Government Intervention Programs Research Articles

Economic Pillar Conditions Mapping in the Tomini Bay Area using SDGs Indicators

Comprehensive baseline data on economic conditions are required to support efforts to develop the Tomini Bay region's economy as a priority for rural areas. In order to find solutions for growing the rural economy in the Tomini Bay region, academics must do practical research and development without data mapping. The goal of this study is to map and forecast how well the SDGs targets—particularly the economic pillars of goal 17—will be met in the Tomini Bay region. Secondary data from the BPS is used in this study's quantitative descriptive methodology. The projection methods of logarithmic, exponential, and linear were used to assess the data. Additionally, the expected outcomes of the TPB/SDG indicators are contrasted with worldwide targets and targets based on Presidential Regulation No. 11 of 2022 as an indicator to determine the achievement of the TPB/SDGs aims. The study's findings indicate that the Tomini Bay region's projected and average SDGs indicators are still far from the desired level. It is advised that regions whose anticipated accomplishments fall short of the desired level be supported through local government intervention programs, such as enlarging the local tax base and intensifying and extending regional taxes and levies.

A probabilistic hesitant fuzzy MCDM approach to evaluate India’s intervention strategies against the COVID-19 pandemic

The unprecedented coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has wreaked havoc across the globe. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all countries, including government intervention programs, thus becoming a significant threat. This study aims to develop a hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (F-MCDM) model in a constrained ecosystem in response to specific government strategies and the effectiveness of interventions used in different countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. An empirical case study is conducted in India with five prospective criteria: “high acceptance among the populace”, “effectiveness in halting the COVID-19 epidemic”, “compatibility by any other standard”, “estimated total cost”, and “simple to implement”. Regarding the ranking of strategies, “vaccinations”, “social isolation”, and “development of an emergence” are the top three strategies. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have reduced COVID-19-related hospitalizations in the elderly, which has reduced post-CoVID morbidity and mortality. Many countries have different recommendations for selecting possible government initiatives and implementing those decisions. India’s strategies for developing public health policies, preventing misinformation, and managing behavior and response were ranked as the top three priorities among the listed strategies. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the validity of these results. In this work, the implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a developing nation.

Program Keluarga Harapan: Can It Reduce Poverty and Increase Welfare in Indonesia? Household Level Evidence from Districts/Cities in Indonesia on 2019

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon which is a major challenge in all countries. To reduce poverty and improve welfare, government intervention programs are needed. Conditional cash transfer programs are widely implemented in several countries. In Indonesia, there is Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). This program has many debates as an anti-poverty program. This research looks at the effect of PKH on poverty and welfare in Indonesia. It used the 2019 Susenas raw data and analyzed by SEM-PLS method. The findings showed that PKH had a negative-significant effect on poverty and a positive-significant effect on welfare in Indonesia. In addition, poverty has a negative and significant effect on welfare in Indonesia. The research results are expected to be input for the central and regional governments in making policies for the sustainability of PKH implementation in reducing poverty and increasing welfare.

Tourism during pandemic: Constraints and interventions in economic enterprise of the tourism sector in Dingalan, Aurora

This research aimed to examine the challenges faced by Dingalan, Aurora's tourism sector due to the Covid-19 pandemic and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs offered by governmental and non-governmental organizations. The study focused on analyzing the respondents' socio-demographic profiles and utilized a descriptive research design, collecting data via questionnaires and interviews. The findings showed that the majority of respondents were aged 33-41, female, high school graduates, earned 5,000 to 8,000 PHP, single, and had families with 8-12 members. Souvenir making and vending were the primary income sources before and during the pandemic. Respondents strongly agreed that curfews, lockdowns, and age limits on travelers led to a decrease in tourist numbers. All respondents concurred that financial constraints severely impacted their income. The government's Social Amelioration Program, designed to support Filipinos during the pandemic, was highly appreciated by respondents, who agreed it provided significant financial assistance. However, they only slightly agreed that the government provided effective technical support. Respondents reported that non-governmental organizations did not offer financial or technical assistance. The study found that respondents considered the government's intervention programs moderately effective. Based on these findings, researchers recommended that the Local Government Unit offer long-term livelihood technical assistance to equip respondents with the necessary skills for sustainable economic stability. Additionally, they suggested revisiting and reviewing a comprehensive destination management plan to adapt to the current situation and the "new normal" of travel and tourism.

