Graduates Of Tertiary Institutions Research Articles

A national survey of the antibiotic use, self-medication practices, and knowledge of antibiotic resistance among graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public health concern that was directly responsible for 1.27 million deaths and indirectly associated with 4.95 million deaths in 2019. Antibiotic resistance (ABR) occurs naturally, but its prevalence has been accelerated broadly due to antibiotic misuse and overuse, poor infection control practices, and availability of substandard and falsified medicines. ObjectivesTo assess antibiotic use and knowledge of ABR among graduates of tertiary education in Nigeria and evaluate if tertiary education, academic background (science, social sciences, or the arts) and years post-graduation significantly impact antibiotic use and awareness of antibiotic resistance. ResultDespite having tertiary education, 47.7 % of respondents self-medicate with antibiotics, 54.9 % of respondents don't carry out laboratory investigations before using antibiotics, and 70.1 % reduce or stop taking antibiotics on feeling better. Inconvenience, limited access to doctors and financial constraint were the most common reasons for self-medication. Academic background, age, gender and years post-graduation had no statistically significant effect on self-medication practices (p-value>0.05). Inappropriate antibiotic use for viral-infections like sore throat, cold and flu, and diarrhoea was reported in 50.2, 42.6 and 40.2 % of respondents, respectively. Amoxicillin (54.2 %), metronidazole (48.2 %), and ciprofloxacin (45.6 %) were the most used antibiotics. Pharmacists were the most consulted health professionals before antibiotics were used, and the internet is the most common source of information on antibiotic resistance. Most-respondents, 85.5 %, correctly identified that antibiotic misuse contributes to ABR. ConclusionThe increased knowledge and awareness of ABR among respondents did not translate into proper antibiotic use, emphasizing the need for more stringent regulations on antibiotic dispensing and prescribing. Health sector reforms focused on utilizing technology like telemedicine to improve convenient access to health care, and multiple health insurance schemes to reduce out-of-pocket spending should be prioritized to improve health equity and universal health coverage (UHC).

Assessment of Enrolment Factors in Technical Education: Implication on Graduate Employability

The concern generated by the high rate of unemployment among graduates of tertiary institutions has reached a grievous level. This is borne out of the societal disdain for technical education programmes aimed at boosting the competency level of its recipients in both teaching, handling of tools and machines for gainful employment. Considering the dismal level of response to technical education programmes, this study assesses some factors related to enrolment in technical education programmes of Colleges of Education in southwestern Nigeria. Two research questions were drawn to guide the study. A total of 402 academic staff and students were used for the study. The students were randomly selected. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection with a reliability coefficient of 0.97 using correlational analysis. Findings revealed that poor awareness, incentives, and inadequate facilities discourage and prevent people from enrolling in technical education. Thus, the place of both print and electronic media was stressed in sensitizing the general public about the importance of Technical Education in solving the problems confronting the Nigerian public.

Risk Taking Behaviour as Determinant of Entrepreneurial Aspiration of Undergraduates in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Aim: The continuous increase in the rate of unemployment among graduates of tertiary institutions in Ekiti State has been a source of worry for the government and the public. Despite the series of courses taken on entrepreneurship during the period of their studies in the institutions, it was observed that many graduates could not establish their enterprises after graduation due to certain reasons. It was against this background that this study investigated the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and entrepreneurial aspiration of undergraduates as well as the difference in the risk-taking behaviour of male and female undergraduates towards entrepreneurship. 
 Methodology: Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 7342 final-year students in all tertiary institutions in Ekiti State. Simple, stratified and proportional random sampling techniques were used to select 400 students from faculties/schools across the three types of institutions in the state. A self-constructed instrument tagged Risk Taking Behaviour and Entrepreneurial Aspiration Questionnaire (RTBEAQ) was used to collect the data for the study. The instrument was constructed on 4-point Likert scale statements. Three experts ascertained the accuracy of the items on the instrument. The reliability of the instrument was established through Cronbach's alpha after it had been administered to 40 students outside the sample for the study, which yielded a coefficient value of 0.86. The reliability coefficient obtained for the instrument was considered high enough for the study. Data collected were analysed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation and z-test. All hypotheses formulated were tested at a 0.05 level of significance.
 Results: Findings of the study revealed that there was a significant relationship between risk-taking behaviour (mean of 12.83) and entrepreneurial aspiration of undergraduates (mean of 80.92) with a p-value of 0.00, < 0.05. Also, the finding of the study showed that there was a significant difference between risk taking behaviour of male (mean of 241.2) and female (mean of 256.1) undergraduates with p-value of 0.01< 0.0.05). 
 Recommendation: It was recommended among other that adequate education should be given to undergraduates in tertiary institutions on risk-taking and entrepreneurial aspirations in a bid to prepare them for entrepreneurial activities in future. The quality of entrepreneurship education given across all tertiary institutions should be the same since all entrepreneurs are going to face the same challenges when engaging in entrepreneurial activities.

