Index Gradient Research Articles

Domination and effect of multi-parameters in direct chill casting based on establishment of thermo model by numerical simulation and experiment

In this paper, a mathematical model validated by in-situ temperature measurement data of the direct chill (DC) casting process has been established in order to study the domination and effect of multi-parameters including secondary cooling water flow rate (Q), casting speed (V), condition of primary cooling, and spraying water temperature (Tw) on DC casting index of sump depth (dsump), maximum and minimum temperature gradient (Tg,max and Tg,min) at mushy zone and shape of solidus line. Further, the height of impingement zone (Hip) is systematic quantitative analysis by a novel designed test (Hip=1.08865Q`+0.06272V−4.75597). The calculated temperature using the numerical simulation exhibits a good match with the actual temperature measurement data. The results of multi-factors on index by the designed orthogonal test indicate that V dominates the dsump (dsump=0.033+27.74V) and Tg,min (Tg,min=2569.15−766342.20V) at mushy zone, Q dominates the Tg,max (Tg,max=9195.12+2344770Q−27.83Tw) by analysing the range (R), variance (S) and significance (F). Likewise, by discussing the combination of R, S, F and microstructure observation, the priority influencing the shape of solidus line at center part was V. The Q dominates the shape of solidus line at the position between the center and edge part.

Seepage safety evaluation of high earth-rockfill dams considering spatial variability of hydraulic parameters via subset simulation

Seepage failure of high earth-rockfill dams have devastating consequences, and its safety analysis is of great importance in the design phase. However, the highest safety standards in high dams pose a challenge to the calculated efficiency of safety assessment. To address this problem, a random seepage safety assessment method which can consider the spatial variability of hydraulic parameters is proposed. Firstly, the spatial variability of the hydraulic parameters in the impervious materials is simulated using the covariance matrix decomposition under the framework of the non-intrusive finite element method. Then, according to the safety index of critical hydraulic gradient, the seepage stability formula is established to evaluate the safety state. Finally, considering that the highest safety standards in high dams make the probability of seepage hazard small (low failure probability event), it may require more than 10,000 deterministic calculations to complete the assessment process. Therefore, an efficient method based on subset simulation is proposed to optimize the computational efficiency. After the seepage safety evaluation of a 315 m high dam, the results show that the hydraulic conductivity of the core wall has the greatest influence on the seepage safety of the dam, and even under the influence of strong parameter spatial variability, its seepage failure probability is lower than 10-3. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation, the proposed method requires only 1/11 of the computation time at the 10-3 failure level. In addition, the results of grey relational analysis show that the coefficient of variation and correlation distance have obvious effects on seepage safety, and the autocorrelation distance has a greater effect.

The robustness of the flow-gradient classification of severe aortic stenosis

ObjectivesA flow-gradient classification is used to determine the indication for intervention for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) with discordant echocardiographic parameters. We investigated the agreement in flow-gradient classification by stroke volume (SV) measurement at the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and at the left ventricle. MethodsData were used from a prospective cohort study and patients with severe AS (aortic valve area index ≤0.6 cm2/m2) with preserved ejection fraction (>50%) were selected. SV was determined by an echocardiographic core laboratory at the LVOT and by subtracting the 2-dimensional left ventricle end-systolic from the end-diastolic volume (volumetric). Patients were stratified into 4 groups based on SV index (35 mL/m2) and mean gradient (40 mm Hg). The group composition was compared and the agreement between the SV measurements was investigated using regression, correlation, and limits of agreement. In addition, a systematic LVOT diameter overestimation of 1 mm was simulated to study flow-gradient reclassification. ResultsOf 1118 patients, 699 were eligible. The group composition changed considerably as agreement on flow state occurred in only 50% of the measurements. LVOT SV was on average 15.1 mL (95% limits of agreement −24.9:55.1 mL) greater than volumetric SV. When a systematic 1-mm LVOT diameter overestimation was introduced, the low-flow groups halved. ConclusionsThere was poor agreement in the flow-gradient classification of severe AS as a result of large differences between LVOT and volumetric SV. Furthermore, this classification was sensitive to small measurement errors. These results stress that parameters beyond the flow-gradient classification should be considered to ensure accurate recommendations for intervention.

