health-beneficial and disease-alleviating properties of Cannabis, we performed a literature search summarizing current knowledge regarding the antibacterial effects of extracts from different parts of the Cannabis sativa plant and of defined Cannabis-derived molecules and their potential mode of action. Theincluded studies revealed that various extracts and essential oils of C. sativa as well as major cannabinoids exerted potent activities against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria and against some Gram-negative bacterial species including MDR strains. Particularly the disruption of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by some cannabinoids resulted in potent antibacterial effects against Gram-positivebacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, defined cannabinoids inhibited the formation of and eradicated existing bacterial biofilms. In conclusion, given their antibacterial properties distinct Cannabis-derived molecules expand the repertoire of antibiotics-independent treatment options in the combat of bacterial infectious diseases which should be further addressed in future studies including clinical trials.

Characterization of infectious bacterial keratitis in Östergötland County, Sweden: a 10-year retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to characterize bacterial species, aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility connected to bacterial keratitis infections in Östergötland, Sweden. Retrospective cross-sectional study based on electronic health records for the period 2010-2019. Records of patients diagnosed with infectious keratitis were screened for microbiology confirmed infectious bacterial keratitis. Bacterial species and their susceptibility to antibiotics were determined from microbiology test results. One-hundred and ninety patients with lab culture-confirmed infectious bacterial keratitis were included in the analysis. The most frequently found bacterial species were coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%), Staphylococcus aureus (17%) and Cutibacterium acnes (10%). Pseudomonas spp. was the most frequently found Gram-negative bacterial species (7%). Contact lens wear and severely ill/blind eye were the top two aetiologies associated with bacterial keratitis, 22% of the patients with bacterial keratitis were also diagnosed with glaucoma. Most isolates, 157 out of 173, were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, and 145 out of 155 isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Our results revealed a positive rate of bacterial keratitis of 59% for the samples sent to the laboratory. There was a high susceptibility of the bacterial species to the recommended antibiotics. Our results indicate that it is likely that patients are receiving the correct treatment. Future studies are necessary to monitor changes in antibiotic susceptibility.

The bacterial serine protease inhibitor ecotin inhibits neutrophil elastase enzymatic activity in cystic fibrosis sputa

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) airway disease is characterized by impaired mucociliary clearance, chronic, polymicrobial infections and robust, neutrophil-dominated inflammation. Pulmonary disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with CF and is due to progressive airflow obstruction and ultimately respiratory failure. One of the earliest abnormalities in CF airway disease is the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs. Neutrophil activation leads to the release of their intracellular content, including neutrophil elastase (NE), that damages lung tissues in CF. Our goal is to characterize a known bacterial NE inhibitor, ecotin, in the CF airway environment. Our results indicate that ecotins cloned from four Gram-negative bacterial species (Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) inhibit NE activity in CF sputum samples in a dose-dependent manner. Although we observed differences in the NE-inhibitory activity of the tested ecotins with the Campylobacter homologs being the most effective in NE inhibition in CF sputa, none of the ecotins impaired the ability of human neutrophils to kill major CF respiratory pathogens, P. aeruginosa or S. aureus, in vitro. Overall, we demonstrate that bacterial ecotins inhibit NE activity in CF sputa without compromising bacterial killing by neutrophils.

Importance and prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in Germany

Infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial species are a great concern in clinics in Germany. By limiting therapeutic options dramatically, these bacteria pose a significant threat to patient health and cause extensive pressure on hygiene systems and patient management. In Germany, the recommendations on how to deal with these bacteria are called MRGN classification, using the terms 3MRGN and 4MRGN for bacteria resistant to three or four major classes of antibiotics. To be resistant to this large number of antibiotics and become classified as 3MRGN or 4MRGN, bacterial strains need to acquire multiple resistance mechanisms with beta-lactamases, especially carbapenemases, being the most important ones. According to established surveillance systems like national reporting systems, KISS or the National Reference Centre, multidrug-resistant bacteria are constantly on the rise in Germany. Although several novel therapeutic options have been approved recently, these bacteria represent a constant challenge and it may be necessary to discuss if the present hygiene recommendations need an update for an efficient and targeted prevention of transmission.

