Spring Wheat Grain Yield Research Articles

The Influence of the Farming System and Forecrop on the Yield and Chemical and Health-promoting Composition of Spring Wheat Grain

Spring wheat was grown on a loess-derived Luvisol under the conditions of two farming systems (conventional and organic) and five forecrops (sugar beet, spring barley, red clover, winter wheat, and oat) over the period 2021–2023. In the conventional system, mineral NPK fertilization and pesticides (herbicides, fungicide, insecticide, and retardant) were applied at the recommended rates for wheat. Mechanical weed control was also used (double harrowing). In the organic system, the organic fertilizer Humac Agro was applied and the fields under the wheat were harrowed twice. No plant protection products were used under organic farming conditions. The organic system was proven to have an effect on reducing spring wheat yield, on average by 23%, compared to the conventional system (the grain yield was, respectively, 4.59 t ha−1 compared to 5.96 t ha−1). In spite of the lower yield potential, the organic cultivation of spring wheat significantly improved the quality and health-promoting parameters of this cereal grain. Except for the total nitrogen and potassium content, the organic system contributed to a significant increase in the grain content of total dietary fiber (by 0.89 p.p.), o-dihydroxyphenols (by about 19%), and polyphenols (by about 12%), and increased the content of the following elements: Se, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn. Among the forecrops, red clover and sugar beet had the most beneficial effect on grain quality (including the amino acid composition and EAAI index), followed by oat (especially under organic farming conditions). The other wheat forecrops (spring barley and winter wheat) clearly deteriorated the yield and quality of spring wheat grain. To sum up the obtained research results, appropriate management of organic spring wheat cultivation (forecrop sugar beet or red clover, Humac Agro fertilizer) contributes to high grain nutritional quality relative to the conventional system and also reduces the yield gap relative to conventional farming.

Comprehensive Anti-Stress Protection of Grain Crops under Contrasting Weather Conditions

The article presents the results of stress protection of seeds and plants of spring wheat and barley of zoned varieties for the 3rd agro-climatic zone of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 in 2 stages: the first was a series of laboratory experiments at the departments of breeding, seed production and Agrotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, the second was field experiments on gray forest soils of average fertility in an agricultural enterprise named after him. Krupskaya Ryazan region. The algorithm of complex stress protection included a sequential cascade of interrelated agrotechnological techniques: a) a method for selecting the most resistant batches of seeds to ethylene stress for sowing purposes, b) a method for stress protection and increasing the germination of these seeds during post-harvest storage, c) pre-sowing seed treatment and d) plants IV-V stages of organogenesis with multifunctional growth regulators with anti-stress properties (Albite, TPS; Zircon,R; Epin-Extra,R), prolonging the effect of plant protection in critical phases of plant growth and development. During all 5 years of research, which were contrasting in meteorological conditions, the use of seeds with increased stress resistance and functional activity for sowing contributed, on average, to a stable increase in field germination of spring wheat by 2.8–10.6%, barley – 4.2–7.2%, increased shoot formation in the tillering phase of spring wheat by 0.12–0.23 and barley 0.16–0.25% of plants. These processes were most pronounced in spring wheat, in years with increased drought. The plant variants of complex stress protection were characterized by higher photosynthesis productivity, leaf surface index and terrestrial phytomass. A set of techniques that block the development of stress from the initial stages of ontogenesis to the formation of reproductive organs intensified plant growth, provided a higher level of accumulation of productivity resources, contributed to an increase in grain yields of spring wheat and barley, depending on the experimental options, by 0.48–0.62 t/ha and 0.31–0.39 t/ha, respectively. The increase in yield in all the years of the study, when using anti-stress protection, was due to an increase in the number of productive stems, a higher full-weight ear and a weight of 1000 grains. The applied stress protection methods fully meet the requirements of the production of environmentally friendly products and can be used as an element of technology in the production of organic crop products.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION IN PROTECTING SPRING SOFT WHEAT IN THE SOUTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA

