Nitrogen Content Of Grain Research Articles

Interactive effects of soil salinity, fertility, and irrigation on field corn

A line-source field experiment was conducted to study the interactive effects of four levels of soil salinity, five rates of applied nitrogen fertilizer and six levels of irrigation on the production of field corn (Zea mays L.). In general, increased levels of soil salinity and decreased irrigation reduced grain and stover (stems and other above-grand dry matter) yields. Increased quantities of irrigation, presumably through maintenance of high (less negative) total soil water potential, were effective in decreasing the effect of salinity, and as a result improved yield. The highest salinity level (9.6 mmho/cm) resulted in dry matter yield reductions of 41 and 93 percent of the maximum observed yield at the highest (479 mm) and lowest (210 mm) irrigation levels respectively, averaged over all fertility levels. Under the same conditions grain yield declined by 48 and 96 percent. Yield was not improved as a result of applying nitrogen. Main effects on yield of salinity (1% level), water (1% level) and nitrogen (5% level) were found. Interactive effects upon yield were demonstrated for salinity X nitrogen (1% level) and salinity X water (1% level) combinations. Nitrogen content of stover and grain rose with increased levels of soil salinity and nitrogen, and declined with increased irrigation. A salinity X nitrogen interaction effect was demonstrated for nitrogen content of the grain, and a salinity X water effect demonstrated for stover. Multiple regression equations for stover and grain yields as functions of salinity, fertility and irrigation were developed (R2 = 0.88 and 0.85 respectively).

Sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. I. Concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain, in relation to the yield response

Grain samples from a factorial (5 sulfur x 3 nitrogen treatments) field experiment with Olympic wheat, which showed yield responses to both factors, were analysed for total sulfur and nitrogen. Sulfur application increased the grain sulfur concentration more with high than with low nitrogen treatment, but had only small effects on the nitrogen concentration in grain. Nitrogen application increased the grain sulfur concentration at high but not low sulfur and increased grain nitrogen concentration at all sulfur treatment levels. The critical grain sulfur value for yield was 0.12% in treatments adequately supplied with nitrogen, but plots with low nitrogen (sulfur-unresponsive) also had grain sulfur values below 0.12 %. Grain from sulfur-responsive plants could be distinguished from grain from unresponsive plants because the former had less than 0.12% sulfur and nitrogen/sulfur ratios wider than 17/1. Results from a glasshouse experiment with three cultivars were consistent with this. The findings suggest that seed analysis may be a useful method for diagnosis of the sulfur status of cereal crops.

Interrelationship between nitrogen concentration in grain, grain yield and added fertiliser nitrogen in wheat experiments of South‐east England

AbstractResults from 20 years of wheat experiments were used to compare responses of grain‐N% and grain yield to increasing amounts of fertiliser‐N. Grain‐N% for both winter and spring wheat increased, mostly linearly, throughout the range, whereas many of the grain yield curves reached a maximum and then declined with further additions of N. Provided curve sections exhibiting dilution effects were excluded, the linear or near‐linear relationship between grain‐N% and fertiliser‐N allowed linear regression models to be fitted. This showed that, over a range of 50‐175 kg N ha−1, an average of 32 kg ha−1 of fertiliser‐N was required for an increase of 0.1% N in grain dry matter of winter wheat or 56 kg N ha−1 for an increase of 1% protein. Results from 3 years of experiments conducted by the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service (ADAS) agreed closely with those obtained from Rothamsted. Using the linear relationship between grain‐N% and fertiliser‐N, curves were plotted of grain yield against grain‐N, adjusted for comparable additions of fertiliser‐N (75, 100, 125, 150 kg ha−1). The curves tended to have sections with rising yield for small applications of N, to exhibit a maximum in a central zone and descending sections for large applications. There was no well‐defined ‚critical level’︁ of grain‐N%, beyond which this and grain yield were inversely related.