Methods for Measuring Sensitivity and Prevalence of Anti Microbial Resistance in Campylobacter Spp

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter. Campylobacter has become the leading cause of infectious enteric zoonoses in developed and developing countries worldwide, with the aim of identifying key predictors to improve clinical outcomes and reduce food poisoning and infections, particularly in children, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)( good health and well-being). Theoretical framework: This theme presents the main concepts and theories underlying the research. The framework includes understanding the data on morphology, structure and percentages of each antibiotic, as well as means of phenotypic identification based on selective media for bacteria, the prevalence of resistance on a global scale and a clear message for public health that this is part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for reducing the rate of antimicrobial resistance. The methodology adopted: for this search consisted of a systematic review of the literature. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Neliti and Research Gate using the keywords "antimicrobial resistance Campylobacter ssp". The search yielded 203 articles, which were reviewed according to the inclusion criteria: published between 1980 and 2024, original articles, accessible full text, in English or Spanish, Brazilian, Chinese and relevant to mechanisms and percentages over time. A more in-depth review based on exclusion criteria, such as discrepancies in search titles, inaccessibility of articles and duplication, resulted in the selection of nine targeted articles that dealt solely with the bacterium Campylobacter ssp. Results and discussion: Antibiotic resistance has emerged in Campylobacter, mainly due to the use of antibiotics in animals entering the food chain. Resistance to the antibiotics mainly used in the treatment of infections, macrolides and fluoroquinolones, has become a clinical problem, and interventions aimed at reducing this resistance are recommended. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides is due to chromosomal mutations. Resistance to other usable antibiotics, which is due to the acquisition of resistance genes, has not yet spread. However, the fact that resistance genes come from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species suggests the possibility of the emergence of acquired resistance in Campylobacter. Implications of the research: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, offering insight into how the results may be applied or influence practice in the field of public health and also for clinicians. These implications could include clinical practice guidelines, developing predictive tools and developing policies to reduce gastroenteritis infections, particularly in neonates and young children. Originality/value: this study provides information on a bacterium which has alerted public health through food poisoning, which increases resistance in silent mode and which affects a large age group between 0-14 years, which is more frequent and is linked to effective identification tools. Not forgetting the prevalence of the percentages of each antibiotic.

Exploring the Darobactin Class of Antibiotics: A Comprehensive Review from Discovery to Recent Advancements.

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria poses a greater challenge due to their intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. Recently, darobactins have emerged as a novel class of antibiotics originating from previously unexplored Gram-negative bacterial species such as Photorhabdus, Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas and Yersinia. Darobactins belong to the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) class of antibiotics, exhibiting selective activity against Gram-negative bacteria. They target the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM), which is crucial for the maturation and insertion of outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. The dar operon in the producer's genome encodes for the synthesis of darobactins, which are characterized by a fused ring system connected via an alkyl-aryl ether linkage (C-O-C) and a C-C cross-link. The enzyme DarE, using the radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (rSAM), facilitates the formation of these bonds. Biosynthetic manipulation of the darobactin gene cluster, along with its expression in a surrogate host, has enabled access to diverse darobactin analogues with variable antibiotic activities. Recently, two independent research groups successfully achieved the total synthesis of darobactin, employing Larock heteroannulation to construct the bicyclic structure. This paper presents a comprehensive review of darobactins, encompassing their discovery through to the most recent advancements.

