GPS Antenna Research Articles

Design of Compact Size Tri-Band Stacked Patch Antenna for GPS and IRNSS

Design of Compact Size Tri-Band Stacked Patch Antenna for GPS and IRNSS

Design of Compact Size Tri-Band Stacked Patch Antenna for GPS and IRNSS

Abstract: This paper introduces a low-profile, compact tri-band microstrip patch antenna designed for GPS and IRNSS applications. The proposed antenna operates at frequencies of 1.57 GHz, 1.22 GHz, and 1.77 GHz. The antenna configuration consists of a patch antenna with a slip slot or manderline to generate three frequency bands while maintaining an acceptable radiation pattern. The focus of the study is to enhance the antenna's gain across all three frequency bands. This design aims to offer a versatile solution for navigation systems, leveraging the tri-band capability to accommodate different satellite signals and improve overall performance in GPS and IRNSS applications.

Dual-band GPS/LoRa antenna for internet of thing applications

This paper presents the design and characterization of a compact dual-band microstrip antenna for GPS and long range (LoRa) internet of thing (IoT) applications. The antenna operates at 868 MHz and 1.57 GHz and has a gain of 3.35 dBi and 5.08 dBi, respectively. The antenna design is optimized using CST microwave studio software (MWS®), and both simulation and measurement results are in close agreement. The antenna features a directional E-plane and omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern in each band of operation. The proposed antenna’s compact size and dual-band capability make it suitable for IoT applications that require GPS and LoRa communication in a small form factor. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed antenna design.

Zero-Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency in [(Mg0.6Zn0.4)0.95Co0.05]1.02TiO3.02-Ca0.6(La0.9Y0.1)0.2667TiO3 Ultra-Low-Loss Composite Dielectrics

Investigating the microwave dielectric properties of ceramics prepared through the conventional solid-state route, such as x[(Mg0.6Zn0.4)0.95Co0.05]1.02TiO3.02-(1−x)Ca0.6(La0.9Y0.1)0.2667TiO3, reveals notable characteristics. [(Mg0.6Zn0.4)0.95Co0.05]1.02TiO3.02 shows a permittivity (εr) of approximately 20, a high quality factor (Q × f) ranging between 250,000 and 560,000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of approximately −65 ppm/°C. To enhance the temperature stability, Ca0.6(La0.9Y0.1)0.2667TiO3 featuring a τf value of +374 ppm/°C was incorporated into the [(Mg0.6Zn0.4)0.95Co0.05]1.02TiO3.02 composition. τf demonstrated an increase with rising Ca0.6(La0.9Y0.1)0.2667TiO3 content, reaching zero at x = 0.95. A ceramic composition of 0.95[(Mg0.6Zn0.4)0.95Co0.05]1.02TiO3.02-0.05Ca0.6(La0.9Y0.1)0.2667TiO3, incorporating 3wt.% BaCu(B2O5) as sintering aids, exhibited outstanding microwave dielectric properties: εr~22.5, Q × f~195,000 (at 9 GHz), and τf~0.1ppm/°C, with a sintering temperature at 950 °C. This material is proposed as a prospective candidate for 6G band components and GPS antennas.

SMART CANE WITH OBSTACLES DETECTION

The project describes ultrasonic blind walking stick with the use of Arduino. According to World Health Organisation, 30 million peoples are permanently blind and 285 billion peoples with vision impairment. If u notice them, you can very well know about it they can’t walk without the help of other. One has to ask guidance to reach their destination. They have to face more struggles in their life daily life. Using this blind stick, a person can walk more confidently. This stick detects the object in front of the person and give response to the user by vibrating. So, the person can walk without any fear. This device will be best solution to overcome their difficulties. Generally, blind people use a traditional cane (known as white cane) for moving from one place to another. Activities like walking down the road, knowing and recognizing the presence of an obstacle in front of them, reading road signs etc. We represent a model of walking stick for blind people. This consists of GPS module, GPS Antenna, Arduino, ultrasonic sensor and buzzer. This stick can detect place and obstacles. The system employs a point-by-point approach to analyze the surrounding environment, providing real-time feedback to the user. Blind people consists of a large group of people in our society. Losing their eyesight has caused them inconvenience in performing daily tasks. Hence, smart cane had been developed in order to increase the life quality of a blind person. The purpose of this project is to design a smart cane with ultrasonic sensor and global system for mobile (GSM) for the blind. This embedded system mainly has mobility. For mobility system, it is equipped with ultrasonic sensor, HCSR04 and vibrating motor. Ultrasonic sensor will send the trigger pulse to detect obstacles. When an obstacle is detected, signals will be sent to vibrating motor and activate it. The vibrating motor will vibrate with different strengths according to the distance of the obstacle. The microcontroller used in this embedded system is Arduino UNO. The prototype of smart cane was built to increase the mobility of the blind people. Keywords— Signal processing, Internet of things, Ultrasonic sensor, visual impaired people