In years with favorable moisture in the south of Western Siberia, the loss of springwheat grain yield from leaf-stem infections increases sharply to 30% or more. The use of fungicides in combination with foliar feeding allows not only to preserve the crop, but also to improve its quality indicators. The studies were conducted in 2018-2021. The soil of the experimental plot is chernozem-meadow, heavy loamy. Four-field grain-fallow crop rotation, predecessor – wheat after fallow. Two-factor field experiment, plot area 25 m2, four-fold repetition. The purpose of the work is to assess the biological effectiveness of tank mixtures of fungicides with urea and liquid complex fertilizer (LCF) on the yield and quality of spring wheat grain. The average infestation of crops by powdery mildew over 4 years is 21,8%, maximum in 2018 – 30,5, rust species in 2019 – 68, average – 52,4, in the dry year 2021 – 1.0%. The incidence of septoria is insignificant, with a maximum of 8,6% in 2019. Treatment of crops with complex fertilizer reduced the development of powdery mildew to 32, types of rust to 61,6, septoria to 28,8%, and to a lesser extent when working with urea. On average, the biological effectiveness of the variants with Abacus Ultra, a fungicide based on triazole and strobilurin, was higher and ranged from 52,5 to 99,8%, and the drug Title Trio based on triazoles was lower, from 45,7 to 97,3%. Tank mixtures of fungicides and fertilizers did not reduce their effectiveness against spring wheat diseases. Fertilizing with liquid complex fertilizer provided the most stable and significant increase in grain yield over the research period – 0,63, urea 10 kg/ha – 0,46, 15 kg/ha – 0,40 t/ha. The greatest increase – 1,21 t/ha – was provided by a tank mixture with Abacus Ultra + liquid and liquid fertilizers, and economic efficiency, respectively, was 23,8-37,5%. A fungicide containing strobilurin (pyraclostrobin) has been shown to be highly effective in increasing the quality parameters of wheat grain.

Effectiveness of LongActing Urea in the Growing of Spring Wheat

spring wheat crop was studied. It was shown that encapsulated urea, in comparison with its usual form, provided an increase in the yield of spring wheat grain by 9–13%. The coating of urea granules with calcium dihydrogen phosphate contributed to a more uniform release of fertilizer nitrogen, increasing the efficiency of its use by plants by 10–13%. It was found that the effectiveness of encapsulated urea is directly dependent on the thickness of the coating granules.

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

The role of moisture in the development of spring wheat

In the conditions of the North Kazakhstan region, the moisture supply of the growing season of spring soft wheat is characterized by an uneven distribution of precipitation, which affects the yield of grain crops.This process can be observed using the G.T. Selyaninov hydrothermal humidification coefficient (GTC). A scientific study during 2022-2023 was conducted in order to influence moisture availability on the grain yield of spring soft wheat in the North Kazakhstan region. The methodology consists in calculating the hydrothermal coefficient in the interphase periods of spring wheat for calendar years: 2022 and 2023. The calculation of the elements of the crop structure and grain yield was also carried out.In accordance with the moisture availability of the growing season of spring wheat, the main elements of the crop structure: productive bushiness, ear water content, pcs; weight of 1000 grains, g showed themselves stronger in 2023, respectively: 1.1; 21; 33, than in 2022.Moisture availability of the period of release into the tube - grain ripeness in 2022 took place in satisfactory conditions for spring wheat, which affected its grain yield of - 15 c/ha. In 2023, the stages of wheat organogenesis before the earing period passed favorably, despite the subsequent poorly satisfactory wet conditions before grain maturation, the harvested plants showed good productivity potential - 17c/ha, which exceeded the grain yield of 2022.The use of the hydrothermal coefficient makes it possible to apply agrotechnical techniques to increase the yield of spring wheat grain in unstable periods of moisture availability.

Влияние КАС-32, жидких и твердых комплексных удобрений на урожайность и показатели качества зерна яровой пшеницы в условиях Предгорий Салаира при ее возделывании по технологии No-till

The purpose of research is to study the influence of different combinations of UAN-32 with the addition of ammonium sulfate, liquid and solid complex (JCU, ammophos, diammofoska, sulfoammophos) fertile-zers on the formation of basic quality indicators and grain yield of spring wheat when cultivating the crop using the no-till system. In the conditions of the Salair Foothills in the Tselinny District on leached chernozems of medium humus in 2020–2022. Research was carried out on the local pre-sowing application of different combinations of fertilizers. The highest yield is ensured by the application of UAN-32 150 kg/ha with 60 kg/ha ammonium sulfate and 100 kg/ha ammophos (N88P52S14) and according to the UAN-32 option 150 kg/ha + liquid fertilizers 100 kg/ha + sulfoammophos 100 kg/ha (N92P57S22): respectively 7.03–7.24 t/ha (average for 2 years) and 6.66–6.69 t/ha (average for 3 years). For all combinations of applied fertilizers, the protein content increases from 9.3 to 10.9–11.3 %, and gluten – from 18.8 to 24.1–26.4 %. Under the influence of fertilizers, the grain belongs to the 3rd class in terms of gluten, while under the control it is of the 4th class. The increase in yield is due to improved nutritional regimes in the soil and an increase in their consumption by spring wheat, especially nitrogen and sulfur. Local application of the studied combinations of UAN-32, liquid fertilizers, ammonium sulfate and complex fertilizers in all years ensured an increase in the grain yield of spring soft wheat of the Buran variety by 25.9–34.2 % on average over 2 years and by 41.8–47.6 % on average over 3 years with a payback of 1 kg of a.v. fertile¬zers, respectively, 5.8–12 kg and 11.3–13.8 kg of grain.