Theranostic nano-enabled polyurethane eso-sponges coupled to surface enhanced Raman scattering for detection and control of bacteria killing

Herein, a facile approach toward converting a three-dimensional polyurethane sponge (PUS), employed in endoluminal vacuum-assisted closure (endo-VAC) therapies, in a theranostic material able to detect and to inhibit bacteria growth, has been reported. The endo-VAC PUS presented sensitivity to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species thanks to its functionalization with gold and silver antibacterial nanoparticles (NPs). PUS with chitosan-stabilized Au-NPs achieved 5.26 ± 0.17 logs and 2.78 ± 0.34 logs of reduction of bacteria growth, whereas the sponges functionalized with phenolated lignin Ag-NPs offered slightly inferior values (4.77 ± 0.36 logs and 2.03 ± 0.37 logs, respectively), against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens, respectively, after the application of photothermal ablation. The in vitro antimicrobial studies were contrasted with the in-situ monitoring of bacteria localization and inactivation with excitation lasers of 532 and 785 nm wavelengths, respectively, in the Raman equipment. The novel theranostic nano-enabled antimicrobial PU sponges offer unprecedented possibilities for the improvement of the endo-VAC treatments and extrapolation of the methodology to other plastic-based implants to combat antimicrobial resistances.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Australian Finger Lime.

Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica L.) has become increasingly popular due to its potent antioxidant capacity and health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial characteristics, and mechanism of finger lime extract. The finger lime extracts were obtained from the fruit of the Australian finger lime by the ethanol extraction method. The antibacterial activity of the extract was examined by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro, as well as by assessing variations in the number of bacteria for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to identify the antibacterial compounds of the extract. The antibacterial mechanisms were investigated by assessing cell permeability and membrane integrity, and the bacterial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas citri, and CLas. Among the six strains evaluated in vitro, B. subtilis showed the highest susceptibility to the antimicrobial effects of finger lime extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the tested microorganisms varied between 500 and 1000 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was proven effective in suppressing CLas in vivo, as indicated by the lower CLas titers in the treated leaves compared to the control. A total of 360 compounds, including carbohydrates (31.159%), organic acid (30.909%), alcohols (13.380%), polyphenols (5.660%), esters (3.796%), and alkaloids (0.612%), were identified in the extract. We predicted that the primary bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects of the extract were quinic acid and other polyphenols, as well as alkaloids. The morphology of the tested microbes was altered and damaged, leading to lysis of the cell wall, cell content leakage, and cell death. Based on the results, ethanol extracts from finger lime may be a fitting substitute for synthetic bactericides in food and plant protection.

Development of novel antimicrobials with engineered endolysin LysECD7-SMAP to combat Gram-negative bacterial infections

BackgroundAmong the non-traditional antibacterial agents in development, only a few targets critical Gram-negative bacteria such as carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii or cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Endolysins and their genetically modified versions meet the World Health Organization criteria for innovation, have a novel mode of antibacterial action, no known bacterial cross-resistance, and are being intensively studied for application against Gram-negative pathogens.MethodsThe study presents a multidisciplinary approach, including genetic engineering of LysECD7-SMAP and production of recombinant endolysin, its analysis by crystal structure solution following molecular dynamics simulations and evaluation of antibacterial properties. Two types of antimicrobial dosage forms were formulated, resulting in lyophilized powder for injection and hydroxyethylcellulose gel for topical administration. Their efficacy was estimated in the treatment of sepsis, and pneumonia models in BALB/c mice, diabetes-associated wound infection in the leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and infected burn wounds in rats.ResultsIn this work, we investigate the application strategies of the engineered endolysin LysECD7-SMAP and its dosage forms evaluated in preclinical studies. The catalytic domain of the enzyme shares the conserved structure of endopeptidases containing a putative antimicrobial peptide at the C-terminus of polypeptide chain. The activity of endolysins has been demonstrated against a range of pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Achromobacter spp, Burkholderia cepacia complex and Haemophylus influenzae, including those with multidrug resistance. The efficacy of candidate dosage forms has been confirmed in in vivo studies. Some aspects of the interaction of LysECD7-SMAP with cell wall molecular targets are also discussed.ConclusionsOur studies demonstrate the potential of LysECD7-SMAP therapeutics for the systemic or topical treatment of infectious diseases caused by susceptible Gram-negative bacterial species and are critical to proceed LysECD7-SMAP-based antimicrobials trials to advanced stages.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From the Oral Cavity to the Heart Valves.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetecomitans) is a Gram-negative bacterial species that is an essential component of the oral microbiota. Due to its aggregative properties, it plays a role in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The presence of the surface proteins Fim, Briae, and microvesicles enables the bacterium to adhere to the epithelial surface and the tooth's surface. The presence of leukotoxin A (LtxA), which plays an important role in the pathogenicity of the bacterium, has been associated with both periodontitis and the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A. actinomycetecomitans is also associated with several other systemic diseases and complications, such as endocarditis and different abscesses. In addition to leukotoxin A, A. actinomycetecomitans possesses several different virulence factors, including bacteriocins, chemotaxis inhibitory factors, cytotoxic factors, Fc-binding proteins, immunosuppressive factors, lipopolysaccharide collagenase, fibroblast inhibitory factors, antibiotic resistance determinants, adhesins, invasive factors and factors that inhibit the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide to induce macrophages to secrete the interleukins IL-1, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is of considerable importance. The primary etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is the oral biofilm colonized by anaerobic bacteria. Among these, A. actinomycetemcomitans occupies an important place as a facultative anaerobic bacterium. In addition, A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses many virulence factors that contribute to its potential to cause cancer. This article provides an overview of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetecomitans and its association with various systemic diseases, its oncogenic potential, and the treatment options for infections caused by A. actinomycetecomitans.