Hope Family Program : Can It Reduce Poverty and Increase Welfare in Indonesia?

The ultimate goal of development in developing countries is to reduce poverty that can be achieved through increasing welfare. Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that become a major challenge in all countries. To reduce poverty and increase community welfare, government intervention programs are needed. One of them is through the provision of cash assistance. The Conditional Cash Transfer program has been widely implemented in some countries. In Indonesia, this program is called the Family Hope Program (PKH). This cash transfer program has a lot of debate as an anti-poverty program. This research wants to see the impact of PKH on reducing poverty and increasing welfare in Indonesia. It used raw data from Susenas and analyzed by SEM-PLS method. The results of this research show that PKH has a negative-significant effect on poverty and a positive-significant impact on welfare in Indonesia. In addition, the results of the analysis also show that poverty has a negative-significant influence on people's welfare in Indonesia.

Heterogeneity of Agricultural Land Use Systems and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: Relationship and Evidence from Rural Nigeria

Several factors influencing rural-poverty in sub-Saharan-Africa, for all the factors, agricultural-land access/management and “culture of poverty” are quite dominant in literature. This study examines socio-cultural/economic factors influencing poverty and establishes linkages of heterogeneity of land-use systems. Farm-level cost–route surveys of cross-sectional national-data of 800 respondents were used for analysis. Data were analyzed by descriptive-statistics, trans-logarithmic model, and poverty-measures. Descriptive statistics depict land-ownership structure, farmer’s socio-cultural practices, and exploits of government intervention programs influenced agricultural-poverty. Trans-logarithmic coefficients results of short-run sustainability-index (SRSI), land-policy intervention variables and household-sizes are dominance factors. Also, SRSI indicated 0.69, suggesting that 69% of the farmers made unsustainable use of agricultural-land. Moreover, 92% of extremely poor respondents with large household-sizes (61.2%) seek their agricultural-land ownership by rentage, while those with land-titled documents constitute 78.6% of the non-poor. Public-policy interventions must take into account formalization of land-property rights in order to facilitate its transferability and boosting investment.

Business Support for Emerging Entrepreneurs in Eco-tourism: North West, South Africa

This paper is based on the business support needed by emerging entrepreneurs to enter and participate in eco-tourism sector. Entrepreneurs play an important role in an economy as they can be key drivers of economic growth, innovation and job creation. Eco-tourism has been positively linked to job creation, entrepreneurship development and poverty alleviation. The aspect of ecotourism is closely linked with the idea of community empowerment. Against this background government is aiming to put policies, strategies and programs in place which aim to create an enabling environment for emerging entrepreneurs. Unfortunately, many emerging entrepreneurs’ business fail before reaching maturity, mainly due to inadequate business skills to establish and grow their enterprises, perpetuated by insignificant business support from government. South Africa has high levels of unemployment and severe problem of youth unemployment. This implies that the country needs to develop a policy framework that will comprehensively address issues of unemployment through a creation of economic opportunities. Entrepreneurship is one of the options that can reduce the unemployment rate and the social problems that are associated with unemployment. The objectives of this paper is to examine the business support needed by emerging entrepreneurs to facilitate their entry and participation in eco-tourism sector. Furthermore, to determine emerging entrepreneurs’ desire to participate in the sector in the North West province, South Africa. A combination of non-probability quota and convenience sampling were used, by surveying 160 respondents in the North West province, South Africa. The data extracted was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results suggest that most respondents never received business support from government intervention programs, and had somewhat low levels of information concerning the economic opportunities associated with the eco-tourism sector.