Засоренность посевов яровой пшеницы при применении ресурсосберегающих технологий обработки почвы

The purpose of research is to study the influence of primary tillage systems on the weed infestation of spring wheat crops placed on green manure fallow in a five-field grain-fallow crop rotation. Objectives: to study the weed infestation of spring wheat crops; to establish the effectiveness of herbicide use; to determine the grain yield of spring wheat. The study was carried out in 2017–2022 in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe on leached chernozem, which is characterized by an increased humus content (6.1–8.0 %) and a neutral reaction of the soil solution (pH – 6.1–7.0). The object of the study is spring wheat of the Novosibirskaya 15 variety. The research results showed that the bulk of weeds in the studied variants are represented by a group of young plants. Different tillage systems influenced the quantitative and species composition of weeds. When soil tillage is minimized, the number of weeds increases and their species composition changes. In spring wheat crops under the studied tillage options, the most numerous group of weeds were young ones. The most common species found in spring wheat crops were bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) and millet (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.). Their share in the total number of weeds in the variant with plowing was 71.4 %, without tillage – 81.4 %. There was a significant change in the share of biological groups of young and perennial weeds in the option without tillage during the study period. The share of young weeds in 2022 decreased compared to 2017 from 93.1 to 58.8 %, while the number of perennial weeds increased from 6.9 to 41.2 %.Over the years of the study (2017–2022), a change in the species composition of weeds was established. In the option without tillage, such species as yellow sow thistle, medicinal dandelion, hemlock, and small petal, which were absent in 2017, appear in spring wheat crops.

Сравнительная агротехнологическая оценка возделывания яровой пшеницы в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Abstract. Long-term (more than 20 years) studies were carried out on meadow – chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. In a stationary grain-steam crop rotation (steam-wheat-wheat-wheat-barley), a comparative assessment of fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, yield and quality of spring wheat grain, depending on the placement of the crop in the crop rotation, the tillage system, and complex chemicalization was carried out. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence and effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat on the elements of soil fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of grain in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Research methods. In the southern forest-steppe agricultural landscapes, the effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat cultivation has been established, with an increase in yield from 1.51 to 3.24 t/ha (2.1 times) and a decrease in technological parameters of grain. For the first time, the share contribution of chemicalization components in increasing the productivity of spring wheat cultivated by steam and in the grain-steam crop rotation has been established. Two-factor experience: factor A – tillage system (dump-plowing on the head of 20–22 cm, annually; combined-plowing in the fallow field and under the third wheat after steam for 20–22 cm and flat-cut on the head of 10–12 for the second wheat after steam barley; flat-cut on the head of 10–12 cm for all crops annually; minimal – in the fallow field cultivation on the 8–10 cm. in other fields without autumn treatment); factor B – means of intensification (control – without chemicals, the option of complex application of chemicals included the combined use of fertilizers (N24 P36 per 1 ha of arable land), recommended herbicides, fungicides and retardants). Results. It was found that intensive agrotechnology with the use of fertilizers and plant protection products makes the main contribution to increasing the yield and technological parameters of grain – 30–35 %, precursors – up to 20–25 %, weather conditions of the growing season – 18–20 %, the system of tillage in crop rotation – 10–12 %. The complex application of chemicals contributes to an increase in crop biomass to 2080 g/m2 (by 49 %), reduces water consumption to 73 mm per 1 t\ of grain (2.7 times), optimizes the nutrient regime of the soil and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, which ultimately increases yields from 1.51 to 3.27 t/ha while improving the technological properties of grain gluten content up to 26.4 – 29.4 %. Long-term rational use of chemicals does not lead to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in soil and grain. The scientific novelty was revealed for the conditions of Western Siberia with the long-term rational use of chemicals, the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the soil and grain was not observed.