Influence of soil type on barley yield

Abstract The effect of different soils on barley yields and nitrogen content of grain was assessed from spring sown crops. A paddock sown in barley in October 1975 was found to contain several soils. Plots were located on the different soils from which yield and N% of the grain were measured. The investigation was repeated in a different paddock in 1976, again under dryland management conditions. A deep, well drained Templeton soil and a deep, imperfectly drained Wakanui soil gave highest yields, followed by a moderately deep, well drained Templeton soil which yielded more than a shallow, well to somewhat excessively drained Eyre soil. Mean N% figures provided a qualitative assessment of the grain. Significant differences were found only in the 1975–76 crop, where grain from the Eyre soil had a higher nitrogen content.

Nitrogen Requirements of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) Varieties ‘Blueboy’ and ‘Redcoat’1

AbstractIn 1970–71, five N‐rate field experiments were conducted with fall‐seeded soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) on limestone‐derived soils in Pennsylvania. Varieties ‘Blueboy’ and ‘Redcoat’ were compared at two locations. At three locations, only Blueboy was grown. Redcoat is widely grown in Pennsylvania, but Blueboy was only recently introduced. The relative nitrogen requirements of these varieties, therefore, was essentially unknown when these studies were begun. Fall and spring applications of 0, 34, 67, 101, 135, and 168 kg/ha of N as ammonium sulfate were compared at each location. The nitrogen content of grain plus straw associated with maximum attainable yield of dry matter was similar among locations and varieties, the mean percent N and its standard deviation being 1.38 ± 0.06%. Yields of grain invariably were depressed when nitrogen in grain plus straw exceeded the mean value of 1.22 ± 0.06% (S.D.). The latter value is considered to represent the internal N requirement of the wheat associated with optimum production of grain, and it corresponds to the percent N in grain plus straw associated with 95 to 98% of total dry matter production.Recovery of fertilizer N was significantly greater for spring than for fall applications, although differences were small (means were 56 and 48%, respectively, for all locations). Yields of Blueboy were substantially greater than those of Redcoat at locations where these varieties were compared. Interactions of rate and time of N application on yields of grain and dry matter and N yields were not significant. Total uptake of N required per unit of wheat grain for maximum attainable yield is almost twice that required for corn.

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Content of Grains of Swamp Rice in Sierra Leone

SUMMARYThe total N uptake, crude protein content, and recovery of N in rice grains varied with varieties. Increased levels of N application gave increases in total N uptake and crude protein content in the grains, though recovery of N in the grains decreased with increased levels of nitrogen application. Irrespective of varieties and levels of application, three split dressings of nitrogenous fertilizer gave greater total N uptake, crude protein content, and recovery of N in the rice grains than where all the N was applied at the time of transplanting of seedlings.

Effects of nitrogen uptake on rice yield in northern Australia

The yield responses to nitrogen uptake are described for water-sown IR8 rice grown in the wet season in northern Australia. Various patterns of nitrogen uptake were achieved by different times and amounts of nitrogen application in the range 0 to 300 kg per ha. Grain yields increased with nitrogen uptake at flowering stage up to approximately 120 kg per ha but decreased when uptake exceeded this level. The grain yield increase was associated mainly with increased panicle production, while grain yield decrease was associated with a reduction in the weight of ripened grain per panicle. Nitrogen concentration in grain over all experiments increased linearly with nitrogen uptake at flowering, but grain yield was reduced when grain nitrogen exceeded approximately 1.5 per cent. High nitrogen uptake at flowering was presumed to lead to depletion of carbohydrate reserves during the critical grain-ripening phase.