Development of real-time navigation system for laparoscopic hepatectomy using magnetic micro sensor

Background We report a new real-time navigation system for laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH), which resembles a car navigation system. Material and methods Virtual three-dimensional liver and body images were reconstructed using the “New-VES” system, which worked as roadmap during surgery. Several points of the patient’s body were registered in virtual images using a magnetic position sensor (MPS). A magnetic transmitter, corresponding to an artificial satellite, was placed about 40 cm above the patient’s body. Another MPS, corresponding to a GPS antenna, was fixed on the handling part of the laparoscope. Fiducial registration error (FRE, an error between real and virtual lengths) was utilized to evaluate the accuracy of this system. Results Twenty-one patients underwent LH with this system. Mean FRE of the initial five patients was 17.7 mm. Mean FRE of eight patients in whom MDCT was taken using radiological markers for registration of body parts as first improvement, was reduced to 10.2 mm (p = .014). As second improvement, a new MPS as an intraoperative body position sensor was fixed on the right-sided chest wall for automatic correction of postural gap. The preoperative and postoperative mean FREs of 8 patients with both improvements were 11.1 mm and 10.1 mm (p = .250). Conclusions Our system may provide a promising option that virtually guides LH.

Correction: Preparation of phase-pure MgTiO3 microwave dielectric ceramics for GPS antenna application

Correction for ‘Preparation of phase-pure MgTiO3 microwave dielectric ceramics for GPS antenna application’ by Dhananjay Mali et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 15101–15111, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC02724H.

Preparation of phase pure MgTiO3 microwave dielectric ceramic for GPS antenna application

MgTiO3 is an important dielectric material used in microwave applications. However, it is difficult to preserve its phase purity during calcination and sintering limiting its applications and demanding addition of...

Dual-Feed Shared-Radiator Metal-Frame Full-Screen Mobile Phone Antenna for GPS and LTE Bands With a Dual-Function Capacitor

Dual-Feed Shared-Radiator Metal-Frame Full-Screen Mobile Phone Antenna for GPS and LTE Bands With a Dual-Function Capacitor

Lab and Field Tests of a Low‐Cost 3‐Component Seismometer for Shallow Passive Seismic Applications

AbstractWe performed laboratory tests and field surveys to evaluate the performance of a low‐cost 3‐component seismometer, consisting of three passive electromagnetic spring‐mass sensors, whose 4.5 Hz natural frequency is extended down to 0.5 Hz thanks to hyper damping. Both lab and field datasets show that the −3 dB band of the seismometer ranges approximately from 0.7 to 39 Hz, in agreement with the nominal specifications. Median magnitude frequency response curves obtained from processing field data indicate that lower corner of the −3 dB band could be extended down to 0.55 Hz and the nominal sensitivity may be overestimated. Lab results confirm the non‐linear behavior of the passive spring‐mass sensor expected for high‐level input signals (a few to tens of mm/s) and field data confirm relative timing accuracy is ±10 ms (1 sample). We found that absolute timing of data collected with USB GPS antennas can be affected by lag as large as +0.5 s. By testing two identical units, we noticed that there could be differences around 0.5 dB (i.e., about 6%) between the components of the same unit as well as between the same component of the two units. Considering shallow passive seismic applications and mainly focusing on unstable slope monitoring, our findings show that the tested seismometer is able to identify resonance frequencies of unstable rock pillars and to generate interferograms that can be processed to estimate subsurface velocity variations.