Nutritional potential, phytochemical analysis, and biological activities of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds from arid zone culture

Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is well recognized for its exceptional nutritional composition and potential benefits for human health. This research aims to conduct a phytochemical analysis of nutraceutical properties and biologcal activities of seven different quinoa cultivars, namely, red, white, Amarilla marangani, kancolla, Giza 02, Amarilla sacaca, and black. The analysis of ground seeds revealed that Giza 02, white, and A. marangani had the most significant protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates, respectively. Furthermore, the MeOH extracts of the various quinoa genotypes exhibited high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin and reducing sugar contents in the seed extracts obtained using consecutive solvents. In addition, HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of seven phenolic compounds, which may be classified into four families: phenolic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, and stilbenes. The IC50 values for the antioxidant activity ranged from 6.4 to 7.7 µg/mL. Furthermore, the variability in the antibacterial activity across different genotypes and gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species was observed, and the efficacy of the CYHA-red extract against Micrococcus luteus was the highest. The findings of this study indicate that the incorporation of quinoa into the arid and Saharan cultivation system has the potential to enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical characteristics of the seeds.

Nutritional potential, phytochemical analysis, and biological activities of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds from arid zone culture

Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is well recognized for its exceptional nutritional composition and potential benefits for human health. This research aims to conduct a phytochemical analysis of nutraceutical properties and biologcal activities of seven different quinoa cultivars, namely, red, white, Amarilla marangani, kancolla, Giza 02, Amarilla sacaca, and black. The analysis of ground seeds revealed that Giza 02, white, and A. marangani had the most significant protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates, respectively. Furthermore, the MeOH extracts of the various quinoa genotypes exhibited high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin and reducing sugar contents in the seed extracts obtained using consecutive solvents. In addition, HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of seven phenolic compounds, which may be classified into four families: phenolic acid, flavonoids, coumarins, and stilbenes. The IC50 values for the antioxidant activity ranged from 6.4 to 7.7 µg/mL. Furthermore, the variability in the antibacterial activity across different genotypes and gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species was observed, and the efficacy of the CYHA-red extract against Micrococcus luteus was the highest. The findings of this study indicate that the incorporation of quinoa into the arid and Saharan cultivation system has the potential to enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical characteristics of the seeds.

