Silane Grafting Research Articles

Silane modification of semi-curing epoxy surface: High interfacial adhesion for conductive coatings

Weak interfacial bonding between epoxy resin and plated metallic layer limits the development of epoxy resin in electronic devices and multilayer circuits. In this work, we propose a surface silane graft strategy by utilizing the active epoxy groups of semi-curing epoxy resin, which can replace the alkali washing and coarsening steps before metallization and achieve higher interfacial adhesion strength to the metallic layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the chemical composition of the surface after the modification process. The effects of modification time and concentration of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) solution on the adhesion strength were studied by 180° peeling test. When the modification time reached 20 min or the concentration of MPTES solution was above 8 %, the adhesive strength was stable at 16 N/cm, showing a strong adhesive effect on the silver layer. This research may have positive implications for improving interfacial bonding between metal and polymer surfaces.

Competition of hydrolysis, self-polymerization and graft coupling for n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane modified Al2O3 under non-catalytic conditions

Silane coupling agent (SCA) modification was a common method to improve the interfacial compatibility between fillers and matrix. In this paper, the competition of silane hydrolysis, self-polymerization and graft coupling during the modification process was investigated under non-homogeneous and non-catalytic conditions from the modification mechanism of SCA. It was found that the degree of hydrolysis, self-polymerization of SCA and graft coupling with Al2O3 surface could be controlled by regulating the reaction conditions and combination of nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is effective methods for measure quantitatively the degree of hydrolysis, self-polymerization of SCA and graft coupling. In addition, free silanes with different degrees of hydrolysis and self-polymerization had obviously influence on the fluidity and store stability of modified spherical Al2O3. Free silanes with smaller degrees of hydrolysis and self-polymerization had lubricating effect and could further reduce the viscosity and with larger degrees of hydrolysis and self-polymerization free products would lead to agglomeration. Therefore, we had a deeper investigation on the modification mechanism for SCA and the role of free silane, which was of guiding significance to control the modification conditions and analyze the stability for modified fillers (agglomeration and long-term storage) in industrial production.

Tailoring the Hydroxyl Density of Glass Surface for Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Polyamide 6 to Manufacture Thermoplastic Composites.

Reactive thermoplastics matrices offer ease of processing using well-known molding techniques (such as Resin Transfer Molding) due to their initially low viscosity. For Polyamide 6 (PA6)/glass composites, the hydroxyl groups on the glass surface slow down the anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) reaction, and can ultimately inhibit it. This work aims to thoroughly control the hydroxyl groups and the surface chemistry of glass particulates to facilitate in situ AROP-an aspect that has been barely explored until now. A model system composed of a PA6 matrix synthesized by AROP is reinforced with calcinated and silanized glass microparticles. We systematically quantify, by TGA and FTIR, the complete particle surface modification sequence, from the dehydration, dehydroxylation and rehydroxylation processes, to the silanization step. Finally, the impact of the particle surface chemistry on the polymerization and crystallization of the PA6/glass composites was quantified by DSC. The results confirm that a careful balance is required between the dehydroxylation process, the simultaneous rehydroxylation and silane grafting, and the residual hydroxyl groups, in order to maintain fast polymerization and crystallization kinetics and to prevent reaction inhibition. Specifically, a hydroxyl concentration above 0.2 mmol OH·g−1 leads to a slowdown of the PA6 polymerization reaction. This reaction can be completely inhibited when the hydroxyl concentration reaches 0.77 mmol OH·g−1 as in the case of fully rehydroxylated particles or pristine raw particles. Furthermore, both the rehydroxylation and silanization processes can be realized simultaneously without any negative impact on the polymerization. This can be achieved with a silanization time of 2 h under the treatment conditions of the study. In this case, the silane agent gradually replaces the regenerated hydroxyls. This work provides a roadmap for the preparation of reinforced reactive thermoplastic materials.