Effect of Sr2+doping on the microwave dielectric properties of BaZrO3 ceramics

ABSTRACT In this study, undoped and Sr2+ doped BaZrO3 ceramics were prepared by solid-state reaction using 3 wt-% B2O3 as sintering aid. The phase composition and microstructure of BaZrO3 were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that introducing an appropriate amount of Sr2+ makes BaZrO3 ceramics Q × f value and density increase. In addition, the dielectric constant of BaZrO3 ceramics increases with the increase of Sr2+ addition. With excellent microwave dielectric properties, ϵ r = 34.17 and Q × f value of 39,070 GHz(@ 7.8 GHz) τf = + 140 ppm/°C were obtained in 6 at.-% Sr2+ doped BaZrO3 with 3 wt-% B2O3 sintering aid at 1275°C for 5 h. Using this material as the medium, the simulation of GPS antenna by HFSS software shows that this material has the potential to be used as the antenna medium material.

Development of Path Generation and Algorithm for Autonomous Combine Harvester Using Dual GPS Antenna

Research on autonomous driving technology is actively underway to solve the facing problems in the agricultural field. Combine harvesters used in East Asian countries, including Korea, are tracked-type vehicles. The steering control system of the tracked vehicle has different characteristics from the wheeled vehicle used in the agricultural tractor. In this paper, a dual GPS antenna-based autonomous driving system and path tracking algorithm were developed for a robot combine harvester. An α-turn-type work path generation algorithm and a path tracking algorithm were developed. The developed system and algorithm were verified through experiments using actual combine harvesters. The experiment consisted of an experiment with harvesting work and an experiment without harvesting work. In the experiment without harvesting work, an error of 0.052 m occurred during working driving and 0.207 m during turning driving. In the experiment where the harvesting work was carried out, an error of 0.038 m occurred during work driving and 0.195 m during turning driving. As a result of comparing the non-work area and driving time to the results of manual driving, the self-driving experiment with harvesting work showed an efficiency of 76.7%.

IoT Based Monitoring System for Mobility Control of Dairy Cattle in Indonesia

Providing appropriate space for movement is one of the best ways needed to increase cows’ comfort in optimizing their productivity. Currently, several farms have made some changes to the housing system by implementing a free-stall housing system. The system makes the cows more comfortable to rest and do activities because they are not tied up. Due to the large number of cows that are kept, sometimes farmers find it difficult to detect the health condition of each cow individually. Hence, an early detection system is needed to control and monitor cattle activity. The study aimed to develop a monitoring system at the free stall barn farm based on the internet of things. The method used for the study adopted the steps in the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Microcontroller-based dairy cow mobility monitoring tool built with NodeMCU ESP8266, GPS sensor, 5v booster, 18650 battery and housing to protect all components. All components used cables with the provisions of the NodeMCU ESP8266 as the tool control centre, GPS sensor as a coordinate point reader, battery as a voltage source, and 5v voltage booster as a component that controls the tool and controls the power off or on. The tool works by getting a power source from the battery and then displaying all the components. The GPS antenna will search for satellites to determine the coordinates of the tool and the coordinate point information will be sent to the NodeMCU ESP8266. When the GPS antenna searches for coordinates, the NodeMCU ESP8266 will look for a WiFi connection in it to then be able to access the internet and send information from the GPS sensor to the hosting website.

Improvement of Hexacopter UAVs Attitude Parameters Employing Control and Decision Support Systems.

Today, there is a conspicuous upward trend for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially in the field of multirotor drones. Their advantages over fixed-wing aircrafts are that they can hover, which allows their usage in a wide range of remote surveillance applications: industrial, strategic, governmental, public and homeland security. Moreover, because the component market for this type of vehicles is in continuous growth, new concepts have emerged to improve the stability and reliability of the multicopters, but efficient solutions with reduced costs are still expected. This work is focused on hexacopter UAV tests carried out on an original platform both within laboratory and on unrestricted open areas during the start-stop manoeuvres of the motors to verify the operational parameters, hover flight, the drone stability and reliability, as well as the aerodynamics and robustness at different wind speeds. The flight parameters extracted from the sensor systems' comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, barometers, GPS antenna and EO/IR cameras were analysed, and adjustments were performed accordingly, when needed. An FEM simulation approach allowed an additional decision support platform that expanded the experiments in the virtual environment. Finally, practical conclusions were drawn to enhance the hexacopter UAV stability, reliability and manoeuvrability.