Empirical Analysis of Post-2009 Crisis Interventions on the Stability of Banks

This paper investigates the behavior of assisted UAE banks four years after specific government intervention programs that were applied to them in 2009-10 using panel corrected standard error (PCSE) model estimation and artificial neural network (ANN). The study results demonstrate that government interventions in the UAE banking sector in 2009 crisis negatively affected banking sector stability in the long-run. The economic significance of these effects is that government intervention is found to decrease a bank’s stability (increase riskiness) in the range of almost 14% to 37%, because of reduced market discipline and less efficient banking structure. The coefficient for banks’ credit activities is negatively related with bank stability, which implies that banks with higher proportions of loans in their portfolio face lower stability and a higher risk level. This is supported by the fact that, (though statistically less significant), banks that are less efficient (ER) tend to engage in riskier activities thus reducing banks’ stability. ANN was found to be superior to PCSE analysis in predicting Stability (riskiness) of the UAE banks post-bailout in terms of correct classification percentage lowest RMSE, AIC in holdout sample, and key factors of importance identified in ANN that were not significant in PCSE. The methodological implication is that ANN study results can also be used by decision makers and policy makers to prioritize different factors to adjust the weight of these factors in their policy strategies. Index of Acronyms ADSE Abu Dhabi Security Exchange AED Arab Emirate Dirham AI Artificial Intelligence ANN Artificial neural network CAGR Compound annual growth rate CDs Certificates of Deposit CVH Charter value hypothesis DFM Dubai Financial Market DiD Difference in difference DIFC Dubai International Financial Centre ETF Exchange-traded funds GDP Gross Domestic Product HHITA Concentration measure - Herfindahl Index - Total Assets IMF International Monetary Fund LLP/R Loan loss provisions/reserves MSTA Market share to Total Assets OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development PCSE Panel corrected standard error RBS Royal Bank of Scotland ROA Return on Assets ROE Return on Equity SCP Structure, Conduct and Performance SWFs Sovereign Wealth Funds UAE United Arab Emirates Y-o-Y Year on Year σ Standard deviation

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Poverty on Food Insecurity: Yearly Spatial Analysis

Spatial regression analysis was applied separately to the annual US state-level food insecurity data from 2015 through 2018, and 2020 to examine the effects of race, region of residency, and poverty particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the analysis suggested that the US food insecurity level was trending downwards between 2015 and 2018 but increased by 33.5% in 2020, obviously due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, residents from the West experienced higher food insecurity levels relative to the Mid-West between 2015 and 2018. The analysis also revealed that race is not a determining factor of food insecurity as both White and Black are equally affected to a significant level. Rather, the most salient determinant of food insecurity is poverty. The effects of poverty were positive and strongly significant from 2015 through 2018. The effect was, however, mild in 2020 probably due to the stimulus and unemployment checks people received through the Care Act. This result underscored the importance of SNAP and other government intervention programs in addressing the country’s food insecurity problems.

Investigating the empirical relationship between government intervention programs and poverty alleviation: a case of Nigeria

PurposeAlthough the literature has shown that government intervention programs on poverty alleviation have now become a common practice and accepted policy framework in tackling the menace of poverty which has remained the major challenge to all leaders around the globe. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of (conditional cash transfer, youth empowerment and microcredit scheme) on poverty alleviation in Niger state-Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses of the study were tested using personally administered questionnaires survey method; 442 valid and useable questionnaires were obtained for the study, while PLS-SEM path modeling was adopted to evaluate the statistical relationship between those three programs and poverty alleviation. According to the statistical result of the study, the research constructs have a satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. Therefore the study has established a strong positive relationship between government intervention programs and poverty alleviation. The socioeconomic assessment of the respondents further justified the above assumption.FindingsAlso, the research findings of this study may found to be beneficial to the government, international organization, researchers particularly those who are conducting research on poverty reduction programs.Research limitations/implicationsThe study used the perceptions of the beneficiaries of those programs in nine selected local government areas within the three senatorial districts in Niger state-Nigeria.Originality/valueSimilarly, the findings of the study would offer some meaningful contribution to the body of knowledge on studies related to poverty alleviation programs like conditional cash transfer, youth empowerment and microcredit scheme, where expert in that field would explore the advantage of these findings by utilizing the impacts of those programs on the beneficiaries for policy framework.

The long-run and short-run influence of environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic activities on health quality in emerging countries.

This study investigates the effect of energy utilization, greenhouses gasses emissions, and economic activities on health risks such as mortality rate and incidence of respiratory diseases in emerging Asian economies. The study analyzes a panel data from 1995 to 2018 to examine the long-run and short-run influence of environmental pollution on health issues. The empirical findings highlight that greenhouse gasses emissions, fossil fuel consumption, and natural resources depletion in the region are key factors to increasing health risks in the long-run period, while the use of clean energy and improvement in per capita economic growth is helping to improve the health status of the households. In ashort period, greenhouse gasses emission is the only significant factor responsible for thehigh mortality rate and occurrence of respiratory diseases in the emerging economies of Asia. According to the results, there is a need for government intervention programs to rescue the region from the negative effects of environmental pollution and the utilization of nonrenewable energy. In emerging Asian countries, the combustion of fossil fuels, environmental pollution, and limited access to clean energy are such factors responsible for high mortality rate and stimulating incidence of respiratory diseases in the individuals. The study suggests that alternative green energy can prove helpful to control greenhouse gasses emissions and to control health issues by improving environmental quality. The study further suggests that theuse of clean energy from water, wind, and sunlight may prove helpful to meet the energy requirement at the domestic level and improve the health status of the individuals by reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases in emerging countries of Asia.