Controlling Lengthscales in Water-Solvent Induced Self-Organized Dewetting of Thin Polystyrene Films by Modulating the Surface Properties of the Substrate

We report here a facile method of modulating the lengthscales of self-organized dewetting of polystyrene thin films by varying the extent of silane grafting on the substrate. The self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) were grafted on glass substrates by exposing them to different doses of OTS vapors in a controlled, low pressure environment. Measurement of water contact angles on the modified glass surfaces showed that the contact angles could be continuously increased from 40° to 70° by increasing the time of exposure to the OTS vapors from a few minutes to several hours. Polystyrene (PS) thin films were spin coated on the modified glass substrates and water-solvent mixture induced dewetting of the PS thin films was carried out, where the dewetting kinetics depended on the spreadability of water on the surface. We observed a reduction in the length scales of the dewetting, i.e. the wavelength of instability (λ) and droplet size (d), by increasing the extent of OTS exposure. The λ for a 50 nm thick PS film decreased from 12 to 4 µm while the droplet diameter (d) also decreased, from 2.5 to 1.6 µm.

Silane-Grafted MXene (Ti3C2T X ) Membranes for Enhanced Water Purification Performance.

The current communication describes the modifications of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) with silane grafting reaction for membrane preparation for enhanced water purification. The MXene was successfully grafted with n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (MODCS), n-octyltrichlorosilane (MNOCS), and triphenylchlorosilane (MTPCS) in order to make a hydrophobic MXene that could be able to bind with the organic matrix/polymers. The modified MXenes were transformed into thin membranes by forming an MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite over a filter paper support, that is, MCE (mixed cellulose ester filter paper). MXene membranes were also formed without the MCE support by using PVA and glutaraldehyde (PVA/GA) where GA was used as a cross-linker to stabilize PVA and make it water-resistant. The conditions of membrane formation were optimized to investigate optimum compatible conditions with the modified materials. The resulting membranes were tested for the removal of various organic pollutants that included mesitylene (or trimethylbenzene); polyaromatic hydrocarbons (chrysene, as a model); biphenyl; bisphenol A; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and styrene; methylene blue; and Sudan II dyes. The MTPCS PVA/GA cross-linked membrane showed the best results for a pollutant removal efficiency up to 98%. Overall, all six types of membranes showed the removal efficiency in the range of 52–98%. It was observed that the membrane exhibits reusability up to five cycles.

Role of silane grafting in the development of a superhydrophobic clay-alumina composite membrane for separation of water in oil emulsion

Hydrophobic composite kaolin-coated clay-alumina membranes are unique choices for water in oil emulsion separation. In this work, a membrane fabrication approach is presented using kaolin clay coating in the clay-alumina tubular composite support tube and subsequently grafting by different concentrations of fluoroalkyl silane (FAS: 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H, -Perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane) on the membrane surface. Different concentrations of fluoroalkyl silane formed distinctive hierarchical structures which exhibited hydrophobicity of the membrane surface. The pore property, surface roughness properties, and thermogravimetric properties can be suitably tailored by tuning the silane concentration in the grafting solution. The surfaces of comparatively higher silane content grafted (M50 and M100) composite membranes were found to be superhydrophobic. Comparably, our optimal composite membrane (M100) displayed a moderate steady flux rate of 80-100LMH (Lm−2h −1) and excellent water rejection (>99%) properties during the separation of water in hexane and toluene emulsion at a cross-flow transmembrane pressure of 1 bar. The role of silane concentration on permeated hexane and toluene flux rate, water rejection rate, surface wettability, microstructure, and hydrophobic stability reveals new distinguishing insights into the hydrophobic clay-alumina composite membrane fabrication.