Microbiological preparations based on strains of associative bacteria in the cultivation of spring wheat in Central Yakutia

The studies were conducted in Central Yakutia on permafrost taiga-pale-yellow soils with a low humus content from 2016 to 2020. The use of biological products of associative bacteria is an environmentally friendly way to increase crop yields and improve soil fertility. The effect of pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with various biological preparations of associative bacteria: Rhizoagrin, Mobilin, Mizorin was studied. The responsiveness of the culture to the use of biological preparations was noted: inoculation of seeds contributed to the formation of grain yield of spring wheat. In the experimental variants, a significant increase in the yield of spring wheat grain was noted — on average up to 1.6 t/ha in the variant using the preparation Mizorin. Pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds contributed to increased plant growth in height (up to 14%), an increase in the amount of grain (up to 16%), as well as an increase in the mass of roots (up to 35%), leaves (up to 60%), inflorescences (up to 24%), straw (up to 48%). The use of the studied biopreparations based on strains of associative bacteria had a positive effect on both the growth and development of plants and an increase in the yield of spring wheat grain.

Leveraging logistic models to enhance nutrient dynamics modeling in intercropped spring wheat with varied nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization strategies.

Intercropping systems offer substantial benefits in crop yield nd nutrient absorption. Utilizing logistic models, we simulated the dynamic of nutrient uptake and accumulation in spring wheat and the impact of different planting patterns and compound fertilizer application rates on spring wheat yield. We conducted a field experiment involving two planting patterns: spring wheat monoculture (MS) and spring wheat-pea intercropping (MI), with five compound fertilizer applications: C0 (0 kg ha-1), C1 (480 kg ha-1), C2 (540 kg ha-1), C3 (600 kg ha-1), and C4 (660 kg ha-1). We assessed spring wheat yield and aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation under different planting patterns and fertilization treatments. Results revealed that intercropping significantly increased spike number, grains per spike, and grain yield of spring wheat by 3.7%, 6.3%, and 13.3%, respectively, compared to monoculture. Fertilization treatments notably enhanced average spring wheat grain yield, with C2 performing optimally. Logistic model analysis indicated that under intercropping, the maximum accumulated aboveground N and N uptake rate (v) of spring wheat was 11.4% and 13.2% higher, and the maximum accumulated P and maximum P uptake rate (Vmax) were 11.3% and 9.5% higher, respectively, compared to monoculture. Intercropped spring wheat under C2 exhibited the highest P accumulation among all treatments. In conclusion, both intercropping and fertilization can enhance N and P uptake and accumulation in spring wheat, thereby boosting yield. Optimized yield can be achieved under C2 (540 kg h-1) with a 10% reduction in fertilizer application. Thus effective control of fertilizer application is pivotal for maximizing the yield advantage of the spring wheat/pea intercropping system.

Influence of soil fertility on the yield and grain quality of spring wheat in the conditions of Central Siberia

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of spring wheat grain in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The studies were carried out in 2022 at the Minino station of the KrasNIISKh in the soil and climatic conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozem. The results of the research showed that the maximum yield of the studied grain crops was noted when applying a complex mineral fertilizer (azofoska) at a dose of 60 kg. a.i./ha - 2.85 t/ha (increase to control 0.96 t/ha).

Yield of spring wheat depending on the level of mineral nutrition and the use of biologically active substances under condition grown of Afghanistan

A field experiments was carried out at the experimental farm department of Agronomy, Agriculture faculty, Al-beruni University, Kapisa, Afghanistan, to study the effect of NPK and gibberellic acid on growth and yield of spring wheat during March-June 2022 and 2023. The experiment was arranged on randomized complete block design, with three replication. Treatments include: T1 - N0P0K0 (Control), T2 – N1P1K1 (120–60-30 kg/ha), T3 – N2P2K2 (160–90-60 kg/ha),T4 – N3P3K3 (200–120-90 kg/ha), T5 – N1P1K1 (120–60-30 kg/ha) + GA3 200 ppm, T6 – N2P2K2 (160–90-60 kg/ha), + GA3 200 ppm, T7 – N3P3K3 (200–120-90 kg/ha) + GA3 200 ppm. In case of mineral fertilizers and gibberellic acid, results indicated that NPK levels and GA3 with a few exceptions remarkably improved the yields attributes and yields of spring wheat. The highest 1000 grain weight (46.98 and 47.18 gr), grain yield (4.16 and 4.63 t/ha) and straw yield of spring (8.48 and 8.55 t/ha) wheat was recorded with application of 160–90-60 Kg/ha NPK + 200 ppm GA3 in both years of 2022 and 2023. While the minimum was found in control treatment.