Hospital Acquired Sepsis, Disease Prevalence, and Recent Advances in Sepsis Mitigation.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, commonly associated with nosocomial transmission. Gram-negative bacterial species are particularly problematic due to the release of the lipopolysaccharide toxins upon cell death. The lipopolysaccharide toxin of E. coli has a greater immunogenic potential than that of other Gram-negative bacteria. The resultant dysregulation of the immune system is associated with organ failure and mortality, with pregnant women, ICU patients, and neonates being particularly vulnerable. Additionally, sepsis recovery patients have an increased risk of re-hospitalisation, chronic illness, co-morbidities, organ damage/failure, and a reduced life expectancy. The emergence and increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial and fungal species has impacted the treatment of sepsis patients, leading to increasing mortality rates. Multidrug resistant pathogens including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, beta lactam-resistant Klebsiella, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter species are associated with an increased risk of mortality. To improve the prognosis of sepsis patients, predominantly high-risk neonates, advances must be made in the early diagnosis, triage, and control of sepsis. The identification of suitable biomarkers and biomarker combinations, coupled with machine learning and artificial intelligence, show promise in early detection protocols. Rapid diagnosis of sepsis in patients is essential to inform on clinical treatment, especially with resistant infectious agents. This timely review aims to discuss sepsis prevalence, aetiology, and recent advances towards disease mitigation and control.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Antimicrobial Touch Surfaces to Prevent Cross-Contamination.

Infection diseases are a major threat to global public health, with nosocomial infections being of particular concern. In this context, antimicrobial coatings emerge as a promising prophylactic strategy to reduce the transmission of pathogens and control infections. Here, antimicrobial door handle covers to prevent cross-contamination are prepared by incorporating iodine-loaded UiO-66 microparticles into a potentially biodegradable polyurethane polymer (Baycusan eco E 1000). These covers incorporate MOF particles that serve as both storage reservoirs and delivery systems for the biocidal iodine. Under realistic touching conditions, the door handle covers completely inhibit the transmission of Gram-positive bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii), and fungi (Candida albicans). The covers remain effective even after undergoing multiple contamination cycles, after being cleaned, and when tinted to improve discretion and usability. Furthermore, as the release of iodine from the door handle covers follow hindered Fickian diffusion, their antimicrobial lifetime is calculated to be as long as approximately two years. Together, these results demonstrate the potential of these antimicrobial door handle covers to prevent cross-contamination, and underline the efficacy of integrating MOFs into innovative technologies.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Ginger-Derived Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities.

The efficacy, targeting ability, and biocompatibility of plant-based nanoparticles can be exploited in fields such as agriculture and medicine. This study highlights the use of plant-based ginger nanoparticles as an effective and promising strategy against cancer and for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections and related disorders. Ginger is a well-known spice with significant medicinal value due to its phytochemical constituents including gingerols, shogaols, zingerones, and paradols. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from ginger extracts could be an important non-toxic and eco-friendly nanomaterial for widespread use in medicine. In this study, AgNPs were biosynthesized using an ethanolic extract of ginger rhizome and their phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties were evaluated. UV-visible spectral analysis confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs. FTIR analysis revealed that the NPs were associated with various functional biomolecules that were associated with the NPs during stabilization. The particle size and SEM analyses revealed that the AgNPs were in the size range of 80-100 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.510, and a zeta potential of -17.1 mV. The purity and crystalline nature of the AgNPs were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The simple and repeatable phyto-fabrication method reported here may be used for scaling up for large-scale production of ginger-derived NPs. A phytochemical analysis of the ginger extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which can serve as active biocatalysts and natural stabilizers of metallic NPs. The ginger extracts at low concentrations demonstrated promising cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines with a 50% reduction in cell viability at 0.6-6 μg/mL. When evaluated for biological activity, the AgNPs exhibited significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity on several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. This suggests that the AgNPs may be used against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Ginger-derived AgNPs have a considerable potential for use in the development of broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer medications, and an optimistic perspective for their use in medicine and pharmaceutical industry.

