Governance Rules Research Articles

Prospects, dilemmas and ways of the rule of law for digital commerce in the framework of the Belt and Road

Global digital transformation and fundamental changes in the management system open up new opportunities for the development of digital trade along the Belt and Road. The Digital Silk Road received a new mission and task, attracted active attention and broad participation of the countries located along the Belt and Road. In the process of developing digital trade along the Belt and Road, certain dilemmas must be overcome during the construction of the Digital Silk Road. These include problems such as the imbalance in the value of the global digital order, the deregulation of international rules of digital governance and large differences in the regional development of the Belt and Road. Guiding and promoting the construction of digital trade along the Belt and Road in compliance with the rule of law principle, as well as promoting the development of digital rule of law in various countries through the Belt and Road digital trade is of great importance for promoting the qualitative development of digital trade along the «Belts and Paths». Specific ways include: creating a rule of law framework for a «Digital Community of One Destiny», establishing rule of law rules for global digital governance and promoting mutual trust in the rule of law in multilateral cooperation, etc.

Pre and post impact of GST on medicines: Retailers’ perspective

GST is known as the Goods and Service Tax levied to improve economic condition of nation. The implementations of GST have impact on the entire sector including the pharmaceutical industries. The GST Rates for medicines were decided by the GST council. GST is levied under 5 different rates, namely NIL, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28% based on the HSN code of the item. The general statement is GST is positively impact on the Indian Pharmaceutical Industries via the four different taxes levied on the medicines and it reduced the cost of production and it helps to business daily operations. Retailers are supplying medicine to the ultimate customers from manufacturers; but the medicine retailers’ survival depends on Government rules and regulation. To trace out the reliability of the statement “GST makes some positive impact and some negative impacts” the researchers have chosen the research area entitled “Pre and Post Impact of GST on Medicines: Retailers’ Perspective”. The researchers to attain the objectives, the primary data collected from 67 retailers by adopting Convenient Sampling method with help of structural questionnaire. Garrett Ranking Techniques has been adopted to prove the result qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Social and solidarity economy in the cultural field: governance as a transforming lever? A comparison between three French organizations

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the “crafts” of governance within social and solidarity economy (SSE) cultural organizations, considering formal and informal rules, to support their project of democratization of arts and culture and more generally of cultural democracy. The hypothesis is that it is through participatory and democratic governance that SSE can have a transformative role.Design/methodology/approachThis paper builds upon a qualitative, multiple case study of three SSE organizations in the performing arts and audiovisual production in France. Although different in age, size and legal form, they all experiment a more participative governance system, not without tensions, to face deep institutional changes in their environment.FindingsThe results show that legal forms from the SSE are necessary safeguards but not sufficient to effectively implement a democratic governance beyond the “one member, one vote” principle. Democratic governance is supported by both formal and informal rules. By experimenting with innovative participative and democratic governance rules, these organizations contribute to the transformation of practices in the cultural field (democratization of art and culture) but also in society at large by fostering cultural democracy.Research limitations/implicationsBuilding upon three case studies, this exploratory work stresses important issues that are worth to explore on a larger scale to understand by which levers SSE can play a transformative role in the cultural field.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature on SSE and on governance by enlarging the analysis beyond the board of directors and the statutory rules. Applying the approach of collective action and reasonable values developed by Commons to SSE, it shows that participatory governance cannot be based on an ideal or a choice of preestablished values and principles but must leave room for creativity and representations of stakeholders not only to support transformation of practices within the cultural field but also externally by increasing cultural democracy.

Progress of Shree Janta Co-Operative Bank in Halol Taluka (Reference of N. P. A.)

The word bank originated from the Italian word ‘banco’ means desk/bench. The bank is the financial institute that received the deposit as money and provides finance in different projects and activities. In simple word we can say that bank provide the financial service to its customer and make the investor in profit. As time passes and as per the place financial activities of bank are changing as per the government rules. In financial market, the bank is the major part to perform its role. The bank provides the service of investing amount to earn interest and give the loan to earn interest in the market.

Stereotip Peran Gender di Jaman Edo dalam Drama Asa ga Kita

The Edo Period (1868-1912) was the era when Japan was under the rule of a class government or military group. The class system is also a feature of the Edo Period, known as the Shi-Nou-Kou-Sho system. The highest class is samurai or the military, while the lowest class is merchant. Those from the merchant class usually marry the merchant class in an arranged marriage system. Merchant class women had arranged marriages since they were children. The research in this study is how society views women who work in the Edo period, through the drama analysis unit Asa ga Kita. The theory used is Linda Brannon's theory of gender stereotypes.