Vectorial EM Propagation Governed by the 3D Stochastic Maxwell Vector Wave Equation in Stratified Layers

The modeling and processing of vectorial electromagnetic (EM) waves in inhomogeneous media are important problems in physics and engineering, and new methods need to be developed to incorporate novel vector sensor technology. Vectorial phenomena of EM waves in stratified atmospheric layers can be incorporated into governing equations by retaining the gradient of the refractive index when deriving the Maxwell Vector Wave Equation (MVWE) from Maxwell’s equations. The MVWE, as opposed to the scalar wave, Helmholtz, and paraxial equations, couples the EM field components in inhomogeneous media and thus captures important physics phenomena such as depolarization. Here, recent developments are reviewed on using sensor time series data to reconstruct electromagnetic waves that propagate through stratified media. In modern applications, often many sensors can be deployed simultaneously to observe electromagnetic waves. These networks of sensors can be used to improve the quality of the reconstructed EM wave fields and cross-validate the observed sensor time series. Lastly, the effects of noisy current densities on sensor time series are considered. Generally, as the sensor observes for longer periods of time, the variance of estimates of the wave field obtained from sensor time series data increases. As a result, longer sensor observation times do not always result in better estimates of the EM wave fields, and an optimal observation time can be obtained.

Evolution and dynamics of spatial self-phase modulation in pyrromethene 567 for all-optical photonic diode applications

Spatial self-phase modulation has emerged as a novel and ubiquitous nonlinear optical effect, revealing potential application in all-optical devices for signal processing. The work investigates the evolution and dynamics of SSPM patterns in pyrromethene 567 (PM 567). A temperature-dependent refractive index gradient which induces a phase shift in the incident beam is responsible for the formation of spatial self-phase modulation. The non-linear response of PM 567 in different solvents and concentrations is investigated and tabulated. The effect of wavefront curvature, path length, and mechanical chopper on the formation of the SSPM patterns was studied. To our knowledge, an optical-diode-based unidirectional generation of spatial self-phase modulation in dyes has been reported for the first time. Simply cascading PM 567 dissolved in DMSO and Methanol having distinct nonlinear optical responses, an all-optical diode for unidirectional light propagation based on spatial self-phase modulation in PM 567 was achieved. The work reveals the potential application of PM 567 for achieving spatial asymmetry in light propagation based on SSPM in photonic devices for all-optical signal processing.

Assessing the Effects of a Minor CIR‐HSS Geomagnetic Storm on the Brazilian Low‐Latitude Ionosphere: Ground and Space‐Based Observations

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of a minor G1 Co‐rotating Interaction Region (CIR)/High‐Speed Stream (HSS)‐driven geomagnetic storm that occurred on (13–14 October 2018), during deep solar minimum. We used simultaneous observations from multiple instruments, namely; ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, a Digisonde, ground magnetometers, and space‐based observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) and SWARM missions. This study presents a detailed picture of the low‐latitude ionosphere response over the Brazilian sector during a minor storm. Our results showed that the minor CIR/HSS‐driven storm caused a positive ionospheric storm of over ∼20 TECU in magnitude. For the first time, periodic post‐sunset irregularities and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles, equatorial plasma bubbles, were analyzed using GOLD FUV OI 135.6 nm emission, Total Electron Content (TEC) maps, Rate of TEC index, ROTI, and TEC gradients. Fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field Bz and changes in the thermospheric column density ratio (∑O/N2) are discussed as the main sources of ionospheric changes during the storm. This paper highlights the importance of monitoring and understanding the impact of Sun‐Earth interactions and provides insight into the behavior of the low‐latitude ionosphere during minor geomagnetic storms.

The effect of fibre cell remodelling on the power and optical quality of the lens.

