GPS-based Tracking Research Articles

Investigating fish reproduction phenology and essential habitats by identifying the main spatio-temporal patterns of fish distribution

Abstract Fish spawning phenology is a major concern for conservation and fisheries management. New intensive data sources, such as GPS-based tracking data and high-resolution catch declaration data, are becoming increasingly available in the field of marine ecology. These data benefit from high spatiotemporal resolution and open new research avenues for investigating the interannual variability in fish phenology. In this paper, we demonstrate how an integrated species distribution model informed by commercial catch data combined with spatiotemporal dimension reduction methods known as empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) can be used to synthesize spatiotemporal signals in fish reproduction phenology. Specifically, we address the following questions: (1) Can we identify seasonal spatial patterns that can be interpreted in terms of reproductive phenology and essential habitats? (2) Can we identify changes in reproductive phenology over time? (3) Are these changes related to environmental drivers? The analysis illustrates the reproductive phenology of three key commercial species in the Bay of Biscay (sole, hake, and sea bass). The EOF analysis emphasized strong seasonal spatiotemporal patterns that correspond to reproduction patterns and feeding patterns. Based on this methodology, we identified seasonal variations in the timing of reproduction, and we related these variations to sea surface temperature, a key driver of fish reproduction.

Habitat Selection by Free-Grazing Sheep in a Mountain Pasture.

For centuries, mountain grasslands have been part of the grazing cycle of sheep and cattle in extensive management systems in the Pyrenees; however, traditional guided herding has been, in many cases, replaced by free-ranging flocks at these pastures. The goal of this study was to analyze the grazing behavior of free-ranging sheep in mountain pastures using GPS-based tracking systems and Geographic Information Systems. During the summer seasons of 2019, 2020, and 2021, a transterminant flock of free-ranging sheep was tracked with GPS devices attached to collars at the mountain pastures of Collarada mountain (Central Pyrenees, Spain). Preferences for grazing on certain geomorphological features (slope, aspect, and altitude) and different plant communities present in the area were evaluated using the Manly's standardized preference index. The results show that sheep prefer altitudes between 2400 and 2600 m; SE-, SW-, and E-facing sites; and slopes under 20%. The preferred pastures were Festucion eskiae, Primulion intricatae, and Nardion strictae; however, they reject Festucion scopariae communities. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of GPS and GIS technologies in monitoring free-ranging sheep activity, providing valuable data for enhancing pastoral practices and ensuring sustainable pasture use.

Solar Tracking Methods: A Comprehensive Survey

Abstract: In the pursuit of maximizing solar energy utilization, solar tracking systems have emerged as indispensable tools for enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This comprehensive survey delves into the multifaceted landscape of solar tracking methods, elucidating the diverse techniques and strategies employed in optimizing solar panel orientation relative to the sun's position Solar tracking systems are classified into two primary categories: single-axis and dual-axis tracking. Single-axis tracking systems adjust solar panels along one axis, typically the azimuth axis, while dual-axis tracking systems dynamically alter both azimuth and elevation angles to accurately follow the sun's apparent motion across the sky.Within the realm of solar tracking, passive and active tracking methods are explored. Passive tracking mechanisms rely on natural phenomena such as gravity or thermal expansion to adjust panel orientation, whereas active tracking systems employ mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic actuators driven by motors or other means to actively adjust panel angles based on real-time tracking algorithms.A pivotal aspect of solar tracking systems is the selection and implementation of tracking algorithms. Various algorithms, including sun position algorithms, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and predictive algorithms, are analyzed for their effectiveness in accurately predicting and optimizing solar panel orientation.Furthermore, this survey scrutinizes the role of sensor technologies in solar tracking, encompassing GPS-based tracking, light-intensity-based tracking, weather-based tracking utilizing meteorological sensors, and horizon tracking techniques. These sensor-based methodologies offer different advantages and trade-offs in terms of accuracy, cost, and reliability. To provide a comprehensive understanding, comparative analyses are conducted, evaluating the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and energy yield of different tracking methods. These comparative assessments offer valuable insights into the performance characteristics and suitability of various tracking methodologies across diverse applications and environmental conditions.In conclusion, this survey serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers involved in the design, development, and optimization of solar tracking systems for renewable energy applications. By synthesizing the latest advancements and comparative analyses, this survey facilitates informed decision-making and fosters the advancement of sustainable solar energy technologies.