Silanizing nano SiO2 and its application in recycled nitrile rubber to prepare super oil resistant/superhydrophobic/superoleophilic oil/water separator

Polymer wastes and oil slicks are environmental threats in the present century. Accordingly, the reuse of polymer wastes to absorb oil slicks could be an interesting topic. In this research, devulcanized nitrile rubber (DNBR) as oil resistant/recycled material were used to prepare an environmental friendly superhydrophobic/superoleophilic oil sorbent. For this purpose, silica nanoparticles were silanized using vinyltriethoxysilane. HR-TEM, FTIR and XPS analysis were performed to characterize the surface morphology and chemical composition of the pure and silanized nanoparticles. The grafted nano silica illustrated superhydrophobic behavior due to water droplet contact angle which was 156 compared to 53° for pure nano silica. XPS analysis showed that the content of Si, O and C elements on the surface of modified nano silica increased by 18%, 8% and 25%, respectively, compared to pure nano silica. The chemo-thermo-mechanical properties of the DNBR nanocomposites contained 6 phr of pure and silanized nanoparticles were evaluated. Results confirmed improvement in the curing and mechanical performances of the rubbery nanocomposite due to silane grafting. The modified nanocomposite had the highest oil absorption capacity over 2.4 g.g− 1 (i.e. for dense sheet). It efficiently separated about 91% of Persian Gulf oil/water mixtures with remarkable reusability of about 700 cycles.

Structural evolution of palygorskite for reinforcing the performance of polypropylene

ABSTRACT Raw palygorskite (RPal) and its structural evolution products (OPal) were modified with silane coupling agent KH-570 to form silanized KRPal and KOPal nanorods, which were used as eco-friendly nanofillers to prepare polypropylene/KRPal (PP/KRPal) and polypropylene/KOPal (PP/KOPal) organic–inorganic composites. Structure characterization results revealed that moderate oxalic acid (OA) leaching process can break Si-O-M bonds (M represents Mg, Al, etc.) of RPal nanorods to produce more active silanol groups, thereby improving the dispersibility, surface reactivity and surface silanization modification efficiency of RPal nanorods. After 24 h of OA leaching and silanization, the KOPal-24 h nanorod has the highest silane grafting rate of 4.05 %, which is significantly higher than that of KRPal (only 0.61 %). As a result, KOPal (especially KOPal-24 h) as a potential nanofiller improved the mechanical properties of PP/Pal composites more effectively than KRPal (tensile strength reaches 56.77 MPa for the PP/KOPal-24 h composite), which results from the large aspect ratio and relatively higher surface activity of OPal nanorods. In short, the reinforcing performance of Pal nanorods towards PP can be improved significantly by a simple acid leaching treatment, which would provide a universal and effective method to expand the potential application of natural nanoclays as nanofillers for the production of high-performance polymer composites.

Dielectric properties improvement of polypropylene by silane grafting modification for HVDC cable insulation

Dielectric properties improvement of polypropylene by silane grafting modification for HVDC cable insulation

Preparation of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophilic nitrile rubber (NBR) nanocomposites contained silanized nano silica for efficient oil/water separation

Nowadays, the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic nanocomposites has attracted considerable interests due to their unbeatable properties for oil–water separation. In this research, nitrile rubber (NBR) was used as oil sorbent due to its high elasticity under stresses and high resistance to organic solvents and fuels. To increase its oil absorption capacity, silica nanoparticles were silanized by vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) at suitable silane concentration and added to a NBR compound. The surface modified nanoparticles were characterized by TGA, FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDX and XRD analysis as well as contact angle test to assess successful grafting of silane to the nanoparticles surface. The effects of nanoparticles on contact angle, oil absorption capacity, oil recovery efficiency of NBR samples was also studied. It was found that silanized nano silica caused considerable increment in the contact angle from 41 and 89.8° (i.e. for pure nano silica containing and pristine NBR samples, respectively) to 153°. It was specified that the nanocomposite increased oil absorption capacity of NBR up to four times. It was also found that the rubbery nanocomposite contained surface modified SiO2 nanoparticles retained 95% of oil recovery efficiency even after 1000 oil absorption/desorption cycles. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of NBR compounds were also evaluated. The modified silica nanoparticles improved the thermomechanical properties of nitrile rubber and developed a high performance superhydrophobic/superoleophilic elastomeric material for oil/water separation.