Determination of the nitrogen content of grains by means of fast neutron activation analysis

Determination of the nitrogen content of grains by means of fast neutron activation analysis

Nitrogen Content of Grain as Influenced by Water Supplied to the Plant1

AbstractResults of independent studies involving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) indicate that a linear relationship exists between nitrogen fraction in the grain and the quantity of water applied to the soil surface just prior to and through vegetative growth of the plant. The effect was noted consistently in studies in Oklahoma and Texas. The designated purpose of these studies was to determine effects of fertilizer amounts and irrigation amount and timing on the production of crops. The studies were conducted at widely separated locations over eight growing seasons. The effect was noted by chance during evaluation of one of the studies and was found to exist in data found in the literature and in data from other studies of the authors.

The relative supply of carbohydrate and nitrogen to wheat grains, and an assessment of the shading and defoliation techniques used for these determinations

Leaf contribution to grain dry weight and grain nitrogen was estimated in four varieties of wheat from their responses to shading and defoliation treatments. The relation between movement of nitrogen and dry material from leaves to grains appeared as an important factor in the differences between varieties in respect to the percentage nitrogen content of grains. Experiments with labelled carbon, however, showed that there was a significant redistribution of assimilates from other parts when the ear was shaded or the flag leaf removed.

Some observations on the influence of nitrogen fertilizer applied at seeding on the nitrogen content of the wheat grain

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied at seeding on the nitrogen content of wheat grain was studied in 63 experiments during the six seasons 1956-1961. The overall effect of fertilizer was to increase grain nitrogen percentage, but there were situations where no change and even decreases in grain nitrogen percentage were found. The magnitude of the changes due to nitrogen fertilizer was small in relation to change brought about by climatic factors. Both the change in nitrogen content and nitrogen yield from applied fertilizer showed a relation to the nitrogen content of grain from unfertilized plants. Significant differences between varieties were found for nitrogen yield response but not for nitrogen content response.

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone as sources of nitrogen for oats and barley

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone (»Oulunsalpietari») were compared as the nitrogen fertilizer for oats in 15 field trials and for barley in one trial. The trials were carried out in summers 1959 and 1960 in various places in Finland. The split plot technique was employed in order to reduce the variation as much as possible. In 1959 the amounts of nitrogen applied as these two fertilizers to the corresponding halves of the plots were 25 and 50 kg/ha. In 1960 also higher applications were used: 75 and 100 kg/ha of N. In three trials these fertilizers were compared both as a surface dressing and worked in. Visual observations suggested about 5—6 weeks after sowing a darker green colour in the stands treated with calcium nitrate as compared with the other half treated with ammonium nitrate limestone. These differences later disappeared. In some trials a higher nitrogen content of the plants from the calcium nitrate stands could be demonstrated during this period. The uptake of nitrogen by plants was regularly followed throughout the growing period. Owing to the large variation, usually, no statistically significant difference between the effect of the fertilizers could be detected. In a few cases the superiority of calcium nitrate could be demonstrated. No differences in the ripening could be found. In most trials there was a fairly regular tendency to higher yields and higher nitrogen content in the grain and straw produced by calcium nitrate. Yet, only in a few cases were the differences statistically significant at the five per cent level. Thus, it was concluded that on the basis of the results of these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate may be considered practically equal as nitrogen fertilizers for oats. There was no difference in the yields of barley produced by these two fertilizers, but the nitrogen content of grains was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate limestone than with calcium nitrate. This may be worth further study in connection with the production of malting barley.

Effect of Soil Moisture Content at Various Growing Periods on Growth and Yield of Soybean. : II. Changes of nitrogen and carbohydrates in soybean plant as affected by abundant and defficient soil moisture content.