Vehicle Theft Detection and Tracking Based on GSM and GPS

Abstract: The increasing incidence of vehicle theft poses a significant challenge to vehicle owners and law enforcement agencies worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive solution for addressing this issue through the integration of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies. The proposed system aims to enhance the security of vehicles by providing real-time theft detection and efficient tracking capabilities. The GSM module facilitates communication between the vehicle and a centralized monitoring system, allowing forseamless data transmission. The system leverages the widespread coverage and reliability of GSM networks to ensure that alerts are promptly delivered to relevant stakeholders, irrespective of the vehicle's location. Furthermore, the GPS technology enables real-time tracking of the stolen vehicle, assisting law enforcement agencies in swiftly responding to the incident. The system's tracking feature provides continuous updates on the vehicle's location, allowing for efficient recovery operations. Additionally, the integration of geofencing capabilities allows users to define virtual boundaries, triggering alerts if the vehicle deviates from the predefined geographical area. The proposed system offers a multi-layered security approach, combining GPS-based tracking with GSMenabled theft detection, making it a robust and effective solution for combating vehicle theft. The integration of these technologies not only enhances the chances of recovering stolen vehicles but also acts as a deterrent, discouraging potential thieves. In conclusion, the Vehicle Theft Detection and Tracking System presented in this paper showcases a technologically advanced and practical solution to mitigate the impact of vehicle theft. The integration of GSM and GPS technologies provides a comprehensive and reliable framework that addresses the security concerns associated with vehicle ownership in today's dynamic environment.

ACCUALERT: Virtual Driving Assistant

Abstract: In the contemporary world of transportation, en- suring the safety of both drivers and passengers remains a paramount priority, given the staggering number of lives lost eachyear, totalling millions, due to vehicular accidents worldwide. Anoften-underestimated but critical factor contributing significantlyto these accidents is driver drowsiness. This project aims to address these pressing challenges by developing an integrated system that combines real-time driver drowsiness detection, accident detection, and precise location tracking capabilities. Utilizing cutting-edge technologies like facial recognition and GPS-based tracking, our system will proactively identify signs of driver fatigue in real-time [1], offering a timely alert to drivers to prevent accidents caused by drowsiness. Simultane- ously, the system will employ sophisticated accident detection algorithms, distinguishing between minor incidents and severe crashes, ensuring that appropriate responses are triggered swiftly. This comprehensive solution not only enhances road safety but also expedites emergency responses, ultimately saving lives and significantly reducing accidents on our roadways.

Compact hybrid EBG microstrip antenna for wearable applications

Abstract A novel strip line fed, circularly polarized (CP), annular slotted dual band antenna using hybrid electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure for Global Positioning System (GPS) has been herein designed, analyzed, and investigated for wearable applications. Adjusting the radii of the annular slots on the radiating patch excellent circular polarized (CP) radiation and impedance matching is achieved. The design demonstrates Kapton based flexible, robust, and low-profile solution with permittivity of 3.4 to meet the requirements of wearable applications. Due to the high losses of the animal body, the electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is used to reduce back radiation and the effect of frequency detuning. The proposed antenna structure also enhances the front-to-back ratio (FBR) by 10 dB. This antenna with dimensions 0.56λ 0 × 0.4913λ 0 × 0.002λ 0 analyzed using a flexible Kapton substrate. Optimized hybrid EBG structure provides an excellent Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) along with all other antenna parameters, within acceptable for GPS-based wearable applications at 1.13 GHz and 1.157 GHz frequency band. Therefore the proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for GPS-based tracking and wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna was also tested upon fabrication and the measured results agree with simulated results.