Fluffy-like amphiphilic graphene oxide (f-GO) and its effects on improving the antifouling of PAN-based composite membranes

Membrane fouling remains a significant restriction for the long-time operation. In this paper, fluffy-like amphiphilic graphene oxide (f-GO) was prepared by simple grafting silane coupling agent (KH-570) onto the graphene oxide matrix, and thus featured with good dispersion behavior in organic solution. The f-GO was further incorporated into the PAN-based (poly(acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate), P(AN-MA)) copolymer during the phase inversion process. Compared with the P(AN-MA) membrane, the resistance of the f-GO/P(AN-MA) composite membrane reduced from 4.49 × 10−12 m−1 to 1.78 × 10−12 m−1. The pure water flux increased from 200 to 326 L/m2h, while the water contact angle declined from 92.8° to 68.3°. It is worthy to note that the fouling mode changed from irreversible fouling to reversible fouling, with the total fouling rate showing a half decay. The fouling recovery rate reached 98.16% and the BSA rejection rate increased from 70.59% to 99.33% as 0.5 wt% f-GO was incorporated. The f-GO is easily scaled up and can be widely applied in other polymer matrices, showing potential application prospects in the membrane separation and purification area. The f-GO/P(AN-MA) composite membranes with excellent water flux, BSA rejection and FRR, are candidates for further employment in wastewater purification applications.

Surface modification of the cellulose nanocrystals through vinyl silane grafting

Incompatibility of nanocellulose with non-polar polymer matrices disrupts the interfacial interaction and results in aggregation and phase separation. In this study a facile and environmentally friendly method was used to partially substitute the surface hydroxyl groups by attaching polysiloxane to impart hydrophobic properties. The silanization reaction proceeded with hydrolysis of triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS) into reactive silanols followed by condensation to form the branched polymer. These polysiloxane oligomers were chemically grafted to form alkoxy silane bonds on the surface of CNCs. A suitable degree of hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the modified CNCs was achieved which improved their dispersion in hydrophobic matrix poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). FTIR, NMR (13C and 29Si) and XPS demonstrated successful surface chemical modification and confirmed extent of silanization as a function of silane concentration. XRD showed successful grafting of the vinyl silane agent and confirmed polymorph structure of the nanocellulose was retained. The results from TEM and AFM demonstrated successful coating of nano whiskers at 5 wt% silane loading. The successful grafting of the silane agent with pendant vinyl groups improved surface hydrophobicity. These results show that this facile method produces adequately surface modified CNC which can be used as filler in hydrophobic matrices of bioplastics.

FOAMING AND MOISTURE CROSSLINKING OF VINYL TRIETHOXY SILANE GRAFTED ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE TERPOLYMER

ABSTRACT Moisture crosslinking of polyolefins has attracted increasing attention because of its high efficiency, low cost, and easy processing. However, the crucial shortcoming of moisture crosslinking is that the side reaction of peroxide scorch (precrosslinking) simultaneously occurs in silane grafting. It has been recognized that making peroxide precrosslinking useful is an effective way to broaden the application of moisture crosslinking. A novel foaming process combined with moisture crosslinking is proposed. The matrix of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer grafted with silane vinyl triethoxysilane (EPDM-g-VTES) was prepared by melt grafting, with dicumyl peroxide as initiator. Foaming was then carried out with azodicarbonamide (AC) as the blowing agent by making use of precrosslinking. Subsequently, the EPDM-g-VTES foams were immersed in a water bath to achieve moisture crosslinking with dibutyl tin dilaurate as the catalyst. The results showed that VTES was grafted onto EPDM and the EPDM-g-VTES foams were successfully crosslinked by moisture. The EPDM-g-VTES compounds with AC obtained great cells by compression molding with the help of precrosslinking. The mechanical property of the EPDM-g-VTES foam was improved by moisture crosslinking. The moisture-cured foam with 4 wt% AC had an expansion ratio of about three times, which could bear large deformation and showed a high energy-absorption effect.