IMPACT OF A GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT SCHEME ON COCOA YIELD AND INCOME OF COCOA FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

Background. In an attempt to improve the yield of cocoa and farmers income, the Federal government of Nigeria in 2012 introduced the Cocoa Growth Enhancement Support (GES) scheme that subsidized farm inputs to farmers. This article examines the effects of the scheme on cocoa yield and the income of cocoa farmers in Osun State.Material and methods. A multistage sampling procedure was used to obtain data from 208 cocoa farmers of whom there were 100 participants and 108 non-participants of the scheme. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the binary logit regression model and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model.Results. Descriptive statistics revealed no mean difference between some socioeconomic characteristics among the categories of farmers in the study area such as household size, farming experience, age and education. The results further revealed that participation in previous government intervention programs, access to extension services and access to credit were significant determinants of participation in the GES scheme. Participation in the GES scheme increased cocoa yield and income of cocoa farmers by 42.30 kg·ha-1 and 24553.99 N·ha-1 (59.71 €·ha-1), respectively.Conclusion. This suggests that a subsidy on farm inputs could increase cocoa yield and the income of cocoa farmers.

Relationship Between Students’ Home Background and Their Academic Performance: A Case of Some Selected Senior High School Students in Rural Districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana

This study was primarily designed to find out the relationship between students’ home background and their academic performance. The study was conducted largely in senior high schools in rural districts in Ashanti Region, Ghana. The study used the ex-post facto correlation design. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 275 senior high school students. Questionnaire was used to collect the data from the respondents. Percentages and correlations were used to analyze the data. The family size was found to be highly correlated with the academic performance of students (coefficient = .711, p value = .002). Parent found it difficult in paying school fees and other levies of their children as a result of parents’ income (ρ = .669, p value = .004) in rural Ghana. The study also revealed that the educational background characteristics of parents had a significant correlation with the academic performance of students (coefficient = .711, p value = .002). Following from the findings, the Government of Ghana (Ministry of Education) should stick to its mandate of ensuring the provision of free quality secondary school education premised on the principle of inclusivity and equity to bridge the gap between the students from rich and poor homes. Such government intervention programs like the free education should favor the poor and low-income families most.

The effects of energy use on infant mortality rates in Africa

Abstract The availability and supply of electricity remains pivotal to the social and economic wellbeing of people and society. Researchers have confirmed that access to electricity greatly impacts quality of life as well as life expectancy. Today, while most developing nations continue to grapple with the consequences of an epileptic power supply and its effects on their socio-economic and environmental prosperity, developed nations are focused on promoting policies and programs to sustain and improve the provision of adequate electricity that guarantees less emissions, pollution and hazards to human health. At the moment, about a hundred million people lack access to enough clean, affordable and reliable energy to meet their daily needs. However, the growing need for electricity to power our world and our lives portends dangerous consequences that must be prevented. This paper examines the effects of energy use on the infant mortality rate in Africa by using a panel of 23 African countries for the period from 1999 and 2014. The Gary Becker hypothesis and the Grossman models are used to examine the relationship between energy related predictors and infant mortality fundamentals. The results of the study show that energy predictors have a negative and significant impact on infant mortality rates among the African countries examined. Further results show that a high degree of pollution causes a rise in mortality rates, whereas proceeds from natural resource rents reduce the level of infant mortality. Thus, this empirical estimation suggests that there is an urgent need for government intervention programs to rescue the region from this energy dilemma.

Measuring with Exogenous Data (MED), and Government Economic Monitoring (GEM)

ABSTRACTThe emergence of enormous disparate data sources, available in a multitude of alternate formats, and on very different devices, is leading to a business process revolution. This paper argues for a new approach in which these technologies are used to replace outdated blanket government intervention programs. Highly targeted interventions for social programs identified and addressed by Big Data-based methodologies would replace outdated government programs. This approach advocates for original detective methodologies, direct government action, and outcome monitoring all of which utilize Big Data-based frequent examination. The government would be in a privileged situation where it could obtain data not available to most other parties due to privacy laws. The data structures of the government would be protected by encryption and blockchain privacy-protection methodologies that would only reveal targeted outcomes to the direct-action agent. These same methodologies are applicable for business measurement (accounting) and assurance (audit).