Cultivating Health: a Comprehensive Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Coriander (Coriandrum Sativum) Seeds

The increasing rate of multi drug resistant pathogens and emergence of non-native pathogens, a quest for novel bioactive compounds has gained extensive attention. Plants have always been serving us as a potential source of bioactive metabolites further resulting in antimicrobial production which is of great use. Coriandrum sativum, commonly known as Coriander or Cilantro, has been celebrated for its culinary uses, adding a burst of flavor and flavor and aroma to dishes worldwide. Beyond its gastronomic delights, this herbaceous plant holds gem within its seeds- a treasure trove of antimicrobial compounds. Coriandrum sativum is one of those valuable plants that contain essential components known as ‘phytochemicals’ and microbe inhibiting property known as ‘antimicrobial property’. The present work is done to test whether Coriandrum sativum contains the phytochemicals and antimicrobial property or not. People consume it as remedy for various diseases like diarrhea, acidity, cholesterol, diabetes, UTI and many more. The phytochemical analysis of the seeds the plant was carried out and it was revealed that they produce essential phytochemicals like tannin, flavonoid, saponin, phenol, steroid, carbohydrate etc. Chemicals like chloroform, Fehling’s solution, H2SO4, HCl etc. were used for the phytochemical tests. The antimicrobial activity of the plant against gram positive and gram-negative bacterial species E. coli were also observed. To test the antimicrobial property, two different solvents Methanol and Petroleum ether were added to seed extract of the plant. Well diffusion method was used for this. After the analysis, positive result was observed which was indicated by a zone of inhibition.

Global burden associated with 85 pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Despite a global epidemiological transition towards increased burden of non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the burden of a wide range of infectious diseases, and its variation by geography and age, is pivotal to research priority setting and resource mobilisation globally. We estimated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with 85 pathogens in 2019, globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. The term pathogen included causative agents, pathogen groups, infectious conditions, and aggregate categories. We applied a novel methodological approach to account for underlying, immediate, and intermediate causes of death, which counted every death for which a pathogen had a role in the pathway to death. We refer to this measure as the burden associated with infection, which was estimated by combining different sources of information. To compare the burden among all pathogens, we used pathogen-specific ratios to incorporate the burden of immediate and intermediate causes of death for pathogens modelled previously by the GBD. We created the ratios by using multiple cause of death data, hospital discharge data, linkage data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data to estimate the fraction of deaths coming from the pathway to death chain. We multiplied the pathogen-specific ratios by age-specific years of life lost (YLLs), calculated with GBD 2019 methods, and then added the adjusted YLLs to age-specific years lived with disability (YLDs) from GBD 2019 to produce adjusted DALYs to account for deaths in the chain. We used standard GBD methods to calculate 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for final estimates of DALYs by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. We provided burden estimates pertaining to all ages and specifically to the under 5 years age group. Globally in 2019, an estimated 704 million (95% UI 610-820) DALYs were associated with 85 different pathogens, including 309 million (250-377; 43·9% of the burden) in children younger than 5 years. This burden accounted for 27·7% (and 65·5% in those younger than 5 years) of the previously reported total DALYs from all causes in 2019. Comparing super-regions, considerable differences were observed in the estimated pathogen-associated burdens in relation to DALYs from all causes, with the highest burden observed in sub-Saharan Africa (314 million [270-368] DALYs; 61·5% of total regional burden) and the lowest in the high-income super-region (31·8 million [25·4-40·1] DALYs; 9·8%). Three leading pathogens were responsible for more than 50 million DALYs each in 2019: tuberculosis (65·1 million [59·0-71·2]), malaria (53·6 million [27·0-91·3]), and HIV or AIDS (52·1 million [46·6-60·9]). Malaria was the leading pathogen for DALYs in children younger than 5 years (37·2 million [17·8-64·2]). We also observed substantial burden associated with previously less recognised pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and specific Gram-negative bacterial species (ie, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Helicobacter pylori). Conversely, some pathogens had a burden that was smaller than anticipated. Our detailed breakdown of DALYs associated with a comprehensive list of pathogens on a global, regional, and country level has revealed the magnitude of the problem and helps to indicate where research funding mismatch might exist. Given the disproportionate impact of infection on low-income and middle-income countries, an essential next step is for countries and relevant stakeholders to address these gaps by making targeted investments. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