Preparation and Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Whey Protein Isolate-Pullulan Composite Aerogel

Objective: To modify hydrophobicity of protein/ polysaccharide aerogels and evaluate their properties. Methods: The whey protein isolate (WPI)- pullulan (PUL) composite aerogels were treated by low temperature plasma treatment. After exposure to hydroxyl groups, silane coupling agents were used for surface grafting. Hydrophobic composite aerogels were obtained, and their hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, oil content, compression resistance, thermal weightlessness, loading and slow release properties of essential oils were studied. Results: the equilibrium moisture absorption rate of the composite aerogel modified by methyltrimethoxy silane (methyltrimethoxysilane, MTMS) was 9.67%±0.323%, eighteen alkyl trimethoxy silane (octadecyltrimethoxysilane, OTMS) modified composite aerogel equilibrium moisture absorption rate of 9.34%±0.276%, compared with before modification (11.41±0.506%).It was significantly reduced; Before modification, the contact angle of composite gas gel was 40.14°±2.16°, The oil contact angle was 28.07°±2.43°; The contact angle of water after MTMS modification was 82.10°±4.78°, the oil contact angle was 56.14°±3.25°; The contact angle of water after OTMS modification was 85.21°±4.61°, the oil contact angle was 74.63°±3.08°; The hydrophobic and oil drainage properties of the modified products were improved, and the effect of OTMS was better. Compression modulus of modified composite aerogel (21.745±1.982) MPa, (17.655±3.034) MPa after MTMS modification, (18.412±3.513) MPa after OTMS modification. The compressive strength of the modified material decreased slightly, but it did not affect the normal use. The maximum loading rate of the modified composite aerogel clove essential oil was 254.26%±5.585%, after MTMS hydrophobic modification, the maximum loading rate of clove essential oil was 241.57%±5.214% and OTMS group 223.31%±4.436%. The loading rate of clove essential oil had decreased, but the sustained release property had been improved, and the MTMS modified slow-release effect was better. The thermal stability of OTMS group was better. Conclusion: Silane graft hydrophobic modification can significantly enhance the hydrophobicity and enhance the hydrophobicity of composite aerogels. It is suitable for loading and slow releasing applications of active oils, which widens the application field of WPI-PUL composite aerogels.

Bioinspired polydopamine deposition and silane grafting modification of bamboo fiber for improved interface compatibility of poly (lactic acid) composites

The surface of bamboo fiber (BF) has poor interface compatibility with the surface of the poly (lactic acid) (PLA), which compromises composite performance. In this study, a bioinspired polydopamine (PDA) function coating was constructed on a BF surface to act as a bridge to introduce an epoxy-functionalized silane layer (KH560). The results of the test confirmed that KH560 was successfully grafted onto the surface of the BF. Therefore, the flexural, tensile, and impact strength of the modified composites increased by 37.22%, 49.64%, and 26.66%, respectively, compared with that of the untreated composites. Furthermore, the PDA-KH560-modified BF enhanced the PLA composites’ thermal stability. This strategy is assumed to provide a simple and green method for improving interface adhesion strength and potentials for future manufacturing of high-performance composites.

Novel and highly efficient functionalized bentonite for elimination of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous wastes

The aim of this study was to synthesize novel and highly efficient functionalized material (BNMPTS) for selective elimination of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous waste. The detailed insights of solid/solution interactions were investigated by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses. The grafting of silane caused for significant decrease in specific surface area of bentonite from 41.14 to 4.65 m2/g. The functionalized material possessed significantly high sorption capacity (12.59 mg/g for Cu2+ and 13.19 mg/g for Cd2+) and selectivity for these cations. The material showed very high elimination efficiency at a wide range of pH ~2.0 to 7.0 for Cu2+, ~3.0 to 10.0 for Cd2+ and concentration (1.0 to 25.0 mg/L) for Cu2+ and Cd2+. A rapid uptake of these two cations achieved an apparent equilibrium within 60 minutes of contact. The increased level of background electrolyte concentrations (0.0001 to 0.1 mol/L) did not affect the elimination efficiency of these two cations by BNMPTS. Moreover, the common coexisting ions did not inhibit the removal of these toxic ions. Furthermore, high breakthrough volumes i.e., 1.4 and 3.69 L for Cu2+, 2.6 and 6.64 L for Cd2+ was obtained using 0.25 and 0.50 g of BNMPTS respectively in a fixed-bed column operations.