A Statistical Survey on the Socioeconomic and Demographic Livelihood of Brick Kiln Workers: A Case Study of Bahawalpur District, Punjab, Pakistan

The working population at the brick kilns is considered as the people living under poverty line. This study aims to investigate the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and housing and living conditions of the brick kiln workers in Bahawalpur district. Total 20 kilns were visited in 5 tehsils of the district as sample sites. A questionnaire was designed and a field survey was conducted by using simple random sampling techniques to collect the data of 400 workers from 20 brick kilns. The quantitative analysis was performed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 21 by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that majority of the workers and heads of working households were male (85.75% and 97.5% in rural and urban kilns respectively) and Saraiki speaking (70%) belonged to Muhajir, Ranagr and Khokhar castes. The early age (14-18 years) marriages were common among the workers especially among the females. Dependency ratio of the kiln workers was 37.6% including mostly the children and aged. Dominant share of the kiln workers (70-80%) were illiterate and very few were literate from primary to intermediate level. The workers’ income varied between PKR 11,000 to 15,000 which was lower than the average wage (PKR 25,000) as per the government rules. Brick moulders and soil suppliers were the main occupants at kilns. Most of the workers were resided in their own houses (1 or 2 rooms) made with kacha (mud made) material. Although various facilities were available to the workers at brick kilns but they have no proper access to safe drinking water (80%), accident risk facility (0%) and first aid (0%) crucial for their health. The chi-square results also verify the miserable social and economic life of the kiln workers. Thus, these facts demonstrated that kiln workers led a meagre life style. This work will serve as a reminder to authorities, planners and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to take action to improve the living conditions of kiln workers. Lastly, few suggestions were proposed to uplift the lives of the kiln workers.

ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATION LEVEL AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SERAYU RIVER WATER, INDONESIA

Diverse community activities along the river can alter water quality, particularly heavy metal pollution, which can negatively affect public health. This study examines the contamination and distribution of heavy metal sources in the Serayu River, one of the longest and largest rivers in Central Java Province in Indonesia. Along the Serayu River, water samples were obtained from 18 distinct sampling points. Heavy metals content in water samples was measured for lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, cobalt, iron and manganese. Pb, Cr and Ni Concentrations have surpassed government rule No. 22 of 2021 regarding quality criteria in several locations. The contamination factor (CF) determines the level of heavy metal pollution in the Serayu River. The average value of CF, from highest to lowest, is as follows: Pb (2.03); Ni (0.24); Cr (0.24); Fe (0.21); Mn (0.10); Co (0.04); Cd (0.04); As (0.02). The modified degree of contamination (MCD) suggests that the bulk of river water falls into moderate contamination. Agricultural practices in the upper reaches of the Serayu River are regarded as the primary source of surpassing the quality level. Multivariate statistical analyses, namely principal component analysis (PCA), pearson correlation matrix and cluster analysis (CA), revealed that most heavy metals originated from various human activities. Pb, Cr and Ni were primarily derived from agricultural activities, whereas Cd, Co and Mn were primarily derived from industrial, agricultural, settlements and tourism. As and Fe are primarily derived from mining. The alternative recommendation for contamination recovery is the application of biochar which is economically affordable material to be applied in the river.

How does the digital economy impact sustainable development? —An empirical study from China

With the rapid advancement of contemporary information technology, the profound amalgamation of the digital and real economy bestows a novel impetus to attain sustainable development. This study constructs the Cobb-Douglas production function from the perspective of cost minimization and combines it with the new economic geography to explore the internal relationships among the digital economy, industrial agglomeration, and sustainable development. Based on panel data from 30 Chinese provinces spanning 2015 to 2021, this study establishes a time-fixed effects model, a mediation effect model, and Shapley Additive Explanations, thereby analyzing the impact and action path of the digital economy on sustainable development and investigating the heterogeneity in regional and industrial agglomeration patterns. These findings indicate that digital economy has a significant positive effect on sustainable development. Industrial agglomeration is an important way for the digital economy to promote sustainable development. Simultaneously, an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between digital economy and industrial agglomeration. Furthermore, the positive effect of the digital economy on sustainable development in the eastern and western regions is more significant than in the northeastern and central regions, and the effect of specialized agglomeration is significantly better than that of diversified agglomeration. Therefore, applying industrial agglomeration and perfecting digital economic laws and regulations and governance rules should be used to give full play to the digital dividend, promote sustainable development, and realize the harmonious development of the economy, society, and environment.