Effective Interventions for Enhancing Academic Achievement in Higher Education: Views of Entrepreneurship Students

Entrepreneurship is considered a vehicle for fighting unemployment in developing countries such as South Africa. As a result, research focusing on entrepreneurship education continues to gain traction. Graduates of tertiary institutions are expected to contribute meaningfully either through employment or job creation. This expectation puts the role of tertiary institutions in converting students into graduates in the spotlight. Tertiary institutions deal with many challenges, such as the heterogeneity of the student population, which calls for evidence-based interventions that are tailor-made to the needs of specific cohorts. Thus, various stakeholders should support tertiary institutions by helping them achieve the desired graduate attributes. This paper sought to suggest effective interventions that would enhance the academic success of entrepreneurship students and prepare them to become future job creators. Interventions should capitalize on students’ strengths and improve on their weaknesses. The researchers argue that interventions to promote academic success should consider students’ abilities and drive to complete qualifications, lecturers’ teaching methods, and graduate attributes required by society. The study used a quantitative approach to address the research question and collected data from 204 undergraduate entrepreneurship students at a technology university in South Africa. The study suggests effective interventions from descriptive statistics. This study reveals the importance of understanding students’ backgrounds, entrepreneurial attributes and teaching methods when designing academic interventions. Implications to the academic administrators and lecturers as well as recommendations for future studies are flagged.

The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Management on Unemployment Reduction Among Tertiary Institution Graduates in Cross River State, Nigeria.

One major challenge in Nigeria today is unemployment. Among this unemployed population are graduates of tertiary institutions. Many stakeholders have expressed concern over the large numbers of graduates produced yearly without commensurate employment opportunities. To address this challenge, the federal government through the National Universities commission (NUC), National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), approved the introduction of entrepreneurship education into the curricula of the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. The increase in unemployment among graduates of tertiary institution is an indication that the objectives of entrepreneurship education has not been fully attained and this calls to question the management of entrepreneurship education in the nations tertiary institutions. This study examined the impact of entrepreneurship education management on unemployment reduction among tertiary institution graduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three null hypotheses were developed to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. Census technique was adopted in selecting the entire population of 113 entrepreneurship education management staff of five tertiary institutions in Cross River State. An instrument titled Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Management on Unemployment Reduction Among Tertiary Institution Graduates Questionnaire (IEEMURATIGQ) was used for data collection. It was validated by five experts. The reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha and it ranges from 0.79 - 0.88. The null hypothesis was tested at .05 level of significance using Simple and Multiple Linear Regression. The results of the study reveals that planning entrepreneurship programme, staff supervision and student mentoring have significant impact on unemployment reduction among tertiary institution graduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study recommended among others, that entrepreneurship education must be efficiently planed to facilitate the smooth attainment of set goals and objectives, namely job creation and unemployment reduction.

NEED FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TOWARDS PRODUCTIVITY AND SELF RELIANCE IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

The present level of unemployment in the nation is worrisome, to say the least. Graduates of tertiary institutions are roaming the streets in search of never - to- come jobs. There can be no real economic empowerment in any developing economy until certain fundamental issues have been put right. The growth and development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’S) present a way out of this doldrums. Aggressive efforts are needed to bring about the sustenance and survival of these SME'S paramount of which is a peaceful environment. This paper highlighted the significance of SME subsector in developing economies, challenges and prospects of SMEs in Nigeria as a developing economy in order to enhance economic empowerment by sustaining the growth and development of SME'S with a view to reducing unemployment and decisively address security challenges that has been a source of serious concern to potential foreign and indigenous investors alike, thereby setting in motion an unprecedented growth and development in this all-important sub-sector. KEYWORD: Unemployment, SME’s, Productivity, Entrepreneurial.

