Graham's Law Research Articles

Effect of total pressure difference on counter transport of gases with different molecular weights through solid oxide fuel cell anode

The counter transport of gases with different molecular weights is experimentally and numerically investigated to clarify gas transport phenomena of a hydrogen–steam binary mixture in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode during operation. The crossover fluxes through the anodes with different porous microstructures are measured and the effect of total pressure difference on the counter gas transport is evaluated. Without the total pressure difference, an imbalance is found in the diffusion fluxes of gases with different molecular weights in accordance with Graham's diffusion law. Therefore, for the equimolar transport, a total pressure difference is required to enhance the transport of the gas with a larger molecular weight. A numerical model based on the cylindrical pore interpolation model (CPIM) is developed and confirmed to be able to reproduce the experimental results accurately. In addition, the limiting current density of an SOFC predicted using the model we developed agrees with that of the cell evaluated in the experiment. The total pressure at the anode–electrolyte interface is found to be about 20 kPa higher than that on the anode surface at 1 A cm−2, which is non-negligible. Therefore, we must take this into account when we perform numerical simulation of anode-supported SOFCs.

Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848

Serial Forms: The Unfinished Project of Modernity, 1815–1848

Mass Transfer in Boronate Ester 2D COF Single Crystals.

Unlike graphene and similar structures, 2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) exhibit intrinsic porosity with a high areal density of well-defined and uniform openings. Given the pore size adjustability, 2D COFs are likely to outperform artificially perforated inorganic layers with respect to their prospects in membrane separation. Yet, exploring the mass transport in 2D COFs is hidden by the lack of laterally extended free-standing membranes. This work reports on direct molecular permeation measurements with single crystals of an interfacially synthesized boronate ester 2D COF. In accordance with the material topography, the atmospheric and noble gases readily pass the suspended nanosheets while their areal porosity is quantified to be almost 40% exceeding that in any 2D membranes known. However, bulkier aromatic hydrocarbons are found to deviate substantially from Graham's law of diffusion. Counterintuitively, the permeation rate is demonstrated to rise from benzene to toluene and further to xylene despite the increase in the molecular mass and dimensions. The results are interpreted in terms of adsorption-mediated flow that appears to be an important transport mechanism for microporous planar nanomaterials.

Biofísica da respiração: uma proposta de abordagem com o uso de recursos educacionais digitais

Nas disciplinas de física destinadas a atender os cursos das áreas biológicas e da saúde no ensino superior duas realidades são encontradas, uma delas onde os conteúdos de física são pouco relacionados com os temas apresentados dentro da área de interesse do público ao qual se destina e a outra onde as disciplinas possuem uma estrutura que enfatiza a relação entre as áreas, ao discutir os princípios físicos que estão relacionados ao funcionamento de estruturas biológicas. A questão é que em ambas as situações não estão previstas ou planificadas, de forma acessível, aulas práticas que permitam a realização de atividades compatíveis com os conteúdos teóricos de biofísica, tornando-se improvável que elas ocorram de forma a dar conta das necessidades de aprendizagem dos estudantes inscritos nessas disciplinas. Deste modo é fundamental que existam materiais e recursos que contribuam com um papel mais ativo por parte dos estudantes para melhorar a aprendizagem, uma vez que a realidade atual é desfavorável para a compreensão adequada dos temas em biofísica. Assim, será apresentado aqui uma discussão das leis envolvidas nos processos respiratórios - Lei de Boyle, Lei de Henry, Lei de Graham – ao propor uma sequência didática, com a utilização dos recursos educativos digitais (REDs), focados em três simulações, que visam apoiar a compreensão das relações matemáticas que descrevem alguns fenômenos físicos descritos e dois pequenos vídeos, que buscam conectar algumas informações pertinentes do que está sendo abordado.

An adaptive binary friction model for multicomponent gas transport in tight porous media

A new multicomponent gas transport model called the adaptive binary friction model (ABFM) was developed. The merit of the ABFM lies in the rigorous treatment of viscous slip and diffusion slip. The ABFM uses the general slip boundary condition to characterize viscous slip and thus is applicable in multiple flow regimes. The ABFM uses the Kramers and Kistemaker model to describe diffusion slip and thus satisfies Graham's law in a natural way. The ABFM also eliminates the restrictive assumptions made in previous models, such as uniform flow. Published experimental data on multicomponent gas transport were used to test the ABFM. The agreement of the ABFM results with the experimental data is good. Moreover, the ABFM can predict the transport of different gas mixtures under various conditions based on the determined pore structure parameters. Considering its versatility, the ABFM is anticipated to be useful in heterogeneous catalysis, membrane transport, etc.