State High School Religious Education Teachers ‘Strategies in Minimizing the Occupation of Interreligious Marriages in the Regency of North Minahasa

Marriage is said to be valid in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia if it is performed according to their respective religions as regulated in Law Number 16 of 2019 amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 Concerning Marriage, in Article 2 paragraph (1) which reads "Marriage is lawful, if it is carried out according to the laws of each religion and belief.” However, in reality, there are also many interfaith marriages, either through marriages abroad or through efforts to find legal loopholes. If there are interfaith marriages, this occurs partly due to a lack of knowledge and education when the perpetrators of the marriage are still in school. This research seeks to see the strategies used by Islamic Religious Education teachers in North Minahasa Regency which are considered successful in minimizing the occurrence of interfaith marriages in this region. This research is field research with a qualitative approach and is descriptive-analytical. The results showed that the success of PAI teachers in minimizing interfaith marriages was by implementing two main strategies, namely broadening students' horizons and monitoring and guidance. In broadening students' insights, debgab teaches the concept of responsibility and students' abilities before marriage, explaining religious and government rules that must be obeyed so they are not seen as violating. Meanwhile, the monitoring and guidance strategy is carried out in a limited way for students who are seen as having an affair through dating in the environment of students who are of different religions by identifying the factors that cause this relationship. From the research, it is known that if interfaith marriages occur, then environmental factors are very dominant even though there are also family and behavioral factors but not too significant.

Changes and Reactions in the Fundamental Issues of Hungarian Company Law – Contributions to International Trends in Legal Regulation, Liability and Corporate Governance1

Throughout the first decades of the 21st century there have been numerous traditional and modern impacts on Hungarian company law. As a result of the codification of Hungarian civil law, the Civil Code of 2013 incorporated the previously effective substantive legal regulations of company law. Prior to this, Hungarian company law had undergone several modifications, beginning with the change of regime in 1989, through the years of its preparation to join the European Union, and during the initial phases of digitalization. Some more recent influences are, on the one hand, either international in origin (for instance: corporate governance, compliance), or, on the other hand, approaches taken from the legal debates on company law, which have evolved with the development of the law. Modern results demand both reconsideration and synthesis, in order to enable company law to fulfil its duties and achieve its purpose. Company law, corporate governance, mandatory and default rules, liability of director, liability of member, Hungary, Hungarian Civil Code, comply or explain, invalidity of memorandum of association, business association.

Impact of forest governance and enforcement on deforestation and forest degradation at the district level: A study in West Bengal State, India

According to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the world loses 1.0 ​× ​106 ​hm2 forest land through deforestation annually. About 1.6 ​× ​106 people who depend on forests for livelihood are negatively affected by deforestation and forest degradation. The paper attempts to study the impact of forest governance, enforcement and socio-economic factors on deforestation and forest degradation at the local level in West Bengal State, India. The study was based on questionnaire survey data during 2020–2021 collected from three western districts (Purulia, Bankura, and Paschim Medinipur) where deforestation and poverty rates are higher than other districts in West Bengal State. The total number of selected villages was 29, and the total sample households were 693. A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data, and a questionnaire was followed. Forest governance and enforcement indices were constructed using United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) methodology and a step-wise logistic regression model was used to identify the factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation. The result of this study showed that four factors (illegal logging, weak forest administration, encroachment, and poverty) are identified for the causes of deforestation and forest degradation. It is observed that six indices of forest governance (rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, inclusiveness and equitability, and efficiency and effectiveness) is relatively high in Purulia District. Moreover, this study shows that Purulia and Bankura districts follow medium forest governance, while Paschim Medinipur District has poor forest governance. The enforcement index is found to be highest in Purulia District (0.717) and lowest for Paschim Medinipur District (0.257). Finally, weak forest governance, poor socio-economic conditions of the households, and weak enforcement lead to the deforestation and forest degradationin the study area. Therefore, governments should strengthen law enforcement and encourage sustainable forest certification schemes to combat illegal logging.