Government Intervention Programs Linking with Poverty Alleviation: An Empirical Investigation, the Case of Nigeria

Government Intervention Programs Linking with Poverty Alleviation: An Empirical Investigation, the Case of Nigeria

Conditional Cash Transfer and School Outcomes: An Evaluation of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program in Davao Oriental, Philippines

The present study adds to the empirical literature examining the effects of conditional cash transfers on school outcomes. Using school‐level and student‐level enrolment data from Davao Oriental Philippines, we evaluate the influence of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (also known as 4Ps), a social development policy program, on the growth rates in school enrolment outcomes. The findings show that 4Ps, on average, increased school enrolment of children by 1.12 percent. It was also apparent that using student‐level data as opposed to school‐level data revealed a more robust effect of 4Ps on school outcomes. We also found some school and socioeconomic characteristics influencing the change in school enrolments. Finally, this study highlights the role of government intervention programs in improving access to education in the poorest sector of the economy.

Analysis of Constraints to Credit Access for SMEs in Sokoto Metropolis

This paper investigates the constraints to access to credit by SMEs in Sokoto metropolis, the capital city of Sokoto State of Nigeria. The research uses primary data collected from 294 respondents out of a population of 1710 registered SMEs in Sokoto metropolis using availability sampling technique. Regression analysis was used to analyses the data. The result revealed that there is no significant relationship between the volume of SMEs formal credit and the age of SMEs, size of SMEs, ownership structure of SMEs, size of SMEs collateral, level of education of the entrepreneur and number of training attended by the entrepreneur. However the result shows a significant relationship between volume of SMEs credit and interest rate meaning that only interest rate constrained access to credit in the study area. The study therefore, recommend lower interest rate in the future government intervention programs for SMEs in Nigeria

A Comparative Analysis of Productivities in Shellfish Collection in Oil Spill and Non-Oil Spill Communities of River State, Nigeria

This study compares the incomes generated from periwinkle and dog-winkle catch amongst farmers in oil spill- affected and non-oil -spill-affected areas in Gokana and Khana Local Government Areas, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 120 farmers were randomly selected and data were collected using structured questionnaires and personal interviews. Analytical tools used included descriptive statistics, net income model, T- test and regression analysis model. Results indicated that income realized by the farmers from shellfish sales in non-oil spill-affected Local Government was higher than that of the oil spill-affected Local Government Area per annum and was estimated as ₦407,812.79.00 and ₦182,485.00 respectively. The level of profit recorded among the farmers in the two areas was significantly different with a T-value of 14.42. The null hypothesis was rejected. The regression model employed three functional forms; linear, semi log and double log. Linear model was chosen as the lead equation because of the highest R 2 of 59%. Cost of labor and transportation had significant effect on the level of profit. Cost of labor positively influenced profit while cost of transportation negatively influenced the profit. It is recommended that government intervention programs provide a cheaper means of transportation in the area.

Analysis of Public Debt and Fiscal Sustainability at Sub National Level: Case of Haryana

Sound Management of Public Finance at sub-national level is important for efficiency and effectiveness of government intervention programs. The state government presented ‘White Paper on Haryana State Finances’ in an attempt to capture the trends of financial instabilities and weakness in State Finances. In this backdrop, the paper analysed state finances to understand debt sustainability of the state for the period 1980-81 to 2014-15 using debt sustainability i.e. domar-debt sustainability approach, indicator analysis and budget constrain approach. Paper found that though the state finances of Haryana are well managed as broad trends do not indicate major problem of sustainability but constraints started to be visible as debt accumulation is rising alongwith pressure of debt burden. Interest payments as percentage of GSDP and as percentage of revenue expenditure have declined with time but maturity profile of outstanding state government securities indicates that from year 2018-19, interest repayment burden is likely to increase as 22.9 percent of its securities will be maturing during 2018-20 period. Traditional debt sustainability indicators support the view that debt liabilities of the state are sustainable but debt sustainability position of Haryana on debt sustainability indicators vis-a-vis other NSC states for the period 2010-11 to 2014-15 has deteriorated. The state is required to increase its revenue base by following a prudent fiscal strategy by enhancing its own non-tax revenues through user charges and by recovering cost from government services.