Spherical near-field measurement of the offset vehicle antenna mounted on a vehicle

For the vehicle antenna measurement mounting on a vehicle, the offset mounting of the antenna will increase the maximum spherical wave expansion modes, with the increasing calculation time and the increasing risk of introducing environmental reflection noise. Therefore, basing on the matrix form of the traditional spherical wave expansion (TSWE) algorithm, this paper introduces the offset spherical wave expansion (OSWE) algorithm of the offset mounting antenna under test (AUT) aiming to decrease the maximum modes, shorten the calculation time and reduce the environmental noise with the method of spherical wave expansion. Taking LTE antenna and GPS antenna as examples, this paper analyzes the improved performance of OSWE algorithm comparing with TSWE algorithm on the vehicle antenna mounting on a vehicle, as well as the parameters like equivalent noise level (ENL), omnidirectional standard deviation (σ).

ANALISIS INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX (IRI) TERHADAP NILAI TINGKAT KERUSAKAN RUAS JALAN NASIONAL PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT TAHUN 2020

The International Roughness Index (IRI) or the international index of road roughness is an international index that shows the roughness of the road surface in units of m/km. The IRI score measurement is divided into 4 (four) classes, namely class 1 (one), class 2 (two), class 3 (three) and class 4 (four). The IRI value measurement in West Kalimantan Province in 2020 uses one of the class 3 (three) methods, namely the IRImeter 2 measuring tool. The IRImeter 2 tool is an automatic measurement system used in the road construction industry to measure, verify and map the road roughness index (IRI) with multiple surfaces consisting of an IRI sensor, block control, GPS antenna, USB cable and lighter socket. This study has the objective of analyzing and evaluating the International Roughness Index (IRI) on the 2020 Damage Level Value for the National Road Section of West Kalimantan Province. The method used in this research is calculating the IRI Average value, grouping the types of damage per segment based on the IRI value , calculating the stability value and handling based on the type or level of damage. The calculation results show that of the total length of 2153.16 km of national roads in West Kalimantan Province, 1222.13 km or 57% are in good condition, 777.28 km or 36% are in moderate condition, 68.15 km or 3.17% are in good condition. slightly damaged and 85.60 km or 3.98% in a heavily damaged condition. The level of stability level of the national road section of West Kalimantan Province is 1999.41 km or 92.86% in steady state and 153.75 or 7.14% in unsteady conditions.

Novel Integration of Geodetic and Geologic Methods for High‐Resolution Monitoring of Subsidence in the Mississippi Delta

AbstractLand‐surface subsidence is a major contributor to land loss in many river deltas. New approaches yielding high‐resolution data are needed to parse the relevant driving forces. In 2016, we established a novel “subsidence superstation” ∼2 km from the Mississippi River in coastal Louisiana (USA) to measure compaction in a global reference frame as a function of depth in Holocene sediments and deeper subsidence. The site features three borehole optical fiber strainmeters to obtain continuous records of displacement between ∼1.3 m below the surface and depths of ∼11, 25, and 38 m. These data are complemented by an adjacent station providing hydrologic data and near‐surface compaction. We also installed three GPS antennas, one of which is mounted to a rod cemented into the Pleistocene basement. A core from one of the boreholes provides insight into the sediment properties of the entire Holocene succession. Five years of records reveal the compaction rate in the material between 1.3 and 38 m is likely less than 0.25 mm/yr. The GPS records yield a subsidence rate of 2.5 mm/yr regardless of the depth of the anchor, thus corroborating the low compaction rates observed by the strainmeters. The new instrumental records show that current subsidence at this location is governed mostly by deformation of the Pleistocene or underlying strata rather than compaction of Holocene material, with the exception of the uppermost meter. The methodology represents an important new approach to mapping subsidence rates at varying depths, providing insight into the mechanisms governing delta subsidence.