Phenotypic Variation and Relationships between Grain Yield, Protein Content and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in Spring Wheat in Nordic–Baltic Environments

Accurate and robust methods are needed to monitor crop growth and predict grain yield and quality in breeding programs, particularly under variable agrometeorological conditions. Field experiments were conducted during two successive cropping seasons (2021, 2022) at four trial locations (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway). The focus was on assessment of the grain yield (GY), grain protein content (GPC), and UAV-derived NDVI measured at different plant growth stages. The performance and stability of 16 selected spring wheat genotypes were assessed under two N application rates (75, 150 kg N ha−1) and across different agrometeorological conditions. Quantitative relationships between agronomic traits and UAV-derived variables were determined. None of the traits exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) genotype-by-nitrogen interaction. High-yielding and high-protein genotypes were detected with a high WAASB stability, specifically under high and low N rates. This study highlights the significant effect of an NDVI analysis at GS55 and GS75 as key linear predictors, especially concerning spring wheat GYs. However, the effectiveness of these indices depends on the specific growing conditions in different, geospatially distant locations, limiting their universal utility.

Integrating enhanced efficiency fertilizers and nitrogen rates to improve Canada Western Red Spring wheat

Granular urea fertilizer applied at planting is prone to nitrogen (N) losses in certain environments. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are developed to mitigate losses and optimize plant uptake. To determine the benefits of EEFs in grain yield and quality enhancement in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, an experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2022 at eight sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects of five N sources [urea; urea + urease inhibitor, N-( n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); urea + nitrification inhibitor, nitrapyrin; urea + dual-inhibitor, NBPT + dicyandiamide; and polymer-coated urea, ESN® (Environmentally Smart Nitrogen®)] and four N rates (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha−1) on CWRS wheat production were examined. Results indicated that N source affected grain yield in Dark Brown Chernozem soils but not in Black Chernozem or Dark Grey Luvisol soils. In Dark Brown Chernozem soils, a dual inhibitor increased grain yield by 3.1% and 3.9% relative to urea and polymer-coated urea, respectively, while all other EEFs attained similar results. The use of a dual inhibitor EEF led to greater net returns compared to urea and polymer-coated urea in the Dark Brown Chernozem soils. Grain protein concentration increased linearly with increasing N rate from 60 to 240 kg N ha−1. Generally, a rate of 120 kg N ha−1 was optimal for CWRS wheat grown in Canadian prairie conditions when coupled with EEFs, particularly a dual inhibitor, and grain yield and protein were often responsive.

Grain yield and adaptation of spring wheat to Norwegian growing conditions is driven by allele frequency changes at key adaptive loci discovered by genome-wide association mapping

Key messageAdaptation to the Norwegian environment is associated with polymorphisms in the Vrn-A1 locus. Historical selection for grain yield in Nordic wheat is associated with TaGS5-3A and TaCol-5 loci.Grain yields in Norwegian spring wheat increased by 18 kg ha−1 per year between 1972 and 2019 due to introduction of new varieties. These gains were associated with increments in the number of grains per spike and extended length of the vegetative period. However, little is known about the genetic background of this progress. To fill this gap, we conducted genome-wide association study on a panel consisting of both adapted (historical and current varieties and lines in the Nordics) and important not adapted accessions used as parents in the Norwegian wheat breeding program. The study concerned grain yield, plant height, and heading and maturity dates, and detected 12 associated loci, later validated using independent sets of recent breeding lines. Adaptation to the Norwegian cropping conditions was found to be associated with the Vrn-A1 locus, and a previously undescribed locus on chromosome 1B associated with heading date. Two loci associated with grain yield, corresponding to the TaGS5-3A and TaCol-5 loci, indicated historical selection pressure for high grain yield. A locus on chromosome 2A explained the tallness of the oldest accessions. We investigated the origins of the beneficial alleles associated with the wheat breeding progress in the Norwegian material, tracing them back to crosses with Swedish, German, or CIMMYT lines. This study contributes to the understanding of wheat adaptation to the Norwegian growing conditions, sheds light on the genetic basis of historical wheat improvement and aids future breeding efforts by discovering loci associated with important agronomic traits in wheat.

The effect of slow-release coated fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat

The article presents the results of a study of NPK and NPS fertilizers effectiveness, as well as urea, on the granules surface of which a coating based on monocalcium phosphate with a thickness of 100 microns was applied. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers provided an increase in the yield of spring wheat grain by 31-46%, while the yield when using coated fertilizers was 9-10% higher compared to conventional fertilizers. The shell of the granules contributed to a more complete use of nutrients by plants, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased from 40-49% to 47-59%.