Analysis of Smart Tracking Assistance and Control of Vehicle Using Internet of Things

Everyone in the world has a dream project to buy their car, bike, own house, etc. The average human spent his life term saving for full fill his dream wises of buying his product like a car, bike, house, etc. but some rob people easily steal their dream wishes without taking much time. That means stealing vehicles by robbery increases day by day. The main objective of this paper deals with one of the simplest methods of safe and precaution of the vehicle from stealing a person. That method is called a GPS tracking system. In earlier days, no such device was an exit to save guard the vehicle from robbery. So everyone needs to appoint a security service system for monitoring things throughout the day. The drawback of the security service system is difficult to monitor continuous hours throughout the day and night. The alternative method for prevention is the CCTV camera method, even though robbery is continuing every part of the world. This article describes GPS based tracking system. These device uses to get notifications immediately if someone steals the vehicle. The merit of this GPS-based tracking device does not require a main battery power supply because it has its small battery system. This battery system uses to continually running the GPS device without any disturbance. The outcome of the GPS tracking system is working well. It will communicate the information as quickly as possible.

Proof of concept study using GPS-based tracking data to build agent-based models of visitors’ off-trail behavior in nature-based tourism settings

Spatial components of visitor behavior in nature-based tourism settings have the potential to influence both the biophysical environmental and recreational experience. Previous efforts to model visitor spatial behavior in these settings have largely been deterministic and probabilistic. Comparatively, agent-based models (ABM) are often considered a more accurate technique for representing complex human behaviors such as visitor use. A key challenge in the development of ABM in nature-based tourism settings has been the lack of detailed, individually-based, georeferenced data on visitors, especially in locations where visitors leave trails. This study is a proof of concept exercise using global position system (GPS) data, collected from visitors in Yosemite National Park, to develop an example ABM of visitor use. Results from this study demonstrate that it is feasible to use GPS tracking data to provide insight into the generation of agent rules, yet knowledge gaps remain for the further development of ABMs in nature-based tourism research.

A Smartphone App for Parental Management of Adolescent Conduct Problems: Randomized Clinical Trial of iKinnect

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluates iKinnect, a linked caregiver-teen mobile app system designed to address serious adolescent conduct problems through a focus on key targets of evidence-based treatments for juvenile offending, such as parent expectation setting, monitoring, consistency, and positive reinforcement. Additional gamification and autonomy-supporting features are designed to maximize youth engagement. Digital therapeutics such as mobile apps have great potential to expand access to effective interventions, particularly for youth who engage in serious conduct problems and substance abuse, since most never receive an evidence-based treatment and few apps exist for these concerns. Methods This randomized clinical trial used a short-term (12 week) longitudinal design with four time points. Recruited was a U.S. national sample of teens (n = 72, age 13–17, 59.7% male, 68.1% White) receiving services for a serious conduct problem and their primary caregiver. The efficacy of iKinnect, used by parent and teen dyads, was measured against an active control condition, Life360, an app that provided mutual GPS-based location tracking to dyads. Results Across 12 weeks of app use, youth who used iKinnect showed significantly greater reductions in alcohol use, marijuana use, school delinquency, status offenses, and general delinquency than did controls. Parents who used iKinnect Reported greater improvements in structure/rule clarity and discipline consistency relative to control parents. Teen and parent iKinnect app use and acceptability ratings were high. Conclusions Real-world use of iKinnect in future applications can, like other emerging digital health technologies, help to expand the reach of evidence-based interventions to children, youth, and families. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03065517).

UFIR State Estimator for Network Systems with Two-Step Delayed and Lost Data

Wireless communication over networks often produces issues associated with delayed and missing data. In this paper, we consider one-step and two-step delays. The state space model is transformed to have no delay with new system and observation matrices. To mitigate the effect, we develop the unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) filter, Kalman filter (KF), and game theory H∞ filter for Bernoulli-distributed delays with possible packet dropouts. A comparative study of the filters developed is provided under the uncertain noise and transmission probability. Numerical simulation is conducted employing a GPSbased tracking network system. A better performance of the UFIR filter is demonstrated experimentally

IoT Enabled BLE and LoRa based Indoor Localization without GPS

The common problem that people face these days to find out the Indoor location of a particular Object or a Person exactly. GPS-based location tracking is one of the very important services nowadays. To use GPS tracking to find a path to our destination and also track the position of our goods using GPS Tracking. It is also possible to track the exact location in absence of GPS with the help of proposed implementation. In some cases like indoor location, the GPS tracker cannot locate exact position of a person or an object. GPS Tracker generally requires an open space with no roof on it. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) iBeacons that have to understand basically where this technology can be used or where it is useful. Basically, it is for an especially indoor location tracking of something movable or mobile without the use of a GPS Receiver. This proposed article is going to discuss the idea of making an Indoor location tracker using BLE and LoRa Technology along with IoT Dashboard through “The Things Network” (TTN) to know the position of the object or a person anywhere in the world