Thomas Hardy's Short Stories: New Perspectives by Juliette Berning Schaefer and Siobhan Craft Brownson

Reviewed by: Thomas Hardy's Short Stories: New Perspectives by Juliette Berning Schaefer and Siobhan Craft Brownson Matthew Badura (bio) Juliette Berning Schaefer and Siobhan Craft Brownson, eds., Thomas Hardy's Short Stories: New Perspectives ( New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 200, $140/ £110 cloth. Most critical attention to Thomas Hardy's fiction has understandably focused on the novels, which remain fascinating examples of traditional realist technique employed for non-traditional social critique. Thomas Hardy's Short Stories: New Perspectives, edited by Juliette Berning Schaefer and Siobhan Craft Brownson, is the first edited collection devoted to Hardy's short fiction. It aims to "refresh readers' sense of Hardy's professionalism in all the genres he practiced, and to show that he evolved as a practitioner of the long and short fictional forms at the same time" (7). Divided into four parts—"Periodical Publication," "Gender Relationships," "Community Relationships," and "Narrative Technique"—this volume does an admirable job of placing Hardy's short fiction in conversation with historicist, gender, and narrative theories while remaining accessible to beginning scholars of Hardy. The most successful part of the book, and the section most likely to appeal to readers of VPR, focuses on the periodical publication of Hardy's short stories. Graham Law's "Neither Tales nor Short Stories?: Issues of Authorship, Readership, and Publishing in A Group of Noble Dames" opens with a useful distinction between the Victorian-era tale and the short story theorized by the American educator Brander Matthews during the mid-1880s. Within this context, Law examines Hardy's negotiations to suit the six core "Noble Dame" stories to the tamer editorial and market expectations for the Christmas number of the Graphic in 1890. Since the four tales Hardy later added to the volume edition A Group of Noble Dames do not exhibit such sanitization, Law concludes that the "collection is fractured by the unsettled and unsettling development from traditional 'tale' to modern 'short story'" (26). In this way, Law identifies Hardy as a transitional figure in the development of British short fiction, much as his longer fictions have been cited as transitional examples of the British novel. Siobhan Craft Brownson's "'Moonlight nights': Hardy, Christmas and the Illustrated London News" features a useful history of Christmas print culture in periodicals such as the Graphic, Saturday Review, English Illustrated Magazine, Illustrated London News, and Harper's. Brownson's essay discusses "What the Shepherd Saw" and "The Son's Veto," which were published in the Christmas numbers of the Illustrated London News in 1881 and 1891, respectively. By taking a long view of Christmas culture, Hardy's publishing career, and these particular stories, Brownson argues that "Hardy could satisfy editorial needs yet still reshape audience expectations [End Page 205] of their Christmas literature because the holiday was subject to the same instability in its identity formation as was the short story genre of the day" (47). Any collection on Hardy would be remiss to ignore gender, and Part II of this collection offers three essays with distinct approaches to the topic. Suzanne J. Flynn's "'Getting life-leased at all cost': Marriage in Hardy's Late Short Stories" places Hardy in conversation with Mona Caird and other late Victorian feminists. Flynn argues that because novel plots traditionally conclude in marriage, Hardy's short stories "provided a sort of proving ground for his more controversial ideas about both marriage and family," including some of his most potent dissections of loveless marriages and the potentially constricting effects of biological birth (65). Moving from an historical to a highly theoretical approach to gender, Deborah Manion's "Pregnant by a Portrait: The Dynamics of Desire for Hardy's 'Imaginative Woman'" makes a case for the fluidity of Hardy's short fiction in relation to feminist film and image theory. Arguing that Hardy's "An Imaginative Woman" presents the reader with a "focalized account of a cinesthetic subject," Manion claims that "Hardy anticipates feminist models of visual pleasure not formally theorized until nearly a century later by scholars such as Laura Mulvey, Miriam Hansen, and Vivian Sobchack" (69, 68). Part II concludes with Karin Koehler's "'Imaginative sentiment': Love, Letters, and Literacy in Thomas Hardy's Shorter Fiction...

Critical pore dimensions for gases in a BTESE-derived organic-inorganic hybrid silica: A theoretical analysis

Abstract This work studied the critical pore dimensions for different light gases in disordered microporous hybrid silica which was derived from 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE) precursor. The Lennard-Jones (LJ) parameters of the material, obtained from high pressure isotherms of light gases, were employed to evaluate dispersive interaction, diffusivity and adsorption coefficient in the nanopores of the hybrid silica, and the results demonstrated that the entrance barrier was the key factor to break down the separation limits confining the Graham law and the Knudsen model by gas kinetic theory. Finally, the critical pore dimensions for different resistance-dominated regions were evaluated, which theoretically explained why the separation capacity of the hybrid silica was less promising than pure silica for the purpose of gas separation.