The differences of Chemical composition of soybean as affected by various soil moisture contents were investigated by pot culture, in 1956 and 1957. The results many be summarized as follows: 1) In DW (plots subjected to wet condition after dry condition), wet condition of soil (75 % of maximum water capacity) in seedling period retarted the accumulation of nitrogen and carbohydrates in the late stage of growth and decreased yield of grain. In WD (plots subjected to dry condition after wet condition), yield of grain were not affected by wet condition. 2) Wet condition of soil (in DW and WD) in the previous period of flowering does not affected the yields of grain remarkably. 3) In DW and WD, wet condition of soil in the flowering period increased the accumulation of nitrogen, carbohydrates and yield of grain strikingly. Especially in DW, translocation from vegetative organs to grain was presumably smooth. 4) In DW, wet condition of soil in the fruiting period decreased the amounts of carbohydrates in vegetative organs and increased the amounts of fat and yield of grain. In WD, yields of grain were not affected by wet condition. 5) Generally, in the case of DW the percentage of nitrogen content of grain increased more rapidly than WD, On the contrary, in the case of WD the increase of parcentage of fat content of grain took place very strikingly. In this study, the effect of deficient soil moisture content (45 % of marimum water capacity) are contrary to the effect of abundant soil moisture content and the results in the former was abbreviated.

The effect on yield and leaf area of wheat of applying nitrogen as a top-dressing in April or in sprays at ear emergence

Nitrogen, at the rate of 0.5 cwt./acre, was applied to winter wheat as an April dressing of nitrochalk, or as eight sprayings of 2% NH4NO3 solution applied either to the soil or to the leaves at about the period of maximum leaf area, before and during ear emergence. All three methods of nitrogen application caused similar increases in yield and nitrogen content of grain. April nitrogen gave a greater yield of straw than the later dressings.Late nitrogen application caused a small increase in leaf area index, first noticeable one week after ear emergence and persisting for another four weeks. L.A.I. of plots that received nitrogen in April was much larger than that of the other plots at the period of maximum leaf area, but by four weeks after ear emergence it was less than that of plots receiving the late nitrogen. Shoot number per metre and leaf area per shoot were increased by early nitrogen, but only the latter was increased by nitrogen applied at ear emergence.Leaf area duration after ear emergence was the same on all nitrogen-treated plots and the yield of grain divided by L.A.D. was nearly constant for all plots.Applying nitrogen late, after an April dressing, did not prevent the rapid fall in L.A.I. from the high value reached at the period of maximum leaf area and caused no greater increase in yield than when applied in the absence of an April top-dressing. A single urea spray applied in early June increased yield to the same extent as the ammonium nitrate sprays.

COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO WHEAT VARIETIES UNDER VARYING MOISTURE SUPPLY

Two varieties of wheat, Lutescens and a cross of Reward × Caesium, were both grown in the greenhouse at four levels of soil moisture supply. The plants produced were harvested individually and subjected to structural counts, measurements, and weighings designed to illustrate certain components of growth and yield.Significant effects of moisture supply on number, height, and weight of shoots, number of fertile heads, and weight, size, and nitrogen content of grain per plant and per shoot, differing in some cases in the two varieties, were demonstrable. The relation between the production of straw and fruiting parts per tiller also seemed to be a varietal characteristic. It is suggested that, observations of this type, under field plot conditions, on a relatively small number of plants grown under controlled moisture supply, might provide useful information respecting the adaptability of different varieties of plants.

EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONE DUSTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES

Various concentrations of indolyl- and naphthylacetic acids were applied to ten varieties of winter wheat prior to planting in a replicated field trial, one-half of each plot receiving seed dusted with Ceresan plus phytohormone, and the other half receiving an equal quantity of seed of the same variety dusted with Ceresan only.Some differences between the hormone-treated and untreated sub-plots in respect of early growth and subsequent density of stand were apparent to visual inspection. There were also statistically significant differences in respect of straw production, and of yield, weight per bushel, and nitrogen content of grain. The effects on grain yield were complicated by the differential response of varieties to the same treatment, and at the higher concentrations some depressions of yield resulted. On the average both chemicals tended slightly to reduce the nitrogen content of the grain produced.The results as a whole seem to demonstrate the physiological activity of both substances tested when applied in this way. Further investigation of dosages, varietal characteristics, and seasonal effects, however, will be required before general conclusions can be reached.