Institutional change in community-based management for organic labeling: a case study from a Participatory Guarantee System in France

This paper investigates how the process of institutional change shapes community-based organizations, by considering both formal and informal governance rules over several different periods. For this purpose, we examine how the community-based management of organic farming has changed in the past five decades. The French association, Nature & Progrès (N&P), adopted a “Participatory Guarantee System” (PGS) to monitor compliance with their organic standard, created in 1972. Yet, following the European regulation “Organic Agriculture” enforced in 1995, N&P was excluded from the public policy framework for organic farming, which was reserved for operators that were certified by a third party. Ostrom and Basurto’s (Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(3), 3, 2011) analytical tool is useful to describe the changes in collective rules. Drawing on original data collected from N&P, we examine how institutional changes in the European legislation have affected the governance of a community-based certification scheme. We focus on prescriptions that rely on internal or external sanction mechanisms and discuss the implications for enforcement. Our results show that the N&P structure has become an institutionalized PGS. N&P members have managed to build a complex governance system to certify organic products despite the European restriction on access to the organic label. However, the conformity system used by local groups is largely based on unwritten norms, which can cause confusion and conflicts between users, especially since PGS communities are “evolving communities.”

Corruption and Anti-corruption in Romanian Principalities: Rules of Government, Exceptions and Networks from 17th to 19th century

The present study reflects on the issue of corruption and anticorruption in Early Modern Moldavia and Wallachia. It disagrees with the opinion that corruption was a word without any meaning in the ancient Romanian social, political and juridical vocabulary. Consequently, it argues that corruption mattered; the main sources clearly attest that a multifaceted analysis of the corruption / anticorruption diptych is both possible and fruitful.

THE WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

The issue of waste management is presently a multifaceted challenge, necessitating a comprehensive approach for effective resolution. The waste management policy encompasses various levels of governance, including laws, government rules, regional regulations, and governor regulations. In line with this, Pangsan Village has developed village regulations pertaining to trash management. The prevailing technique in waste management involves a sequential progression from upstream to downstream. The implementation of an upstream strategy has been observed in Pangsan Village with the adoption of certain village ordinances pertaining to cleanliness, aesthetics, organisation, and environmental well-being. Nevertheless, the current state of waste management remains suboptimal due to the absence of regulations mandating garbage sorting by dealers, markets, and workshops. Similarly, the current downstream strategy is suboptimal due to the lack of waste bank regulation in the draught. However, this issue can be addressed by enhancing the draught village laws or by implementing a decision made by the village head.

Излечение здравоохранения: исторический опыт старых демократий и уроки для России

Contrary to widespread belief government-run Healthcare was not the first mass affordable solution for medical problems. Governmental healthcare has not caused main breakthroughs in the mortality decrease and significant increase in average life expectancy. Safeguards for private property and ironclad protection of personal rights and liberties caused modern economic growth phenomena, a rise in wealth, and unleashed scientific and technical progress. The rise in wealth and scientific progress were the principal reasons behind progress in medicine. Nowadays huge government spending and poor efficiency make unclear the overall impact of government-run healthcare on public health. The government's Famous attempts to protect drug consumers caused huge costs possibly outweighing their benefits. The foremost public concern ought to be the numerous ethical challenges of the governmental rule in Healthcare, the power usurped by healthcare officials to decide for and instead the patient his fate.

What will China do under the New Background of WTO Dispute Mechanism?

In the process of establishing a multilateral rule system, WTO (World Trade Organization) has always been an irreplaceable role, which can promote global economic development and provide a platform for resolving disputes. Nowadays, global economic and trade governance is multi-polar, and traditional governance rules are not enough to maintain the world economic order. There is an international recognition that the WTO is anachronistic and in need of reform. China, one of the world 's largest trading countries, for the sake of acclimatizing itself to the new changes in the global economic environment and respond to challenges as soon as possible, China must firmly safeguard the authority and effectiveness of the multilateral trading regime with the WTO as the core, and propel the recovery of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism actively. This paper mainly studies that the current WTO dispute settlement mechanism cannot play an effective role and therefore needs to be reformed. It also analyzes the crises and challenges that China faces in the new era, and gives suggestions for the crises and challenges. Finally, it calls for the current approach to dispute resolution to be through cooperation rather than conflict.