Entrepreneurship Education And Elimination Of Unemployement Among Graduates And Non-Graduates Of Tertiary Institutions In Nigeria

Evidence from literature suggests that failure on the part of tertiary institutions to fully implement entrepreneurship education in their curricula have led to the rising surge of high rate of unemployment and poverty. The study examined the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the elimination of unemployment among graduates and non-graduates of tertiary institutions, with special focused on university of Lagos. The study adopted the survey descriptive research design involving the use of primary. Primacy data were collected using copies of structured questionnaire that was administered to a sample of respondents. The total population was 44183. Purposive and random sampling techniques were employed in this research in selecting a sample size of 396. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Pearson correlation statistics was adopted to examine the relationship between entrepreneurship educational training and elimination of unemployment among graduate and non-graduates in Nigeria universities, determined inclusion of entrepreneurship education in curriculum and elimination of unemployment among graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria. In addition, evaluate the relationship between entrepreneurship empowerment programs and elimination of unemployment in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The results revealed that there was a positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and elimination of unemployment among graduates and non-graduates in Nigeria (r=.761, p<.05). Also, showed inclusion of entrepreneurship education in the curriculum significantly eliminates unemployment among graduates and non-graduate of tertiary institutions in Nigeria (.713, p<.05), finally, revealed that there was a positive relationship between entrepreneurship empowerment and elimination of unemployment among graduate and non-graduates of tertiary institutions. Therefore, the study recommended that tertiary institutions should set up entrepreneurship laboratory or hub in collaboration with industries to train students to be self-employed in order to eliminate unemployment and take advantage of the dynamics and new market opportunities.

Entrepreneurial education on skills acquisition for university graduates in Nigeria

The rate of unemployment among graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria is still on the alarming level, with a large number of graduates relying on government jobs. Interaction with university graduates discovered that most of them did not possess the adequate skills and knowledge needed to personally engage in entrepreneurial ventures. The yardstick that will lead to the realization of the objectives of entrepreneurial education is not translated into practical realities, right from the policy implementation to the transmission of the knowledge and skills desirable for practical application in the real-life business. Hence, this study aimed at providing the graduates with essential skills and knowledge required for empowering them to establish businesses of their own. This, therefore, enabled the graduates to become self-employed and self-reliant for a sustainable livelihood, and socio-economic development in the society. Entrepreneurial education is determined to inculcate the entrepreneurial spirits, amongst especially the graduates to start thinking of setting up their own businesses for self-employment instead of relying on the government for the white-collar jobs. Thus, this study will highlight the impact of entrepreneurial education on skills acquisition for preparing the graduates into a successful occupational career. This paper is a library-based collection of data using textbooks, journal articles, and various research websites from the internet, by identifying and gathering relevant and reliable information that serves the purpose for which it is intended. The study has 4 objectives in the form of questions the answer to which vividly indicates the pertinent nature and benefits of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial skills acquisition by the graduates in setting-up their own businesses. The study portrayed that entrepreneurship education can provide indispensable entrepreneurial skills required by the graduates to pursue and engage in entrepreneurial activities. In conclusion, this study is capable of providing the graduates with the knowledge and skills necessary to identify, determine and pursue new business opportunities for self-employment and self-reliance, which lead to the realization of economic self-independence in the society on one hand and the country at large on the other hand.