Precise orbit determination and precision comparison for FY3C and FY3D with receiver antenna GPS and BDS PCV using spaceborne BDS and GPS observation data

The FY3C and FY3D satellites were equipped with global navigation satellite occultation detector (GNOS) receivers that received both GPS and BDS-2 signals. For further improving precise orbit determination (POD) precisions, we estimated receiver GPS and BDS signal phase center variations (PCV) models with 2° and 5° resolutions and set the different weights for GPS and BDS-2 observations in the combined POD. The BDS-based POD precision using BDS-2 satellite antenna phase center offset (PCO) values from the China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO) are not as accurate as those obtained from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Multi-GNSS experiments project (MGEX). The estimated receiver GPS and BDS PCV models with 2° and 5° resolutions were estimated from the GPS phase residuals of GPS-based POD and BDS phase residuals of combined POD, respectively. In most cases, the POD precisions using the estimated PCVs with 2° resolution are superior to those with 5° resolution. The precisions of the BDS-based POD and combined POD were both improved by introducing the receiver BDS PCV models. The weighting for GPS and BDS-2 observations can further improve the precision of the combined POD. The tested results of selected weights are better than those with equal weight in the combined POD. The experiment results show that orbital precisions of FY3C are worse than those of FY3D.

Development of a flexible antenna-wristband for wearable wrist-worn infocommunication devices of the LTE standard

The object of research is the process of radiation of electromagnetic waves from a flexible antenna-wristband. The subject of research is the wave parameters and directional properties of a flexible antenna-wristband. The existing problem is that it is necessary to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of the radio frequency units of the wrist-worn infocommunication device. This problem is due to the fact that LTE/NB-IoT, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, and GPS antennas must be placed inside the small-sized case of the infocommunication device. To solve this problem, let’s propose a simple and cheap version of a broadband flexible bracelet antenna for LTE networks, located outside the device case. As a basis for the development of a flexible antenna-wristband, the authors chose a patch antenna, which is the base of the theory of microstrip antennas. This is due to the fact that the theoretical material is well developed for the calculation and study of the patch antenna. Structurally, a patch antenna consists of an upper metal layer that emits electromagnetic waves, a solid dielectric base, and a lower metal layer that acts as a reflector. With the classical approach to constructing a patch antenna, the width and length of its upper layer are commensurate, and its lower metal layer has geometric dimensions much larger than the upper metal layer. In contrast to the classical design, the authors proposed a new shape of the patch antenna, in which the length of the upper layer of the radiation surface is much greater than its width (5–6 times), and the lower metal layer has dimensions slightly larger than the dimensions of the upper layer. The authors have developed a flexible antenna-wristband for the frequency range of 800–1300 MHz with a wave impedance of 50 ohms, 118.7×23 mm of the upper metal layer, and 124.7×25 mm of the lower metal layer. The length of the microstrip feed line of the antenna is 54.6 mm, its width is 2 mm, and the length of the insert is 51.6 mm. The flexible antenna-wristband is connected to the printed circuit board of the infocommunication device by soldering or using a mini-coaxial cable. The authors developed an experimental layout of a flexible antenna-wristband and studied its wave and directional properties. It has been established that in the frequency range 800–1300 MHz the voltage standing wave ratio coefficient of this antenna does not exceed 3.5. The flexible antenna-wristband has directional properties, which allows reducing the level of electromagnetic radiation in the direction of the human body.

Truncated Patch Antenna with two Different Substrate Materials for GPS Application

In the wireless communication technology, the microstrip patch antenna has gained an intensive application due to their light weight, small size, easy reproduction, and integration ability with circuitry. Therefore, this research presents the work in designing planar microstrip patch antenna for GPS using microstrip line feed that can operate at 1.575 GHz with corresponding polarization. Furthermore, analysis done on a two different substrate that is Taconic TLC-32 and FR-4 with dielectric constant 3.2 and 4.3 respectively. Comparison is done among these two different substrates which use microstrip feed line, feeding insect and truncated two opposite edged of the squared patch. The performance of the patch antenna is demonstrated by the simulated bandwidth, return loss, gain and radiation pattern. From the study, shows that the antenna that used RF-4 substrate has a better performance and have a smaller size compared to Taconic TLC-32. The results show that simulated and measured resonate frequency for return loss is -14.60 and -14.15 dB at 1.575 GHz. It is also by implementing the feeding insect technique, it could improve the performance of antenna. Both simulated and experimental result shows that the prototype has good performance, and it is suitable for GPS application