Modeling mass transfer in solid oxide fuel cell anode: I. Comparison between Fickian, Stefan-Maxwell and dusty-gas models

Fickian, Stefan-Maxwell and dusty-gas model have been widely used in modeling mass transfer in porous electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Suwanwarangkul et al. (J. Power Sources 122 (2003) 9–18) implement a survey for performance comparison among these models to predict the concentration overpotential of a solid oxide fuel cell anode. In their work, the flux ratio of species is calculated by Graham's law and contradictorily the equimolar counter transport is used for isobaric assumption. Focused on the flux-ratio approaches and usually neglected pressure gradient, a comparison between Fickian, Stefan-Maxwell and dusty-gas model is done again in this article. The dusty gas model combined with the ‘Stoich’ flux-ratio approach, i.e. the species flux is dictated by its stoichiometry of the electrochemical reaction, is validated to make the best performance. And all models by the ‘Graham’ flux-ratio approach, i.e. the flux of species satisfies Graham's law, underestimate the concentration overpotential when the molecular weights of species are quite different. The extended Stefan-Maxwell model is an alternative, although it generally exaggerates the role of Knudsen diffusion. The effect of pore size on the Knudsen diffusion and pressure gradient is also discussed.

Serialization and the Novel in Mid-Victorian Magazines by Catherine Delafield (review)

Reviewed by: Serialization and the Novel in Mid-Victorian Magazines by Catherine Delafield Hazel Mackenzie Catherine Delafield. Serialization and the Novel in Mid-Victorian Magazines. Nineteenth Century Series. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2015. Pp. x + 212. $109.95; £60.00. There is, it seems, something intrinsically interesting to the modern scholar about the Victorian penchant for serial publication. It has been viewed as an emblem of middle-class ideology, an indication of the tensions in Victorian understandings of time and history, a form of commercial coquetry, and as a nineteenth-century foretaste of the modern soap opera. It has been studied in relation to its producers and its consumers; its historical, cultural and material contexts have been examined; and it has been theoretically prodded and poked from numerous angles. And yet despite this wealth of material on the subject our interest refuses to abate. Perhaps this is the result of what Catherine Delafield here calls serialization’s “unfinished, unending” quality (4). In the 1980s and 1990s a number of scholars drew attention to this hitherto underdeveloped context of Victorian publishing history. Works such as J. Donn Vann’s Victorian Novels in Serial (1985), N. N. Feltes’ Modes of Production in Victorian Novels (1986), Robin Myers and Michael Harris’ Serials and their Readers 1620–1914 and perhaps most significantly Linda Hughes and Michael Lund’s The Victorian Serial (1991) attempted to re-inscribe the original serial form upon those classic single-volume works that readers believed they knew so well. Hughes and Lund sought to connect form and content, examining the dynamics of serialization through the lens of Victorian culture. Additional studies since then have expanded our knowledge in different directions. Laurel Brake has challenged the “omnipresence of the volume in our libraries and our scholarship” and perhaps more significantly the omnipresence of the individual in our understanding of Victorian authorship (Print in Transition, 1850–1910, 29), while Graham Law has established an eighteenth-century pre-history to the standard Victorian understanding of serialization in Serializing Fiction in the Victorian Press (2000) and has extended scholarly interest in serialization outside the now archetypal space of the family magazine – understandings [End Page 344] of which have been much enriched by the work of scholars such as Andrew Maunder, Jennifer Phegley, Mark Turner and Deborah Wynne. The gendered and even sexually-charged nature of the periodical space in which many serialized novels were first issued has been the subject of much discussion of late as has the commercial context and the significance of viewing the part-issue and the periodical, not simply as literary receptacles, but as commodities. Both commercialization and cultural status are topics of particular interest in relation to Dickens and periodicals: Jennifer Hayward has connected contemporary criticism of Dickens’s works to the manner in which the uncertainties of serialization undermined the authority of the literary critic, while David Payne has read serialization as a sign of the commodification of culture that Dickens and others ameliorated with their promotion of a more spiritual ethic in their fiction. This, of course, relates to wider discussions regarding Dickens’s cultural status, then and now, and the complexities of his relationship to his own commodification, as explored at length by John Drew in his seminal work Dickens the Journalist (2003). A common strand amongst all these works is an attempt to “rescue” the serialized novel as a format from notions of it as an ephemeral, fragmentary and somehow lesser version of the finalized volume. Catherine Delafield, by contrast, largely avoids such agendas and concentrates instead on a detailed enumeration of the ways in which the various facets of the mid-Victorian periodical intersects with the serialized novel and how the material context of the novel may or may not influence our reading of it. Delafield takes five key texts and situates them within the context of the magazines in which they were published, paying attention to issues such as branding, illustration, editorial policy and intertextuality. With dedicated chapters on authorship, the periodical editor, the periodicals themselves, and the transition from periodical to volume, Serialization and the Novel in Mid-Victorian Magazines provides a thorough introduction to the complex interplay of competing authorities presiding over the...

