Grafted Purkinje Cells Research Articles

Reconstruction of the defective cerebellar circuitry in adult purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice by Purkinje cell replacement through transplantation of solid embryonic implants

Solid pieces of cerebellar primordia taken from 12-day-old C57BL embryos were implanted into the cerebellar parenchyma of 3- to 4-month-old “Purkinje cell degeneration” mutant mice and analysed 2–3 months later. Purkinje cell replacement was followed by means of immunocytochemistry with antisera against either cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase or vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, which allows the complete staining of these neurons. Although all solid graft implants survived, their fate within the mutant cerebellum varied in three ways: (1) Often, a more or less large fragment of the solid graft remained in the white matter, close to the cortex or even partially replacing it. These remnants contained a few distorted Purkinje cells and a region corresponding to the transplanted deep nuclei, composed of numerous immunostained axons and axon terminals surrounding immunonegative neurons. (2) Less frequently remnants of the graft were extruded to an extracerebellar location, between two adjacent folia. They contained a few Purkinje cells intermixed with granule cells and other neurons. (3) In a few cases corresponding to superficial deposition, the implants developed lobulated and trilaminated minicerebella which were located outside the mutant cerebellum but integrated into it. In all three situations, a large number of grafted Purkinje cells succeeded in moving out of the implants and in invading the host molecular layer. These Purkinje cells develop flattened dendritic trees perpendicular to host bundles of parallel fibres. Ultrastructural examination of the synaptic investment of Purkinje cells which have reached the host molecular layer revealed that they acquire normal synaptic inputs although complex pericellular baskets and pinceau formation do not develop. Axons from molecular layer interneurons synapse on perikaryal and smooth dendritic membranes, climbing fibres synapse on stubby spines emerging from thick dendritic branches and parallel fibres contact almost exclusively the long-necked spines of the distal spiny branchlets. Finally, Purkinje cells which succeed in migrating to molecular layer regions no further than 0.6 mm from the host deep nuclei are able to grow axons which reach appropriate target areas and establish synaptic connections on nuclear neurons. The results obtained from this series of long-term survival cerebellar transplantations point to the possibility of fulfilling most of the conditions necessary for functional restoration of neural grafts in systems in which neurons are connected in a point-to-point manner. Transplanted Purkinje cells leave the graft and migrate to the location of the missing neurons. Once there, they provoke the sprouting of host axon terminals, leading to the formation of specific synaptic inputs. The grafted neurons are also able to grow axons which reach the host deep nuclei and, by providing appropriate outputs, reconstruct to a certain extent the defective adult cerebellar circuitry of mice with heredo-degenerative ataxia.