Entrepreneurial education on skills acquisition for university graduates in Nigeria

The rate of unemployment among graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria is still on the alarming level, with a large number of graduates relying on government jobs. Interaction with university graduates discovered that most of them did not possess the adequate skills and knowledge needed to personally engage in entrepreneurial ventures. The yardstick that will lead to the realization of the objectives of entrepreneurial education is not translated into practical realities, right from the policy implementation to the transmission of the knowledge and skills desirable for practical application in the real-life business. Hence, this study aimed at providing the graduates with essential skills and knowledge required for empowering them to establish businesses of their own. This, therefore, enabled the graduates to become self-employed and self-reliant for a sustainable livelihood, and socio-economic development in the society. Entrepreneurial education is determined to inculcate the entrepreneurial spirits, amongst especially the graduates to start thinking of setting up their own businesses for self-employment instead of relying on the government for the white-collar jobs. Thus, this study will highlight the impact of entrepreneurial education on skills acquisition for preparing the graduates into a successful occupational career. This paper is a library-based collection of data using textbooks, journal articles, and various research websites from the internet, by identifying and gathering relevant and reliable information that serves the purpose for which it is intended. The study has 4 objectives in the form of questions the answer to which vividly indicates the pertinent nature and benefits of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial skills acquisition by the graduates in setting-up their own businesses. The study portrayed that entrepreneurship education can provide indispensable entrepreneurial skills required by the graduates to pursue and engage in entrepreneurial activities. In conclusion, this study is capable of providing the graduates with the knowledge and skills necessary to identify, determine and pursue new business opportunities for self-employment and self-reliance, which lead to the realization of economic self-independence in the society on one hand and the country at large on the other hand.

DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH’S PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES: CASE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the patterns and determinants of youths’participation in the Commercial Agricultural Development Programme in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Data were obtained from all 239 registered participants of the programme via the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Probit Regression Model were the tools for data analyses. Most of the respondents (86.4%) were between 31 and 40 years of age, male (89.7%), married (85.3%) and had a tertiary level of education (82.6%). Only 40.76% of the respondents participated actively in the programme. About half of the respondents (49.5%) were full-time farmers, 28.8% worked a minimum of 5 days a week on the farm and worked an average of 6 hours per day. The socio-economic determinants of participation were age, educational level, marital status, years of experience and nature of participation (p<0.01). The study concluded that the level of participation of youths in the Programme was low and influenced by participants’ age, marital status, and level of education, experience and nature of participation. The study recommends that the program should focus more on graduates of tertiary institutions. The existing participants who are not graduates and future non-graduate recruits would require closer guidance and monitoring for performance.

Causal Factors and Effects of Unemployment on Graduates of Tertiary Institutions in Ogun State South West Nigeria: Implications for Counselling

The research was set out to find the causal factors and effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions in Ogun State South West Nigeria: Implications for counselling. In order to carry out the research, two research questions and one hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The researcher made use of an instrument tagged causal factors and effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions questionnaire (CFAEOUGOTIQ) to collect information. The instrument contained twenty items. The instrument had content validity and language appropriateness. The instrument had a reliability coefficient of 0.85. The population of the study was made up of graduates of universities, polytechnics and colleges of education that had no job in public and private sectors in Ogun State Nigeria. The researcher used the purposive sampling technique to select 226 university graduates, 120 polytechnic graduates and 75 college of education graduates that participated in the research. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on each of the participants by 3 research assistants. The return rate of copies of the questionnaire administered, showed that 215 questionnaires were retrieved from the university graduates, 107 questionnaires were retrieved from polytechnic graduates and 60 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved from college of education graduates. The scoring and collation of the information from the field was done by the researcher. The researcher used the mean and standard deviation to answer the two research questions while the analysis of variance was used to test the hypothesis. The researchers used 2.50 as benchmark to determine whether respondents agreed or disagreed with each of the items on table one and two. The hypothesis was held significant at 0.05 level of significance. Some of the findings of the research showed that, high rate of graduate turn out, neglect of the agricultural sector by government, collapse of manufacturing industries and reforms in the banking sector resulting in regular retrenchment of workers were causal factor of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions. Other include, misappropriation of funds meant for development of projects, lack of employable skills by graduates and inability to pass employment interviews. The research also found out that one of the effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institution is low self-esteem of themselves. One of the recommendations is that admission into tertiary institutions should be based on the number of vacancies available in public and private sectors.