The Oxford History of the Novel in English: Volume 3: The Nineteenth-Century Novel 1820–1880 ed. by John Kucich, Jenny Bourne Taylor (review)

Reviewed by: The Oxford History of the Novel in English: Volume 3: The Nineteenth-Century Novel 1820–1880 ed. by John Kucich, Jenny Bourne Taylor Beth Palmer (bio) The Oxford History of the Novel in English: Volume 3: The Nineteenth-Century Novel 1820–1880 edited by John Kucich and Jenny Bourne Taylor; pp. 592. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. $224.00 cloth. This significant book is part of a truly ambitious series that, its general editor Patrick Parrinder tells us, offers “a comprehensive, worldwide history of English-language prose fiction” (xv). The editors of this volume have brought together chapters on the writers, texts, and contexts central to scholarship on Victorian fiction. But Jenny Bourne Taylor and John Kucich have also opened out the definition of the novel to include short works of fiction, highlighted the reader alongside the author, and set the British novel in an international as well as an imperial context. Importantly, the volume focuses on the nineteenth-century, rather than the Victorian, novel. Reaching back to the 1820s allows Bourne Taylor and Kucich to locate Walter Scott’s Kenilworth (1821) as the inaugurator of the three-volume novel but also to see Scott and his early-century contemporaries as pioneers in the professionalization of authorship, empowered rather than overwhelmed by expansions in the publishing industry and in literacy. This approach differentiates this work from a previous Oxford History of English Literature volume on the Victorian novel by Alan Horsman (1991), which began [End Page 137] with the Great Reform Act in 1832, although it too finishes in 1880, agreeing that this point marked the end of the novel’s cultural centrality and ushered in aesthetic and material changes. The decision to end the volume in 1880, well justified as it is, sets this volume in contrast to other recent histories, such as James Eli Adams’s A History of Victorian Literature (2009) in the Blackwell History of Literature series and Kate Flint’s The Cambridge History of Victorian Literature (2012), both of which escort their reader into the fin de siècle. The volume is not structured chronologically but opens with the section “Novelists, Readers, and the Fiction Industry,” in which Joanne Shattock, Deborah Wynne, and Graham Law examine publishers, readers, and authors to provide an outline of the expanding and shifting nature of the fiction industry in this period. This section is followed by eight chapters providing histories of a variety of subgenres, from the Newgate novel to the silver fork novel. Interesting conversations are set up, for example, between the domestic and the sensation novel, with Nancy Armstrong suggesting that sensation “assaulted all that domestic realism stood for” (138) and Susan Fraiman concluding that the domestic novel itself is drawn to the domestic as a “particularly rich site for exploring gender and its discontents” (184). These, and others of the subgenres in this section, come across as interconnected rather than antagonistic. As one might expect, Dickens is a frequent touch-stone, and Lyn Pykett’s chapter “Charles Dickens: The Novelist as a Public Figure” provides a wider context for these references. This chapter, along with those on the Brontës, by John Bowen, and on George Eliot, by Dinah Birch, form a short but dynamic section entitled “Major Authors in Context.” A section of five chapters is devoted to the significance of place in relation to the novel. James Buzard’s “Nationalism and National Identities” follows on neatly from Elaine Freedgood’s contention in her chapter, “The Novel and Empire,” that the novel “colonizes our imaginations” (391). Josephine McDonagh’s chapter traces the trajectories of the regional novel, and Walter Scott again provides a historiographical starting place as well as a cultural stimulus for later writers like George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell, whose sense of provincial space was vital to their understanding of realism. The final section of the book, “Contemporary Contexts,” explores the novel’s engagement with a variety of topics, including radicalism, the state, science, religion, psychology, and gender. The writers of these sections work hard to offer detailed and meaningful historical contextualization that might function both to introduce students to such contexts and to spark new questions about the relationships among them...