Biopriming of Momordica charantia Seeds with Enterobacter to Improve Nutritional and Biochemical Attributes

The increasing world population needs a standard balanced diet to address malnutrition problems. For this purpose, seed priming is one of the best techniques, which helps to increase the production of functional and nutritional food crops. Different techniques have been used for seed priming, but biological priming is the most frequently used because biocontrol agents offer a friendly environment for the growth of food crops. In this study, Momordica charantia L. seeds were subjected to a strain of Enterobacter sp. FD17 as a biocontrol agent at different time exposures (i.e., 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Leaf growth, flavonoids, chlorophyll content, amino acids, soluble sugars, protein, and total soluble phenolics were studied in the vegetative stage. The yield of nutritive components was evaluated from fruit, peel, and pulp of M. charantia. Biopriming was revealed to improve the final emergence rate, mean emergence time, seedling vigor, emergence index, and vigor indices I and II. Among the growth parameters, the root (0.45 ± 0.045 g) and shoot fresh weight (1.23 ± 0.05 g), leaf area (15.52 ± 1.5 cm), shoot length (30.33 ± 0.58 cm), number of flowers (6 ± 1.0), fruit weight (96.33 ± 1.15 g), and germination percentage (56.67 ± 11.55%) were also improved. Among biochemical analyses, biopriming improved chlorophyll a (6.33 ± 0.58 mg/g) and b (8.58 ± 2.5 mg/g), total soluble sugar (33.13 ± 2.24%), and total chlorophyll content (9.0 ± 1.5 mg/g). The nutritional analysis showed that free amino acids (1.43 ± 0.02 mg/g), total soluble sugar (42.53 ± 1.65%), ash (20.53 ± 2.57%), and catalase (347.47 ± 34.76 U/g) were increased in fruit, while crude fiber (3.62 ± 0.1%) and peroxidase (5.61 ± 0.34 U/g) in peel and protein and metabolizable energy in peel and fruit were increased. Among the water, acetone, and methanol extracts, the maximum antibacterial activity was shown by methanol extracts of leaves against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively) with inhibitory diameters of 3 mm. Biopriming also improved the phenolic contents in the leaves and fruits of M. charantia. Biopriming treatment was also revealed to be directly correlated with antiglycation activity. Therefore, biopriming treatment on seeds could be used to manipulate plant cell metabolism with a substantial improvement in phenolic content, antibacterial activity, and growth of M. charantia.

Antibiogram and susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates of urinary tract infection among children and adolescents at a tertiary care hospital

Background: UTI is one of the major causes of morbidity among children and adolescents in developing countries like Pakistan, where precise knowledge of causative micro-organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns remains inadequate. To identify common organisms involved in urinary tract infection and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns among children & adolescents. Material and Methods : This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on urine cultures reports of children less than 18 year presented with suspected UTI in Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital between the periods of January 2020 to December 2022 were taken. Urine sample cultured on CLED agar plates, micro-organism were identified by performing their morphological & biochemical tests. Results: Urine culture reports of 500 patients of age <18 years with suspected UTI were collected, out of which 102 were positive. The most common age for UTI was 5-11 years. The ratio of boys and girls was 30 and 72 respectively. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species were recovered. The ratio of gram negative to gram positive was 94 and 8 respectively. Among Gram-negative bacterial species, E. coli was the most common organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of E. coli showed that susceptibility to commonly prescribed drugs as follows Gentamicin (80%), co-amoxiclav (52%), Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole (19%), Cephalosporin’s (8%), and Amoxicillin (5%). Susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin & Fosfomycin was 80% and 63% respectively. Conclusion: E.coli was the most common organism Isolated. Co-amoxiclav, Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin have good susceptibility profile among the oral drugs and Gentamicin has high susceptibility among injectables. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic sensitivity, Urine culture