Causal Factors and Effects of Unemployment on Graduates of Tertiary Institutions in Ogun State South West Nigeria: Implications for Counselling

Abstract The research was set out to find the causal factors and effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions in Ogun State South West Nigeria: Implications for counselling. In order to carry out the research, two research questions and one hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The researcher made use of an instrument tagged causal factors and effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions questionnaire (CFAEOUGOTIQ) to collect information. The instrument contained twenty items. The instrument had content validity and language appropriateness. The instrument had a reliability coefficient of 0.85. The population of the study was made up of graduates of universities, polytechnics and colleges of education that had no job in public and private sectors in Ogun State Nigeria. The researcher used the purposive sampling technique to select 226 university graduates, 120 polytechnic graduates and 75 college of education graduates that participated in the research. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on each of the participants by 3 research assistants. The return rate of copies of the questionnaire administered, showed that 215 questionnaires were retrieved from the university graduates, 107 questionnaires were retrieved from polytechnic graduates and 60 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved from college of education graduates. The scoring and collation of the information from the field was done by the researcher. The researcher used the mean and standard deviation to answer the two research questions while the analysis of variance was used to test the hypothesis. The researchers used 2.50 as benchmark to determine whether respondents agreed or disagreed with each of the items on table one and two. The hypothesis was held significant at 0.05 level of significance. Some of the findings of the research showed that, high rate of graduate turn out, neglect of the agricultural sector by government, collapse of manufacturing industries and reforms in the banking sector resulting in regular retrenchment of workers were causal factor of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institutions. Other include, misappropriation of funds meant for development of projects, lack of employable skills by graduates and inability to pass employment interviews. The research also found out that one of the effects of unemployment on graduates of tertiary institution is low self-esteem of themselves. One of the recommendations is that admission into tertiary institutions should be based on the number of vacancies available in public and private sectors.

Psychosocial Correlates Of Substance Abuse Among Women In A Psychiatric Facility In Nigeria

Psychoactive drug use among the female folk is fast becoming a matter of concern in many countries with gradual increase in the number of female drug abusers. In Sub-Saharan Africa, drug abuse was a male issue hence very little research has carried out among women drug abusers. The objective of this study is to identify the psychosocial variables that are linked to drug abuse among women. The study was conducted among female patients with DSM V diagnosis of substance use disorders in the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. There age range between 18 and 56. Socio-demographic questionnaire was administered to assess age, marital status, educational and employment status of the participants. In addition, information on their history of drug use were collected. Also, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered on all the participants. Data obtained were analysed with SPSS version 16. The results shows that most of the participants were single, unemployed and either students or graduates of tertiary institutions. The drugs they abuse were mainly alcohol, nicotine and cannabis. They were introduced to drugs by friends, started using drugs before the age of 25 and were motivated by the need to derive pleasure. Psychological assessment did not show high level of anxiety or depression among the participants. However, they reported that drug abuse had diminished their health, social and occupational status. The findings reveal the need to address the issue of substance abuse among female adolescents to prevent increase in the number of female drug abusers.

Promoting Youth Employment in Benue State, Nigeria: A Study of Open Apprenticeship Scheme of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

Youth unemployment has remained one of the present and steady social problems that characterise Nigeria as a developing economy. Measures to address this social problem have featured prominently in the development agenda of successive governments. However, the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), established by the Babangida Administration in 1986, comes across as a consistent public policy on employment and wealth creation that has managed to endure over the years. Since its establishment, a number of schemes have been designed and implemented under the directorate to combat youth unemployment. One of such schemes is the National Open Apprenticeship Scheme (NOAS). This study was undertaken to interrogate the implementation of the scheme in Benue State located in the North Central geographical zone of Nigeria. Within the framework of the neo-classical model of economic thought, these programmes of action are understood as a deliberate policy intervention by government to correct distortions in resource allocation occasioned by the laissez-faire market mechanism. The study employed both analytical and empirical approaches. Whereas the former reflects on state of the research in existing literature, the latter utilized survey research to probe into the implementation of NOAS. Findings reveal that NDE skills development programmes in Benue State is an initiative that can address youth unemployment. However, the objective of enhancing job opportunities through the skills acquisition of NAOS leaves much to be desired. The study recommends among others that; funding of NDE should be improved upon, the scope of NAOS should be expanded to accommodate graduates of tertiary institutions, and the general policy framework on education be reviewed to create a synergy between the formal school system and the job market in Benue State and by extension, Nigeria.