A diffusive sampling device for simultaneous determination of ozone and carbonyls

A new diffusive sampling method for the simultaneous determination of ozone and carbonyls in air has been developed. In this method, silica gel impregnated with a mixture of trans-1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene (2BPE) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) is used as the absorbent; further, a porous sintered polyethylene tube (PSP-diffusion filter), which acts as a diffusive membrane, and a small polypropylene syringe (PP-reservoir) for elution of the analytes from the absorbent are used. The carbonyls present in air react with DNPH in the absorbent to form hydrazone derivatives. Concurrently, ozone in the air reacts with 2BPE to form pyridine-2-aldehyde, which immediately reacts with DNPH to form a pyridine-2-aldehyde hydrazone derivative. All the hydrazones derived from airborne carbonyls, including pyridine-2-aldehyde (formed from ozone), are completely separated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The sampling rates of ozone (44.6 mL min −1) and formaldehyde (72.0 mL min −1) are determined by comparison with the rates obtained in an active sampling method. The sampling rates of other carbonyl compounds are calculated from the respective molecular weights according to a rule based on Graham's law. The calculated sampling rates agree with the experimental values. The DSD-BPE/DNPH method is advantageous because it is simple and allows for the simultaneous analysis of ozone and carbonyls.

'설득'의 관점에서 화학I의 공기 단원에 대한 화학 교사 설명의 구조와 내용 탐색

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to explore the structure and content of chemistry teacher's explanations from the per-spective of 'persuasion'. Especially, this study was to explore how the argument structure and the conceptual change constructs in chemistry teachers' explanations were established and intera cted. Data were collected from chemistryI classes considering thegas unit which includes kinetic theory of gas, Graham's law, Boyle's law, and Charles' law. The classes were vediotaped and tra ns-cribed. The transcriptions were analyzed with Toulmin's argument frame and the two constructs of conceptual change model; theconceptual ecology and the status of a conception to interpret the persuasive structure and content of the teacher's explanatio ns. Asthe results of this study, four explanatory discourses which show various persuasive explanations in chemistry classes. Based o n thisresults, discussion and implications for effective teachers' explanations in chemistry classes were presented.

Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life (review)

Reviewed by: Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life Lyn Pykett (bio) Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life, by Graham Law and Andrew Maunder; pp. xvii + 214. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, £45.00, $80.00. Graham Law and Andrew Maunder have pooled their considerable knowledge about—and enthusiasm for—Wilkie Collins, the sensation novel, and nineteenth-century print culture to produce a very useful addition to the Palgrave Macmillan Literary Lives series. Combining original scholarship on Collins’s negotiation of the Victorian literary marketplace with lively readings of his fiction that also give a clear sense of recent trends both in Collins criticism and work on nineteenth-century popular fiction, the book serves equally well as an introduction to or an update on Collins and his literary and cultural contexts. The opening overview of Collins’s education, reading, and the circles in which he moved as a young literary aspirant compares his social circumstances with those of other popular authors of the day (a comparison that might have been done more elegantly than in bullet-pointed potted biographies) and suggests that his class position, sporadic formal education, and “choice of lifestyle in adulthood” were not uncommon among such writers (10)—although significantly different from the (usually) Oxbridge-educated reviewers of their novels. A rather less effective comparison of Collins’s library with that of G. H. Lewes and George Eliot is used to demonstrate Collins’s rather unsurprising preference (both relative to Lewes and Eliot and absolutely) for narrative and dramatic books and for contemporary popular works; perhaps more surprising, given Collins’s interest in unusual psychological and physical states that has preoccupied many recent writers on his fiction, is the observation that he owned very few books on these matters. The contexts of Collins’s formation and development as a writer are explored further in two very informative chapters on the earlier Victorian literary marketplace and Collins’s work as a journalist, and in two later chapters on “Collins Overseas” (his travels abroad, use of foreign settings, fictional engagement with the European political situation, and the marketing of the author and his work in America), and on his changing fortunes in the later-Victorian literary marketplace. The chapter on Collins [End Page 509] as a journalist is particularly useful in identifying some hitherto unattributed pieces and showing how his extensive work for periodicals from the early 1850s enabled him to develop “the innovative mix of story-telling techniques” (59), which he was to exploit in the novels that bought him success and fame in the 1860s. This chapter also addresses the issue of Collins’s supposed decline into didacticism in his later years, suggesting that it was only when he ceased to contribute so regularly to periodicals that his lifelong preoccupation with social questions needed to find its outlet in fiction with a mission. Just under half of the book is devoted to a critical exploration of Collins’s novels and plays. Two thematic chapters, “Collins and London” and “Collins and Women” are used as vehicles for discussing the novels of the 1850s and 1860s. As well as examining the various ways in which Basil (1852), Hide and Seek (1854), and The Woman in White (1860) use their metropolitan setting, “Collins and London” explores how they tap into a mid-century cultural malaise and discusses them as examples of the bildungsroman, urban gothic, mystery novel, thriller, and also, in the case of Basil and The Woman in White, as sensation novels (this is particularly well handled). “Collins and Women” glances at his views on and relationships with women as a prelude to focusing on his fictional treatment of women, female subjectivity, and gender relations in discussions of No Name (1862), which is read in relation to Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret (1862) and Ellen Wood’s East Lynne (1861); the treatment of Lydia Gwilt in Armadale (1866), the only one of Collins’s novels to be published in an upmarket illustrated monthly magazine (the Cornhill) and a novel whose concern with adultery, illegitimacy, poisoning, blackmail, insanity, and homosexuality seemed “aimed at a rather different magazine” (90); and The Moonstone (1868), which seems to be smuggled in...