GPS-BASED TRACKING IN ARMAPS: THE EFFECT OF DEGREE SLANT SMARTPHONE TO DISPLAY AUGMENTED REALITY OBJECTS

This paper discusses the functionality testing of the augmented reality (AR) application, namely ARmaps. ARmaps is an AR application for directions that uses GPS-based tracking technology (GPS-based tracking). GPS-based tracking is one of the basic techniques in AR, which does not require special media to scan visual objects (marker-less) GPS-based tracking is used to display data digitally. Digital data displayed in the form of user location and directions. Based on the test results, it was found that there was an effect of the degree slant smartphone on the delay time in displaying 3D AR graphic objects. The test is done statically by adjusting the degree slant, namely acute, right-angle, and obtuse. Each test was carried out 30 times. Smartphones that support ARmaps performance should have an accelerometer, proximity, gyroscope, compass, A-GPS with Glonass and BDS sensors, as well as a camera. Smartphones that are placed with a large degree slant of 90o (obtuse angle) have a faster delay time in displaying 3D AR graphic objects, which is 12.7 seconds. This research becomes the basis for developing ARmaps as a guiding application (visualization guiding).

Improving understanding and management of the complex relationship between visitor motivations and spatial behaviors in parks and protected areas

Increases in use and changes in the behavior of visitors to parks and protected areas (PPAs) worldwide are challenging the ability of managers to provide for a quality visitor experience while also maintaining the integrity of natural resources. Understanding visitor motivations and spatial behaviors are important for effective management of PPA resources and visitor experiences, as differences in motivations and spatial behaviors can influence the distribution of impacts to a recreation landscape. However, the relationships between motivations and behaviors are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between motivations and spatial behavior patterns of recreationists within a system of urban and peri-urban PPAs in Orange County, California, USA. Data were collected using paired GPS-based tracking and visitor questionnaires. Factor analysis revealed seven primary motivations derived from a 36-item motivation scale, and classification of visitors by motivations suggests two primary types. A three-way Analysis of Variance examining the relationship between a suite of visitor spatial behaviors and activity type (mountain bike vs. pedestrian), motivation type, and recreation area visited showed that all three variables interacted to influence visitor spatial behavior patterns while recreating. A spatial analysis of visitor dispersion further illustrated these interactions. These results suggest that the relationship between visitor motivations and spatial behaviors is complex. Understanding the complexities of how motivations influence visitor spatial behavior can help land managers mitigate impacts and improve planning for outdoor recreation by predicting where use may increase, how visitors might behave, and highlight locations of future research.

Integrating Aspatial and Spatial Data to Improve Visitor Management: Pairing Visitor Questionnaires with Multiple Spatial Methodologies in Grand Teton National Park, WY, USA

Recent advances in geospatial technology resulted in GPS and GIS-based approaches becoming more common in visitor use management studies. Many of these studies focus on describing the spatial and temporal patterns and trends of use. While these descriptive data are useful, recent reviews of the recreation literature using GPS and GIS techniques suggest that spatial technologies should be linked to aspatial approaches – such as visitor surveys – to better understand the experiences and behaviors of visitors. However, these calls in the literature have not provided directions for how such an integration could be achieved in a way that is useful to both scientists and managers. This paper presents a multi-faceted methodological approach employed in a study of visitor use and experience at String and Leigh Lakes in Grand Teton National Park, WY. We used an intentional, integrated approach, where aspatial data was linked to three different types of spatial data to better understand the social and ecological environments of SLL and their influence on visitor experiences. Visitors completed questionnaires before and after their experience at SLL that were combined with GPS-based tracking data. We related both the survey results and GPS tracking data to a GIS analysis of mapped, biophysical user-created resource impacts. We also paired spatial-aspatial data in an experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of visitor messaging. The deliberate combination of aspatial and spatial data allowed us to investigate site-specific management concerns and theory-based questions. We found that paired spatial-aspatial data provided a more nuanced understanding of the relationships between the social, experiential, and biophysical factors measured in our study. Overall, this paper provides a method for thoughtfully integrating GPS and GIS-based techniques with questionnaires in a way that contributes to both the science and management of visitor use in parks and protected areas.