Developing Entrepreneurial Skills and Transforming Challenges into Opportunities in Nigeria

The paper considers developing entrepreneurial skills and transforming challenges into business opportunities in Nigeria.Today, the twin challenges of unemployment and poverty are facing graduates of tertiary institutions and professionals owing to the global economic meltdown and economic recessions in most countries including Nigeria. While the government braces up to these challenges through the various programmes and entrepreneurial initiatives, a key solution is the equipping of graduates and professionals with entrepreneurial skills which can make them employable and become employers of labour. Again the paper advocates that besides the possession of entrepreneurial skills, knowledge and hard work, the would- be entrepreneurs must have the right attitude if they are to succeed in transforming challenges into profitable business opportunities. Moreover, the governments and corporate bodies in Nigeria must support by investing in entrepreneurial education in Nigerias. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p289

ICT Utilization and Teaching – Learning in Business Education in Tertiary Institutions in Cross River State

The study determined the relationship between ICT utilisation by Business Education Lecturers and Students and the teaching - learning of Business Education in tertiary institutions in Cross River State. The survey research design was adopted. The population comprises Business Education lecturers and Students totaling 985 on which 25 lecturers and 75 students were sampled for the study using stratified random sampling technique. Two sets of questionnaires were administered on the respondents after validation and reliability test. The reliability indices were 0.96 and 0.98 for ICTULSBEQ and TLBEQ respectively using Cronbach Alpha Reliability technique. The findings of the study show that ICT utilisation by lecturers and students has a significant positive relationship with teaching and learning of Business Education in tertiary institution. Based on the findings it is concluded that ICT utilisation if fully utilised will fill the skill gap among graduates of tertiary institutions. Based on the conclusion drawn it is recommended that tertiary institutions should equip their schools with ICT facilities while lecturers and students should make effort to own Personal Computers, internet enabled mobile phones among others, and equally utilize same for teaching and learning.

Predictors of condom use among sexually active persons involved in compulsory national service in Ibadan, Nigeria

Migration is known to increase the risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, but little attention has been paid to fresh graduates of tertiary institutions who are on migration for compulsory national assignment in Nigeria. In July and August 2004, a survey was conducted on sexually active men (n = 344) and women (n = 373) to investigate determinants of condom use during national service. Sixty-eight percent of men and 41% of women reported condom use at last intercourse before the survey. For both men and women, condom use was common if they had one or more regular sex partners and if they were purchasing condoms. In addition, women's condom use was predicted by being single and having intention to use condoms in next intercourse. The findings further showed that there was high risk of HIV transmission in the sample population as consistent condom use was 15% for men and 4% for women. Twelve percent of men and 8% of women reported STI diagnoses in the last 12 months before the survey. Four percent of men and 2% of women reported they already had HIV diagnoses. Only 1% of men and 2% of women reported they would receive voluntary HIV test if offered free by the government. The study findings suggest the need to extend the existing condom social marketing services in the country to the youth on national service and promote condom education messages among them prior to commencing national service.

The Function of Performance Appraisal in Career Development

The design of a performance appraisal system may be considered an unusual topic in the field of career development. However, it is considered most relevant in the current employment climate for graduates given the repeated emphasis on career development at various stages of the employment process. There has been a growing emphasis since the mid-1970s on employees' needs rather than just organisational needs, and a recognition of the strategic value of employees being developed to their best potential. Organisations have become increasingly aware that the effective development of their employees' skills and knowledge has benefits for the whole organisation. Career development (or employee or professional development) is a thread that runs through each stage of this discussion of the design of a performance appraisal system. This issue of career development may also be observed in promotional brochures and information sessions given by recruiters of graduates of tertiary institutions. Much is made of training and development opportunities as organisations seek to attract the brightest and best graduates to their graduate management trainee programs. Performance appraisal can be a crucial factor in the setting of career goals and the perception of job satisfaction leading to increased motivation and productivity.