Theoretical Investigation on Molecular Diffusion and Conceptual Change of Preservice Teachers by Inquiry Experiment

The scope of this study is: (1) to review or summarize the theoretical explanations of diffusion; (2) to investigate the preservice teachers' understanding of diffusion utilizing the inquiry experiment of diffusion that was developed in this study. The data was collected through questionnaires given to 41 preservice teachers in 3 universities and interviews with 20 subjects from this population, who conducted the inquiry experiment. During the experiment, the data was collected from the students' reports and 3 small groups' audio/video recordings. To understand preservice teachers' conceptions, reports, audio/video recordings, questionnaires and interviews were analyzed and discussed with co-workers. The results follow: (1) The differences between effusion and diffusion as well as equal-pressure experiment and equal-flux one on diffusion were discussed; (2) Most preservice teachers understood effusion and diffusion connected to Graham's law of diffusion by rote and have misconceptions about the diffusion process; (3) They observed two kinds of diffusion experiments (equal-pressure and equal-flux) by inquiry experiment, but the majority of them failed to find conceptual differences between these experiments. After the inquiry experiment, about 40% of the samples modified their conceptions about diffusion.

<em>Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life</em>, by Graham Law and Andrew Maunder

<em>Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life</em>, by Graham Law and Andrew Maunder

Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life (review)

Reviewed by: Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life Helena Ifill (bio) Graham Law and Andrew Maunder, Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2008), pp. xviii + 214, £45.00 cloth. As part of Palgrave's biographical Literary Lives series, Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life offers an account of the personal, literary, and cultural influences which shaped the writing, and writing life, of Wilkie Collins. Coauthors Graham Law and Andrew Maunder make frequent use of well-respected biographical and bibliographical works on Collins in order to form their own reading of his literary life. These include William Baker's [End Page 418] Wilkie Collins's Library: A Reconstruction, Catherine Peters's biography, The King of Inventors: A Life of Wilkie Collins, and the most recent collection of Collins's letters, The Public Face of Wilkie Collins, which Law coedited with Baker, Andrew Gasson, and Paul Lewis. (Law is also editor of the Wilkie Collins Society Journal, which is often the first publisher of newly discovered Collins information and material.) This makes for an up-to-date and well-informed interpretation of Collins's literary practices, and also of the changing publishing world of which he was a part for many decades. Law and Maunder have chosen to arrange the book thematically, but in such a way as to maintain a roughly chronological treatment of Collins's works. This proves more successful on some occasions than on others. Chapter 7 on "Collins and the Theatre," for example, gives an excellent summary of many of the plays (both original and adaptations from his novels) that Collins wrote from the 1850s to the 1870s. This includes descriptions of the composition, performance, and reception of little-known works such as Black and White (1869). Contrastingly, Chapter 5 on "Collins and London" makes some interesting observations about Collins's depictions of the metropolis, but the chapter is essentially an opportunity to discuss more general themes in Basil (1852), Hide and Seek (1854), and The Woman in White (1860). This chapter and the following one, "Collins and Women"—covering No Name (1862), Armadale (1866), and The Moonstone (1868)—provide an overview of Collins's most famous works and the related issues which have most engaged modern critics (such as representations of class and gender), but they are also the least original. Whilst these chapters will be useful to students approaching Collins for the first time, others are far more interesting and also more relevant to people with an interest in Victorian publishing circles and the periodical press. The book begins with a summary of Collins's early years and education, showing how his reading practices and preferences influenced his fiction. Chapters 2 through 4 cover Collins's time as an aspiring author and journalist, including his time in the "young journalistic set forming around Dickens in the 1850s" (31). Although his relationship with Dickens is necessarily a major part of these early chapters, plenty of attention is also given to Collins's work for periodicals such as The Leader. These chapters give a clear sense of the 1850s literary marketplace, touching on aspects such as the circulating libraries and the great increase in periodical publications. Useful comparisons are drawn between Collins and other young writers of the time who became central figures of the Victorian journalistic world, such as G.A. Sala and Edmund Yates. These earlier chapters therefore provide a good survey of, and introduction to, Collins's role as a contributor to the Victorian periodical press, and suggest how his experiences with it influenced his fiction, both then and in later years. [End Page 419] The second half of this book is particularly strong, as it turns to Collins's later, less-studied works, such as The New Magdalen (1873) and The Evil Genius (1886). Throughout, Law and Maunder give attention to the publishing practices of Collins, other authors, publishing houses, and periodicals in both Britain and America. They explore the difficulties that Collins faced in a changing literary world and offer comparisons with other (often little-known) authors, such as Fred Fargus (Hugh Conway). There are some unfortunate oversights in proofreading which could cause confusion. For example, on one occasion the publication date for...