Vertebrate eye lenses are uniquely adapted to form a refractive index gradient (GRIN) for improved acuity, and to grow slowly in size despite constant cell proliferation. The mechanisms behind these adaptations remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that cell compaction contributes to both. To test this notion, we examined the relationship between lens size and shape, refractive characteristics and the cross-sectional areas of constituent fibre cells in mice of different ages. We developed a block-face imaging method to visualize cellular cross sections and found that the cross-sectional areas of fibre cells rose and then decreased over time, with the most significant reduction occurring in denucleating cells in the adult lens cortex, followed by cells in the embryonic nucleus. These findings help reconcile differences between the predictions of lens growth models and empirical data. Biomechanical simulations suggested that compressive forces generated from continuous deposition of fibre cells could contribute to cellular compaction. However, optical measurements revealed that the GRIN did not mirror the pattern of cellular compaction, implying that compaction alone cannot account for GRIN formation and that additional mechanisms are likely to be involved.

Measuring the refractive index of sugar solution through the stage of science process skills

Refractive index practicum in sugar solution medium is carried out with the limitation of measuring the refractive angle of light using one type of solution, namely laboratory-scale sugar solution. The purpose of this study was to test the development of refractive index practicum tools for limited use with specifications of 10-watt lamps, 0°-90° arc scale, laser arc arm with a wavelength of 589 nm, laser chamber, vertical regulator position, limiting media in the form of glass and parallelogram-shaped solution cross-section. The variables used were solution concentrations in the 15% - 75% range and with incidence angles of 15°, 25°, and 35°, respectively. The results showed that the refractive index practicum tool has the advantage that it can be used more precisely both in light and darkness. The light used uses a laser with a wavelength of 549 nm and can measure the refractive index of a solution. The measurement results obtained the refractive index gradient value of the sugar solution at each concentration. The use of tools based on the processes science skills students in implementing activities practicum bias index in sugar solution.

Qubit lattice algorithm simulations of Maxwell’s equations for scattering from anisotropic dielectric objects

A Dyson map explicitly determines the appropriate basis of electromagnetic fields which yields a unitary representation of the Maxwell equations in an inhomogeneous medium. A qubit lattice algorithm (QLA) is then developed perturbatively to solve this representation of Maxwell equations. A QLA consists of an interleaved unitary sequence of collision operators (that entangle on lattice-site qubits) and streaming operators (that move this entanglement throughout the lattice). External potential operators are introduced to handle gradients in the refractive indices, and these operators are typically non-unitary but sparse matrices. By also interleaving the external potential operators with the unitary collide-stream operators, one achieves a QLA which conserves energy to high accuracy. Some two dimensional simulations results are presented for the scattering of a one-dimensional (1D) pulse off a localized anisotropic dielectric object.

TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species.

The TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) database provides information for most known tree species of their environmental ranges for 38 bioclimatic, eight soil and three topographic variables. It is based on species distribution modelling analyses of more than 44 million occurrences. The database can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927. Statistics that include 5% and 95% quantiles were estimated for a cleaned and taxonomically standardized occurrence data set with different methods of outlier detection, with estimates for roughly 45% of species being based on 20 or more observation records. Where sufficient representative observations are available, the ranges provide useful preliminary estimates of suitable conditions particularly for lesser-known species under climate change. Inferred core bioclimatic ranges of species along global temperature and moisture index gradients and across continents follow the known global distribution of tree diversity such as its highest levels in moist tropical forests and the 'odd man out' pattern of lower levels in Africa. To demonstrate how global analyses for large numbers of tree species can easily be done in R with TreeGOER, here I present two case studies. The first case study investigated latitudinal trends of tree vulnerability and compared these with previous results obtained for urban trees. The second case study focused on tropical areas, compared trends in different longitudinal zones and investigated patterns for the moisture index. TreeGOER is expected to benefit researchers conducting biogeographical and climate change research for a wide range of tree species at a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

Dual Porosity-Enhanced Antireflection Coatings with Continuous Gradient.