Long-Term Conservation Tillage Increases Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Regulating Substances Related to Stress on the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of China

Improving the water-use efficiency (WUE) of crops is the most effective way to increase yields in semi-arid regions. Field research was carried out based on a long-term experiment initiated in 2001, aimed to explore the mechanisms of different tillage practices effects on grain yield and WUE of spring wheat. Tillage practices in the research including conventional tillage (CT), no tillage with no straw mulching (NT), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), and no tillage with straw mulching (NTS). The effects of tillage practices on soil’s physical and chemical properties, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, dynamics of stress-related substances, and WUE were observed. Soil and plant samples in this research were collected in 2020 (wet year), 2021 (dry year), and 2022 (dry year). The results indicated that NTS improved the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The NTS treatment had the lowest soil bulk and pH and the highest total N, NO3--N, and available P. Throughout the whole growth stage, soil water content in the NTS and TS treatments were significantly higher than that of CT by 8.77–20.40% and 2.19–18.83, respectively. Averaged catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and soluble protein across the three years with NTS and TS were significantly increased by 1.26–25.52% compared to CT. Meanwhile, the NTS treatment had the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content among the different tillage practices. NTS maintained the highest dry matter accumulation throughout the whole growth stage among different treatments; it was increased by 10.47–73.33% compared with CT. The average grain yields and WUE of NTS across the three years were 6.09–30.70% and 6.79–40.55% higher than other tillage practices, respectively. It is concluded that NTS influences dry matter accumulation and water-use efficiency during the whole growth stage of spring wheat by improving the soil’s physicochemical properties and modulating spring wheat substances related to stress, which in turn promotes yield formation.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕРМИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ ВЕГЕТАЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The article presents the results of long-term studies (1982-2018) on the assessment of changes in thermal resources during the growing season and the indication of their impact on the yield of spring wheat. The work was carried out in the conditions of the northern part of the Middle Volga region on gray forest soils. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest medium loamy, the content of humus (according to Tyurin) is 2.8...3.2%, mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) - 105...184 and 79...149 mg /100 g of soil, respectively, pH- 5.6...5.8. During the observation period, the highest temperature increase was recorded in July (2.4°C) and May (2.2°C), and the lowest in June (1.0°C). The sum of effective temperatures over 10°C increased by 500°C during the study period. The yield of spring wheat grown without fertilizers varied greatly in different years, ranging from 0.99 to 2.97 t/ha. The highest value of this indicator was observed at an average monthly air temperature of about 13 0C in May, 17 0C in June, 18 0c in July, and the sum of active temperatures was 1800 0c. The studied thermal resources, in accordance with the significance of the impact on the yield of spring wheat, can be arranged in the following descending order: average air temperature in June > average air temperature in July > the sum of effective temperatures above 10 °C > average air temperature in May. To describe the dependence of the yield of spring wheat grain on thermal resources, in three cases out of four, a polynomial equation of the second degree was better suited, and in one case, an exponential equation.

Productivity of spring wheat in various crop rotations under organo-mineral fertilizer in the conditions of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe

Aim.The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of the structure, recruitment and placement of field crops in different crop rotations on the general productivity, yield and quality of spring wheat in particular. The study was carried out in the subzone of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on typical low-humus chernozem of the Panfil Research Station of the NSC «IA NAAS». Methods.The technology of growing agricultural crops in the experiment is generally accepted and recommended for the research area. Chemical plant protection agents were used for the production of competitive marketable products of spring wheat. Results.The results of research conducted in a long-term stationary field experiment, which was established in 2001, on the study of crop rotations on typical chernozems of unstable moisture in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe, convincingly indicate that during the 2016–2020 research period, a 6-field crop rotation turned out to be the most rational in this subzone saturated with spring wheat by 16,7% (buckwheat – winter wheat – soybean – spring wheat – winter rye – spring barley) under the organo-mineral intensification system (predecessor by-products + N60P60K60).Conclusions. The grain yield of spring wheat, which was grown after soybeans, sunflower and winter triticale, as predecessors, with crop rotation saturation from 12,5% to 16,7% and the corresponding set of crop rotations, was in the range of: 4,43–5,14 t/ha, while the protein content in the grain was at the level of 11,5–13,1%. The economic efficiency of growing spring wheat in the structure of different rotational crop rotations is: conditionally net profit – 8,92–12,49 thousand UAH/ha at the level of profitability – 67–94%.