Review: Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life, by Graham Law and Andrew Maunder

Review: <i>Wilkie Collins: A Literary Life</i>, by Graham Law and Andrew Maunder

"He's lost more money on Joseph Conrad than any editor alive!": Conrad and McClure's Magazine

"He's lost more money on Joseph Conrad than any editor alive!"Conrad and McClure's Magazine Katherine Isobel Baxter (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 9. McClure's Magazine, November 1907. Cover. [End Page 114] Between 1898 and 1910 Conrad had dealings with each of Samuel Sidney McClure's major publishing ventures: his syndication company, the Associated Literary Press; his publishing houses, S. S. McClure Co., Doubleday and McClure, and, later, McClure, Phillips and Co.; and McClure's Magazine (see figure 9). However, after a brief period of involvement with McClure's publishing house, Conrad did little business with McClure, appearing only once in McClure's Magazine with a somewhat slight short story, "The Brute" (1907). As we shall see, throughout the period of their association, their relationship was mutually friendly and cooperative when money and inspiration were in plentiful supply but less cordial, particularly on Conrad's side, when money and the wellspring of imagination dried up. This pattern of relations is indicative of the extent to which Conrad and his publishers were ruled by financial imperatives. The purpose of this essay, then, is to explore, first, the practicalities of Conrad's relations with McClure, and second, how those relationships reflect his own anxieties and ambitions as a man of letters working under the double bind of financial and artistic imperatives. In the second half of the nineteenth century, improvements in paper production and printing methods in the United States and Britain encouraged ambitious newspapermen to increase production. As a result, print runs increased and many more titles appeared, now distributed nationally in contrast to the localized distribution of mid-century. In 1870 there were over twelve hundred monthly and weekly magazines; in 1880 over twenty-four hundred, and in 1885 there were thirty-three [End Page 115] hundred (Lyon 46). In 1880 there were approximately nine hundred dailies, of which a quarter were printed in New York (Lyon 72). By 1884 there were twelve hundred, and this figure increased by about one hundred a year for the next fourteen years (Lyon 72). Thus, in 1884, when there was approximately one newspaper for every twelve thousand readers in Britain, there was one for every ten thousand in the United States (Lyon 73).1 This increase in volume did not automatically lead to an increased demand for fiction, since these papers were filled easily enough with advertising and local copy. However, the increased demand for copy led McClure to believe that there was a gap in the market for fiction syndication and that he was the man to fill it. Although other syndicates were already operating in the United States when he launched his venture in 1884, McClure built up an enviable network of clients by making exhaustive visits to newspapers across the States and by regular advertising of his services to editors. To maintain these clients, McClure had to provide not only a wide variety of material but also material of a higher caliber and a broader range, more quickly and in greater quantities than his competitors. On occasion, he was forced to do the writing himself, as when he provided cookery recipes using the pseudonym Patience Winthrop (Lyon 73). Material from Europe was popular, and during his thirty years in publishing McClure made numerous trips across the Atlantic, briefly creating a reciprocal agreement for exchange of material with W. F. Tillotson between 1886 and 1888. By summer 1889 Tillotson had opened offices in New York, and McClure had set up offices in London with his brother Robert as manager and Edmund Gosse as general European editor. Shedding light on the general size of the American market and the popularity of British literature there, as well as the importance of American publication for British authors, Graham Law points out that while a British novel might be syndicated in ten journals in Britain, the figure was more like one hundred in the United States for the same novel (38). The speed with which McClure drew up an agreement with Tillotson and opened his own European office indicates the rapid growth of both his ambition and the market for international material in America.2 McClure's personal...