The incorporation of porous structures into films and coatings can transform their properties for applications in optics, separation, electronics, and energy generation and storage. Packing nanoparticles (NPs) is a versatile approach for fabricating nanoporous films with a tunable structure and properties. The mechanical fragility of NP packing-based films and coatings, however, significantly impedes their widespread utilization. Although infiltrating a polymer into the interstices of these NP packings has been shown to enhance their mechanical durability, this method completely eliminates the porosity of the structures, compromising their properties and functionality. This study presents a new approach to fabricate highly loaded porous nanocomposite films with a gradient in the refractive index by infiltrating subsaturating amounts of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) into disordered packings of hollow silica NPs. We demonstrate that dual porosity is a critical feature that enhances their antireflection (AR) and mechanical properties. The hollow cores of NPs prevent a substantial increase in the refractive index of the resulting films. Moreover, the interparticle voids allow for mechanical reinforcement to occur when the NP packings are infiltrated with PMMA, making them even more suitable for AR coatings. The refractive index and gradient across the nanocomposites can be tailored by adjusting the amount of PMMA infiltrated into the NP packing, the shape of hollow NPs, and the annealing time. The nanocomposite coatings with a continuous gradient in refractive index exhibit excellent AR properties and enhanced mechanical durability. Combined with the unique structural tunability afforded by the dual porosity, this approach provides a scalable and effective way to create robust and graded nanoporous structures for various applications.

Dynamic controllable residual generative adversarial network for low-dose computed tomography imaging.

Computed tomography (CT) imaging technology has become an indispensable auxiliary method in medical diagnosis and treatment. In mitigating the radiation damage caused by X-rays, low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scanning is becoming more widely applied. However, LDCT scanning reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of the projection, and the resulting images suffer from serious streak artifacts and spot noise. In particular, the intensity of noise and artifacts varies significantly across different body parts under a single low-dose protocol. To improve the quality of different degraded LDCT images in a unified framework, we developed a generative adversarial learning framework with a dynamic controllable residual. First, the generator network consists of the basic subnetwork and the conditional subnetwork. Inspired by the dynamic control strategy, we designed the basic subnetwork to adopt a residual architecture, with the conditional subnetwork providing weights to control the residual intensity. Second, we chose the Visual Geometry Group Network-128 (VGG-128) as the discriminator to improve the noise artifact suppression and feature retention ability of the generator. Additionally, a hybrid loss function was specifically designed, including the mean square error (MSE) loss, structural similarity index metric (SSIM) loss, adversarial loss, and gradient penalty (GP) loss. The results obtained on two datasets show the competitive performance of the proposed framework, with a 3.22 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) margin, 0.03 SSIM margin, and 0.2 contrast-to-noise ratio margin on the Challenge data and a 1.0 dB PSNR margin and 0.01 SSIM margin on the real data. Experimental results demonstrated the competitive performance of the proposed method in terms of noise decrease, structural retention, and visual impression improvement.

Interdecadal Change of Tropical Cyclone Translation Speed during Peak Season in South China Sea: Observed Evidence, Model Results, and Possible Mechanism

Abstract Long-term variations in the translation speed of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the South China Sea (SCS) are examined based on five TC datasets from different institutions. TC translation speed during the TC peak season in the SCS shows an evident rhythm of interdecadal change throughout 1977–2020. This interdecadal change in TC translation speed in the SCS can be well reproduced by a newly developed trajectory model. The model results indicate that the interdecadal change in TC translation speed is primarily due to an interdecadal change in the steering flow in the SCS. Such an interdecadal change in the steering flow is closely related to an east–west shift of the subtropical high in the western North Pacific (WNP) ocean basin, which may be driven by the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient between the north Indian (NI) and WNP ocean basins. A new index of the zonal SST gradient is proposed, which is shown to be effective for indicating the interdecadal change in east–west shift of subtropical high, and thus, the TC translation speed in the SCS. Significance Statement Identification of the prevailing trend of tropical cyclone activities due to climate change has been a challenging subject of scientific studies in recent years. This research focuses on the long-term variability of the tropical cyclone translation speed in the South China Sea. It is demonstrated that there is evidently an interdecadal rhythm for variation of the tropical cyclone translation speed in the South China Sea, and this variation can be well reproduced using a newly developed trajectory model. Based on the simulation results, the possible mechanism for this variation is also elucidated.

Effects of oral propranolol on the resistive and pulsatility indices of major abdominal vasculatures in domestic short-haired cats.