Design and performance of cylindrical-parabolic solar collectors with different control systems

ABSTRACT In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of GPS based and fuzzy logic controller-based solar tracking systems were determined and compared. For comparison, the four-cell cylindrical-parabolic solar collector was designed and tested. Then, half of the cells followed the sun with GPS-based solar tracking system, the other half followed the sun with fuzzy logic-based solar tracking system. In the GPS-based solar tracking system, the global coordinates and date-time information obtained from GPS were calculated using the mathematical formulas of the solar motion axis geometry with the “Arduino UNO” controller, and the cells followed the sun. Fuzzy logic-based solar tracking system was designed by using “Waijung Blocksets” and cells followed the sun with “STM32F4 Discovery” controller. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that solar tracking system using fuzzy logic controller is advantageous compared to GPS-based solar tracking system. Since the system using the fuzzy logic controller moves according to the data it receives from the sensors, it shows less angle error, whereas this error is higher in GPS-based system. According to the experimental results, the error averages of the fuzzy system are 0.659 and 0.415, and the error average of the gps system is 1.278 and 0.876.

An Investigation into the Relationship Between Heart Rate Recovery in Small-Sided Games and Endurance Performance in Male, Semi-professional Soccer Players

BackgroundThe ability to recover in the shortest possible time plays an important role especially in intermittent sports such as soccer. Evidence suggests that a well-developed endurance performance has positive effects on the repeated-sprint ability and thus also on the short-term recovery. However, it has not been clarified whether these relationships still exist in a soccer-specific situation. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the ability of semi-professional soccer players to recover during standardized small-sided games (SSGs) as an endurance performance indicator.MethodsEighteen male semi-professional soccer players (age, 23.5 ± 3.7 years) performed an incremental treadmill test (ITT) to determine their running velocity and heart rate at a fixed lactate threshold of 4 mmol L−1 (v4). Two days later, the players carried out six bouts of 4 vs. 4 SSGs (duration, 90 s; load to rest ratio, 1:1). A GPS-based tracking system was used to determine distances covered at four fixed speed zones (i.e., < 7.2 km/h, 7.2–14.4 km/h, 14.4–19.8 km/h, > 19.8 km/h) and total distance covered during the SSGs. Furthermore, the frequency of occurrence of accelerations (> 1.54 m s−2) was calculated. SSGs’ internal load was quantified by average heart rate and blood lactate concentration after the SSGs. Their recovery ability was evaluated using heart rate recovery (HRR) after the last bout of the SSGs.ResultsA very large correlation (r = − .91) with an explained variance of 84% was found between HRR and v4. Further, a better performance in the ITT was also related with a higher number of accelerations executed during SSGs (r = .60). The total distance and distances in predefined speed zones did not show any association to v4.ConclusionsThis study showed a strong relationship between HRR after standardized 4 vs. 4 SSGs and the soccer players’ endurance performance in a laboratory setting. Thus, besides being associated with endurance capacity, v4 seems sufficient to evaluate the sport-specific ability to recover in soccer players.

DESIGN SMART MINE EXERCISE POSITIONING USING GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

Marine mines are one of the supporters in securing the marine region of NKRI. In relation to marine mines, the Navy has mapped mines to the territorial waters. The importance of mine site mapping information aims to prevent landmines from being a feeding weapon for the NAVY's Alutsista. In realizing a mine-site mapping and location system that can provide geo-location information for mines using Arduino devices. Build your exercise Smart mine positioning using Global Positioning System (GPS) Neo-M6. A study in providing latitude and longitude location information is packaged using a GPS module that is connected to the Arduino processing device to obtain the location coordinates of the latitude and longitude mines. Test results of GPS-based location tracking devices are obtained by the results of location data in latitude and longitude formats. Smart Mine location identification, can be applied using GPS based on the results of the design and creation of the system that has been done. Location displacement speed calculations can be obtained by calculating the starting location with the updated location in a time span and converting to a unit of distance. Based on the results of the speed test can be obtained even if the device's location position is unchanged, this is due to the GPS data always changing due to the level of position accuracy obtained from satellites. The use of the Neo-M6 GPS can be applied to the latitude and longitude location identification systems acquired a relatively small error value with an average satellite number obtained by as much as 8 satellites. The use of the Neo-M6 GPS, to get GPS data from satellites is a long time, the problem of GPS gets satellite data due to the less supportive weather conditions.&#x0D; Keyword: GPS Neo-m6, Arduino Mega 2560, weather.