Consumer Dispute in Electronic Transactions: State Obligation and Dispute Settlement Under Indonesia Consumer Protection Law

Purpose: The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the extent of governmental obligations under consumer protection laws in Indonesia with regards to the resolution of consumer disputes. Methods/design/approach: The chosen research methodology used in this study was normative juridical, which included a comprehensive analysis of law, jurisprudence, and scholarly literature. This study adopts a statutory method, whereby legal materials such as Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, the Laws, the Civil Code, and other relevant laws and regulations are used as the legal foundation. Results: The issue pertaining to consumer settlement in electronic transactions is analogous to the broader context of consumer dispute resolution. The regulatory framework for addressing such concerns is delineated in Chapter X of The Consumer Protection Act. The regulations pertaining to the rights and responsibilities of customers may be found in Articles 4 and 5 of Law No. 8 of 1999. Similarly, the rights and obligations of business actors are governed by Articles 6 and 7 of the same law. These articles govern the allocation or placement of consumers and corporate entities inside a business or trade transaction system. The provisions pertaining to the forbidden acts for business actors, as outlined in Law No. 8 of 1999, are specifically addressed in Articles 8 through 17. The need to oversee electronic transactions is stipulated in Article 29 and 30 of the consumer protection legislation. The overarching elucidation of these governmental rules posits that the oversight of consumer protection is conducted in collaboration between the government, the community, and LPKSM. Conclusion: Online conflicts are not included by the Consumer Protection Act; instead, they are within the purview of the ITE Law. The term "consumer" as defined in the Consumer Protection Act refers specifically to the ultimate consumer. In contemporary times, the task of discerning between end customers and non-end consumers has grown more challenging, hence impeding the practical application of this concept. Hence, it is imperative to undertake a revision of the Consumer Protection Act.

Professional Athletes' Well-Being: New Challenges in Post-COVID-19 Times.

The COVID-19 period was characterized as a traumatic period throughout the world. During the pandemic, sports organizations had to adapt to government rules and social distancing measures frequently and faced a challenging and complex period in keeping their athletes on a normal routine. Many athletes faced uncertainty regarding their present and future competitive context and personal worries, similar to society during the pandemic. Consequently, adverse effects on the mental health and well-being of athletes were reported in individual and team sports. This review seeks to explore the perceived impact of COVID-19 on athletes' well-being and future considerations. This review suggests professional athletes' well-being should receive more attention and will be addressed in the future for the benefit of the athletes and not just in favor of performance. Moreover, the emphasis on evidence-based psychological support such as stress management and athletes' well-being in a high-performance sport context should increase. The post-COVID-19 period highlights the importance of broadening athletic identity into a more holistic scope that includes life-performance balance and personal values outside the sporting context. Lastly, developing and fostering resilience is complex yet fundamental for systems, when considering athletes' personal context and providing them with professional skills outside of their professional domain.

Examining the US amateur-radio community through a polycentricity lens

Amateur radio (AR) operators provide societal services in public safety, spectrum applications, and training future experts. However, benefits derived from these services are challenging to define formally or contractually, resulting in potential under-provisioning in traditional market economies. We propose that communities like AR that aim to promote such open-ended innovation may not benefit from exclusive-resource rights and trading. Instead of market mechanisms, non-exclusive rights regimes can be analyzed through a lens of polycentricity, but such regimes require consensus on adaptable non-market governance rules and incentive-compatible mechanisms for monitoring, sanctioning, and exclusion of nonmembers. Our AR case study exemplifies stakeholders replacing market governance with nonexclusive property-rights models to harmonize diverse autonomous entities in producing open-ended societal services.

A parametric approach to institutional quality and bank cost inefficiency in diversity context: The case of Italy

AbstractEffective government rules and regulations, as well as the ability of the regulator to curb corruption and promote voice and accountability, can influence the ability of bank management to allocate resources and ensure high performance. Based on this assumption, we aim to find out whether institutional quality is able to improve bank performance in Italy. To do so, we rely mainly on the diversity of banks, thus capturing the different behaviors of the two main categories, i.e. cooperative and for‐profit banks. Using a parametric method, the results show a clear impact of most dimensions of institutional quality on reducing banks’ cost inefficiency. Some robustness checks, especially regarding the role of market structure, confirm our findings.