No study has been performed regarding the effects of oral administration of propranolol on pulse-wave spectral Doppler indices of major abdominal vessels in healthy adult cats. The objective of this study was to assess the pulse-wave spectral Doppler indices of abdominal aorta, caudal vena cava, and portal vein in clinically normal adult domestic short-haired (DSH) cats, before and after propranolol ingestion. Twenty intact adult client-owned DSH cats were evaluated (10 males and 10 females). A duplex Doppler ultrasonography machine with a 10-MHz frequency linear transducer was used. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and pressure gradient were measured. All the cats received 1mg/kg of propranolol tablet, and after 2 h, ultrasonography measurements were repeated. The mean RI of the aorta and caudal vena cava significantly decreased in male cats following oral administration of propranolol after 2 h (p = 0.03, p = 0.02). In the caudal vena cava, the PI decreased from 2.98±0.62 to 1.15±0.19 post-propranolol ingestion (p = 0.01). The mean EDV in the caudal vena cava of males and portal veins of females significantly decreased after propranolol ingestion (p = 0.04, p = 0.02). This study showed that propranolol decreased the PI of the aorta and PI and RI of the caudal vena cava in healthy normal cats 2 h post-propranolol ingestion at the dosage of 1mg/kg.

Filtering of Magnetosonic Waves by Mesoscale Plasmaspheric Density Interfaces

AbstractMagnetosonic waves inside and outside the plasmasphere differ statistically in occurrence rate, frequency, and intensity. How the density interface separates magnetosonic waves inside and outside the plasmasphere remains not fully understood. Here we report an experimental test made with the Van Allen Probes mission from the plasmaspheric plume through the low‐density channel to the plasmaspheric core. Our linear instability analysis and two‐dimensional full‐wave modeling support that the magnetosonic waves propagate from elsewhere to the channel, undergo reflection and transmission at the flanking plasmaspheric density interfaces and eventually exhibit drastic differences in intensity and frequency coverage between neighboring regions. Such a mesoscale (tens of wavelength wide) interface with a strong refractive index gradient allows the transformation of incident waves to surface waves and consequently filters waves in both frequency and orientation. This unexpected filtering pattern could commonly occur at the plasmaspheric boundary and eventually affect the global distribution of magnetosonic waves.

High-speed non-mechanical beam steering using a swelling liquid crystal gel film with polymer concentration gradient

We report refraction-type non-mechanical beam steering using a 100 μm thick swelling liquid crystal (LC) gel film with a polymer concentration gradient, in which an electrically-induced, large refractive index gradient along the uniaxial direction causes the deviation of a laser beam incident perpendicularly to the LC gel film. The swelling LC gel film is fabricated by polymerizing a LC-monomer/LC mixture while cooling it at a low temperature of −20 °C, and exhibits a short decay response time on the order of tens of microseconds. Thus, our device demonstrates non-mechanical beam steering with scan rate greater than 1 kHz.

Multibeam Antenna with a Full Azimuth Field Angle Based on a Layered Metal-Dielectric Cylindrical Lens

A multibeam antenna based on a layered lens with axial symmetry in the form of a set of dielectric disks with a refractive index gradient along the radius, which are located between metal disks, is proposed and investigated. A layered lens converts the fields of feeds located on a circle centered on the axis of the lens in the plane of its base into highly directed beams in the same plane. A synthesis of a layered lens is carried out, the layers of which are made in the form of a set of dielectric rings of variable thickness. The analysis of a multibeam lens antenna with metal-dielectric feeds was carried out by numerical simulation using the finite element method.

Design rules for Background Oriented Schlieren experiments with least-squares based displacement calculation

Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) is a non-intrusive optical method used to visualize density variations in fluids. A camera is used to measure the distortion of a background image displaying a random pattern due to the refraction of the light induced by the local gradients in the refractive index of the under study. In contrast to conventional schlieren, for which direct observation is possible, the images obtained with the BOS technique have to be processed. In this contribution, a computationally affordable approach based on linear least-squares minimization and adapted from optical flow techniques is presented in detail and tested in the context of BOS with the Matlab GUI application comBOS. A series of synthetic images are first analyzed to devise design rules for the definition of an optimal random Gaussian dot background pattern. Tests are performed for comBOS, the commercial BOS module included in DaVis 10, and the free PIV tool PIVlab. It is found that the diameter of the dot images on the camera sensor should be at least 3 pixels, but can be larger without affecting the accuracy of the measurement with comBOS and DaVis 10, while PIVlab severely degrades the quality of the results for dots larger than 5 pixels. The contrast and the density of dots must also be sufficient such that a minimum of 75 % of the surface of the background is shaded. If these conditions are met, the maximum systematic error in the measured distortions is 0.006 pixel for comBOS and 0.001 pixel with DaVis 10 when local gradients are small. Similar errors are found with PIVlab for dots smaller than 5 pixels in diameter, but they increase rapidly for larger dots. The random error is typically smaller than 0.004 pixel in optimal conditions, but it increases significantly for images affected by a random noise or local gradients of the distortion. Finally, it is concluded with a realistic test case that both comBOS and DaVis 10 are well suited to capture the main features of a complex compressible flow with Schlieren imaging. Thus, the main advantage of comBOS is its affordability and robustness for researchers and educators willing to implement BOS, for example in educational contexts.

РАДИОФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННЫХ ОТРАЖЕНИЙ ОТ ЯСНОГО НЕБА В МИЛЛИМЕТРОВОМ ДИАПАЗОНЕ ДЛИН ВОЛН

The features of the Doppler spectra of radar signals scattered by atmospheric inhomogeneities under clear sky conditions are studied. A technique for measuring the wind field in the millimeter wavelength range using a coherent radar is described. The results of measurements of the radar reflectivity Z under summer convection cannot be interpreted by the theory of Bragg scattering on inhomogeneities due to locally homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The experimental values can exceed the theoretical estimates by two orders of magnitude. An analysis of the fine structure of the Doppler spectra obtained under summer conditions indicates their large width, multi-peakedness, and spatial variability. The authors attribute these features to the formation of thermals, the structure of which is accompanied by closely spaced ascending and descending flows. The high level of radar reflectivity also confirms the convective version of signal generation, in which a large moisture difference in closely spaced ascending and descending layers at the thermal boundary forms eddies with large refractive index gradients.

Investigation of flow characteristics in a twin-surface dielectric barrier discharge reactor by Schlieren imaging

Dielectric barrier discharges are an emerging technology for the plasma-catalytic removal of volatile organic compounds and other gas purification challenges such as the removal of O2 traces from H2. Packed-bed reactors are mainly used for these applications, but surface dielectric barrier discharges (SDBDs) typically printed on thin dielectric plates are promising alternatives for the treatment of large volumetric flow rates due to their low flow resistance causing a low pressure drop. Especially for SDBDs the flow conditions are crucial, because the active plasma filled volume covering the mentioned plates with a typical thickness of 0.1 mm is small in comparison to the overall reactor volume with a typical distance of some tens of millimeters to the reactor wall. In this study, the flow conditions of a twin-SDBD were investigated by Schlieren imaging applied in converting O2 traces in H2 containing gas mixtures to H2O and compared to fluid dynamics simulations. Schlieren imaging was used to visualize local gradients of the refractive index inside the SDBD reaction chamber, while gas composition, dissipated power, or flow rate were varied. Without a plasma discharge, laminar flow dominates, resulting in a conversion below 10% over a Pt-coated electrode configuration in the reaction of O2 traces with H2. With the plasma discharge, full conversion was achieved for the same reaction without catalyst, although the plasma is also confined to the surface of the electrode configuration. Schlieren structures covering the complete cross section of the reaction chamber were observed, showing that strong radial mass transport is induced by the plasma. The shape and extent of the Schlieren structures is ascribed to a superimposition of gas flow, thermal expansion from the plasma volume, thermal buoyancy as well as an electrohydrodynamic force between the electrodes and the grounded reactor walls. Fluid dynamics simulations show vortex formation above and below the electrode, created by the electrohydrodynamic force further implying extensive mass transport by the plasma, which is visualized in addition by carbonaceous deposits on the reactor lid. This emerging deposition pattern during toluene decomposition closely corresponds to the electrode geometry. It is proposed that the reaction proceeds only in the active plasma volume and that reactive species transported to the bulk gas phase only have a minor contribution. Thus, the degree of conversion of the SDBD reactor is not only determined by the chemical reactivity in the plasma volume, but also by its plasma-induced mass transport resulting in efficient gas mixing. These findings reveal new possibilities to improve SDBD reactors for gas purification applications based on their favorable flow conditions.