Efficient and selective use of functionalized material in the decontamination of water: removal of emerging micro-pollutants from aqueous wastes

ABSTRACT The contamination of the aquatic environment with emerging micro-pollutants is a serious global concern. The aim of this investigation was to synthesize novel functionalized material (BNAPTES) precursor to natural bentonite in a single pot facile synthetic route. The material was utilized for efficient and selective removal of tetracycline (TC) and triclosan (TCS) in aqueous wastes. The grafting of silane was confirmed with the FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) analysis and the EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis showed the incorporation of amino group with the bentonite. The structural changes of clay due to silane grafting were studied with the help of XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and BET (Brunner-Emmett-Teller) surface area analyses. Batch adsorption studies showed that functionalized clay significantly increased the selectivity and adsorption capacity of bentonite for TC and TCS. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 15.36 and 17.15 mg/g for TC and TCS, respectively. The rapid uptake of TC and TCS by functionalized material followed pseudo-second-rate kinetics. Further, a total of 78% of TC and 73% of TCS were removed within 5 min of contact and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 120 min. The influence of background electrolytes and co-existing ions indicated that TC and TCS were selective towards BNAPTES. The loading capacities of the column packed with BNAPTES were found to be 56.00 and 44.42 mg/g for TC and TCS, respectively. Further, BNAPTES was found efficient even in real water treatment since the attenuation of TC and TCS was not affected significantly in the real water matrix.

Preparation and properties of high melt strength PBS and its environmentally friendly foaming materials

In order to improve the melt strength of Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) resin, the silane graft-crosslinked PBS copolyester materials were prepared by melt blending method with vinyltriethyl silane as graft material and benzyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. At the same time, the environmentally friendly compound foaming agent (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) was used as foaming agent. The results showed that the tensile properties and melt strength of PBS resin were greatly improved after silane grafting and cross-linking, and the graft and cross-linking reaction between PBS resin and silane occurred, forming a three-dimensional space network structure, and the viscosity and elasticity of polymer melt was changed, which increased the entropy elasticity of the material and strengthened the polymer melt strength. The additional amount of compound foaming agent and the cross-linking degree of material had important influence on the diameter and distribution of PBS foaming material.

Emerging Applications of Silica Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Modifiers for High Performance Polyester Composites.

Nano-modification of polyester has become a research hotspot due to the growing demand for high-performance polyester. As a functional carrier, silica nanoparticles show large potential in improving crystalline properties, enhancing strength of polyester, and fabricating fluorescent polyester. Herein, we briefly traced the latest literature on synthesis of silica modifiers and the resultant polyester nanocomposites and presented a review. Firstly, we investigated synthesis approaches of silica nanoparticles for modifying polyester including sol-gel and reverse microemulsion technology, and their surface modification methods such as grafting silane coupling agent or polymer. Then, we summarized processing technics of silica-polyester nanocomposites, like physical blending, sol-gel processes, and in situ polymerization. Finally, we explored the application of silica nanoparticles in improving crystalline, mechanical, and fluorescent properties of composite materials. We hope the work provides a guideline for the readers working in the fields of silica nanoparticles as well as modifying polyester.

Vapor-Phase Grafting of Functional Silanes to Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2 Surfaces Prepared By Atomic Layer Deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a highly versatile surface functionalization technique that can conformally coat both planar and porous substrates. Surface modification of ALD films with organic species is an ideal way to tailor the surface properties for applications such as water treatment, sensors, gas capture and drug delivery. Here we demonstrate ALD metal oxide layers to establish a well-defined starting surface for vapor-phase surface organic functionalization. We investigated the surface chemistry of ALD Al2O3, TiO2, and ZnO and the grafting of six different bifunctional silanes at 100 ℃, 150 ℃ and 200 ℃. In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements, and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show the uniform monolayer silane formation through self-limiting reaction. We observed a higher surface reactivity of grafted silane species at 100 ℃ compared to 200 ℃, which is attributed to temperature-dependent reactivity of the surface hydroxyls and the type of silane binding. The FTIR and XPS measurements also reveal that silanes react differently depending on the metal oxide surfaces.