Development of GPS-based Tracking System to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Tillage using Four-wheel Tractor

The objective of this study was to present the development of GPS-based tracking system to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage using a four-wheel tractor. The system is composed of a location acquisition, using GPS (iGPSport), and data analysis for estimating the tractor trajectories and effectiveness of tillage by measuring the overlap during the tillage. The laboratory stage experiment was conducted to validate the system by measuring the specified size of the field and tractor trajectories. The performance evaluation of the system was done by measuring the displacement error of actual trajectories and the estimated one. The system was also tested for the actual tillage operation using a four-wheel tractor, Daedong Kioti RX7210, in two locations in Yogyakarta: Pajangan, and Moyudan. The tractor tracking system was developed based on GPS for estimating the tractor trajectory path and operation width distance (l) after the operation as tillage effectiveness evaluation by the evaluation of overlap and untillage land systematically using the tracking system. The system performance evaluation in the actual field for tillage operation using the four-wheel tractor in Moyudan and Pajangan shows that the RMSE < 50 cm, and the MAPE < 24% with R2 > 0.7. Overall performance of the tracking system, it could be used to estimate the behavior of tillage operation.

Physical workload and glycemia changes during football matches in adolescents with type 1 diabetes can be comparable

AimsTo analyze physical performance and diabetes-related outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) during two semi-competitive football matches utilising precise physical activity monitoring.MethodsThe study was conducted during an annual summer camp for adolescents with T1DM. After physical examination and glycated hemoglobin measurement, 16 adolescent players completed Cooper’s 12-min running test and, in the following days, took part in two football matches while wearing heart rate (HR) monitors coupled with global positioning system (GPS) tracking.ResultsBoth matches were comparable in terms of covered distances, number of sprints, achieved velocities and heart rate responses. During both games, capillary blood lactate increased significantly (Match 1: 1.75 ± 0.16–6.13 ± 1.73 mmol/l; Match 2: 1.77 ± 0.18–3.91 ± 0.63 mmol/l, p = 0.004). No significant differences in blood glucose were observed between the matches (p = 0.83) or over each match (p = 0.78). Clinically significant hypoglycemia (< 54 mg/dl) occurred in two children during the first match. None of the players experienced severe hypoglycemia. Despite similar workloads, players consumed significantly less carbohydrates during Match 2 [median difference: − 20 g (25–75%: − 40 to 0), p = 0.006].ConclusionsHR monitoring and GPS-based tracking can effectively parameterize physical activity during a football match. In T1DM patients, exercise workload and glycemic changes during similar matches are comparable, which provides an opportunity to develop individual recommendations for players with T1DM.

Enhanced sprint performance analysis in soccer: New insights from a GPS-based tracking system.

The aim of this investigation was to establish the validity of a GPS-based tracking system (Polar Team Pro System, PTPS) for estimating sprint performance and to evaluate additional diagnostic indices derived from the temporal course of the movement velocity. Thirty-four male soccer players (20 ± 4 years) performed a 20 m sprint test measured by timing gates (TG), and while wearing the PTPS. To evaluate the relevance of additional velocity-based parameters to discriminate between faster and slower athletes, the median-split method was applied to the 20-m times. Practical relevance was estimated using standardized mean differences (d) between the subgroups. Differences between the criterion reference (TG) and PTPS for the 10 and 20 m splits did not vary from zero (dt10: -0.01 ± 0.07 s, P = 0.7, d < -0.1; dt20: -0.01 ± 0.08 s, P = 0.4, d < -0.2). Although subgroups revealed large differences in their sprint times (d = -2.5), the average accelerations between 5 and 20 km/h as well as 20 and 25 km/h showed merely small effects (d < 0.5). Consequently, analyses of velocity curves derived from PTPS may help to clarify the occurrence of performance in outdoor sports. Thus, training consequences can be drawn which contribute to the differentiation and individualization of sprint training.