The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins ed. by Jenny Bourne Taylor (review)

victorian review • Volume 34 Number 1 178 The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins Edited by Jenny BourneTaylor; pp. xix+207. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006. $85.00 cloth; $29.99 paper. During the last decade of the twentieth century, studies ofWilkie Collins began to flourish, following a century or more of neglect. In 1995, Wilkie Collins to the Forefront,Some Reassessments, edited by Nelson Smith and R. C.Terry, was published. It consists of fifteen essays originally presented at theWilkie Collins Centennial Conference, held at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, from 29 September to 1 October 1989.The year 1998 witnessed the publication ofAndrew Gasson’s Wilkie Collins:An Illustrated Guide.A year later saw the first publication of Collins’s earliest novel, Ioláni;Or,Tahiti as ItWas, written nearly 150 years earlier, in an edition edited and introduced by Ira B. Nadel (curiously, this text receives scant attention in The Cambridge Companion). In 2003, the University ofTennessee Press published Reality’s Dark Light:The SensationalWilkie Collins, edited by Maria K. Buchman and Don Richard Cox, which has fourteen contributors on various aspects of Collins’s oeuvre and aims to deliberately expand Collins’s afterlife beyond The Woman in White and The Moonstone. In the meantime, primary materials continue to emerge.These include a six-volume edition ofWilkie Collins’s letters (1999 and 2005) and a reconstruction of his library (2002).There are two outstanding biographies: Catherine Peters, The King of Inventors (revised edition 1993) and William M. Clarke (the husband of Collins’s great-granddaughter), The Secret Life ofWilkie Collins (revised edition 1996). So the introduction and thirteen essays in Jenny BourneTaylor’s volume rework some familiar territory; however, there are very welcome contributions to neglected areas. John Bowen writes well on “Collins’s shorter fiction,” observing appositely that“Wilkie Collins was adept at exploiting the narrative possibilities that the growth of magazine and periodical publishing in the nineteenth century created” (37). Moreover, Bowen’s contribution is the most pertinent for students of Victorian periodicals, although he misses some analytical opportunities, perhaps understandably, as his subject is Collins’s shorter fiction. However, Collins’s non-fiction prose, mainly written for HouseholdWords and All theYear Round, receives short shrift in The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins. Jim Davies’s “Collins and the Theatre” is a succinct account of Collins’s fascination with the theatre and his attempts to earn a good deal of money by writing a London hit. Rachel Malik’s“The Afterlife ofWilkie Collins” encompasses a good deal in a short space, including a brief discussion of television and other adaptations. Interestingly, for Malik,“Collins proved a rich resource for early films” (183), an observation unfortunately insufficiently developed. Lyn Pykett, author of the recently published, very good Wilkie Collins (2005) in the Oxford“Authors in Context” series, while writing succinctly, retreads familiar territory in her“Collins and the Sensation Novel.” Similarly, Ronald R.Thomas in “The Moonstone, Detective Fiction and Forensic Science” contributes little 179 Reviews that we did not already know, and Lillian Nayder’s essay“Collins and Empire,” which is largely confined to The Moonstone, does not add anything to what has previously been said about this text. Graham Law’s “The Professional Writer and the Literary Marketplace” draws upon useful findings from his Serializing Fiction in the Victorian Press (2000).At least Law does refer to Collins’s and James Payn’s neglected joint assault on literary piracy in A National Wrong (1869); a deeper analysis of this work would have added considerably to his contribution . Carolyn Dever’s“The Marriage Plot and Its Alternatives” draws attention to rich complexities in Armadale (1866). John Kucich’s “Collins andVictorian Masculinity” includes an arresting opening sentence—“Wilkie Collins’s novels abound in melancholic male protagonists” (125)—and a reasonably detailed discussion of The Woman in White (1860). Kate Flint’s“Disability and Difference” acknowledges that“Wilkie Collins’s fiction repeatedly foregrounds a number of individuals who are challenged in their relationship to the material world” (153). Flint’s discussion of the neglected Hide and Seek (1854) and The Law and the Lady (1875) is replete with insights.Tim Dolin writes interestingly on“Collins’s career...

Comparison of Wicke–Kallenbach and Graham's diffusion cells for obtaining transport characteristics of porous solids

Counter-current gas diffusion measurements on a series of porous solids covering a broad range of pore sizes (mean pore radii between 78 nm and 10 μ m ) were performed in the Wicke–Kallenbach and Graham's diffusion cells. Mutual agreement of diffusion fluxes from both cells was found in the whole range of tested pore radii and inert gas systems. For pore materials with mean pore radii exceeding 5 μ m the experimentally unavoidable tiny total pressure gradient induces additional permeation flow which precludes the use of Graham's law for evaluation of transport parameters of the porous solids. Transport parameters together with 95% confidence regions were determined for porous materials with pore radii up to 5 μ m and the prevailing diffusion mechanism, intimately connected with the shape of confidence regions, was estimated.