Government Defense Research Articles

One Dollar Per Day: The Slaving Wages of Immigration Jail Work Programs - A History and Legal Analysis, 1943-Present

This Paper evaluates the legality of the $1 per day payments for work performed by those in custody under immigration laws as well as its genesis. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an order moving the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) out of the Department of Labor and into the Justice Department. During this same time frame, the U.S. Government established internment camps for enemy aliens, i.e., civilians in the United States and other countries in Latin America who were or were imagined to be citizens of Axis powers. In 1943, the Justice Department paid those so held 80 cents per day for their work performed in the camps; the average daily cost of each person's detention in 1943 was one dollar. This was the origins of the 1950 law authorizing paying those in custody under immigration laws for work performed. If those in immigration custody today were paid at the ratio from 1943, they would be earning about $80 per day. This paper draws on government documents and contracts obtained under the Freedom of Information Act as well as the program's implementation and history as the basis for a statutory analysis of the Government's defense of its legality. The Paper argues that under a reading of the relevant laws' plain meaning, legislative history, and purpose, the program appears to violate various labor laws and the Fifth, Sixth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.

If Seals Were Ugly, Nobody Would Give a Damn: Propaganda, Nationalism, and Political Marketing in the Canadian Seal Hunt

The provocative debate over the Canadian seal hunt features emotional imagery, selective use of facts, a media relations battle, and political lobbying. This paper explores different forms of propaganda employed in the sealing controversy by animal rights groups and by the governments of Canada and of Newfoundland. It argues that Newfoundland nationalism is a central variable. This perspective can help gauge the effects of propaganda and explain the government's defense of a controversial policy. It concludes that propaganda, nationalism, and political marketing are independent categories that bear strong similarities.

V. Implications of the Government–Defence Industry Relationship

V. Implications of the Government–Defence Industry Relationship

Security sector governance and the rule of law

This article analyses problems that contribute to the corruption of the Syrian security sector and offers recommendations for reforms. An in-depth look at issues with the Syrian security, police, military, intelligence, and judiciary sectors is provided. It is argued that the need for an institutional framework to exist is imperative for a post-Assad transitional period Syria. The article proposes implementing the recommendations set forth by the government defense anti-corruption index to move toward a more democratic Syria.

Depicting the future strategic plans of the Royal Australian Navy using a roadmapping framework as a visual composite canvas

Strategic planning can be an arduous and complex task; and, once a plan has been devised, it is often quite a challenge to effectively communicate the principal missions and key priorities to the array of different stakeholders. The communication challenge can be addressed through the application of a clearly and concisely designed visualisation of the strategic plan – to that end, this paper proposes the use of a roadmapping framework to structure a visual canvas. The canvas provides a template in the form of a single composite visual output that essentially allows a ‘plan-on-a-page’ to be generated. Such a visual representation provides a high-level depiction of the future context, end-state capabilities and the system-wide transitions needed to realise the strategic vision. To demonstrate this approach, an illustrative case study based on the Australian Government's Defence White Paper and the Royal Australian Navy's fleet plan will be presented. The visual plan plots the in-service upgrades for addressing the capability shortfalls and gaps in the Navy's fleet as it transitions from its current configuration to its future end-state vision. It also provides a visualisation of project timings in terms of the decision gates (approval, service release) and specific phases (proposal, contract, delivery) together with how these projects are rated against the key performance indicators relating to the technology acquisition process and associated management activities.

Options to mitigate utility-scale wind turbine impacts on defence capability, air supremacy, and missile detection

There is an increasing interest in, and concern over, the impact that the growing number of utility-scale wind farms are having on air supremacy and early warning missile detection in relation to radar clutter and shadow, seismic noise, and flight obstructions. This work focuses on US defence industry concerns in relation to wind developments and conducts US industry interviews with representatives from the field of radar, the wind development industry, and government defence agencies. The results of the interviews provide detailed insights defining radar and military concerns raised around wind turbines and reveal that the US Department of Defense (DOD) have invested US $3 million to date on developing a suite of solutions to these concerns. This research discusses selected solutions available for the US DOD approval and alternative options that may be introduced to mitigate the impact of utility-scale wind turbines on defence and security. Implementing solutions will require greater cooperation between government agencies and wind developers, dedicated funding, a common research plan, and streamlined processes.

A TECHNOLOGY VALUATION MODEL FOR THE DEFENSE R&D WITH INCOME APPROACH

Korea government initiated the Government's Defense Industrial Policy, "Defense Industry as a New Growth Engine for the Creative Economy", followed by establishing the defense industrial policy objectives and making efforts to reach them. Accordingly, the defense export dragged attention from the defense industry sector and as a result recorded nearly 0.8 billion dollars in 2011 which is doubled amount compared to year 2008. Considering that defense technology valuation is inevitable in defense trade, the defense technology valuation is going to be a key issue for the domestic defense R&D invested equipment including main battle tanks, armored vehicles, air trainers etc. This paper presents the defense R&D technology valuation model with the in-depth analysis of its theories and current status both domestic and abroad. Also, it provides relevant policy issues and directions in the near future. It should contribute to boosting the defense technology valuation fields and to formulating a concrete tool for analyzing defense R&D technology valuation in the near future.

Simulating a Contract Closeout Process

Government defense contractors are burdened by contracts which have ended, but have not been finalized and closed. In order to keep good relations with organizations regulating government contracts, contractors have been forced to devise a strategy to address contract closeouts. Data was collected about a defense contractor’s contract closeout process, and a simulation model of the system was developed to aid in completing the contract closeout process. Using simulation software, the closeout process was successfully modeled under varying resource levels. The simulation model included true worker process times with integrated schedules, including holidays, over the expected period of performance. The simulation produced a realistic model which allows an organization to plan their resources to accomplish their contract closeout process under specified conditions and deadlines. The results are relevant to government (public sector) contracts as well as industrial (private sector) contracts where similar regulations are applicable.

국방 품질보증 활동 강화를 위한 샘플링 방법 개선: 전투물자 및 탄약 분야 사례 위주

Purpose: Recently, many quality issues are aroused in military forces, such as failures in K-series weapons, combat boots defects and 40mm ammunition explosion accident. To address these problems, the one and only government defense quality assurance agency, DTaQ (Defense Agency for Technology & Quality) tried to improve many quality assurance procedures and introduced new systems such as MRA (Manufacturing Readiness Assessment), TRA (Technology Readiness Assessment), and etc. However, as the amount of war supplies increasing every year, the resource (budget and manpower) for quality assurance is limited. Therefore, DTaQ had difficulty to handle the issue efficiently and effectively, and we propose the method to address this problem. Methods: The most popular quality assurance technique is a sampling method, in this research, we first review the many sampling techniques and compare the strength and weakness of each method, After then, we selected the most appropriate sampling techniques and applied the procedures in combat force support material and ammunition areas, Results: We can reduce the number of samples dramatically, thus the required amount of labor time and money can be saved. Also, the new sampling technique enforces the supplier to produce the product which meets the target value (desirable value). Conclusion: We can reduce the number of samples dramatically, thus the required amount of labor time and money can be saved. Also, the new sampling technique enforces the supplier to produce the product which meets the target value (desirable value). Lastly, since the new sampling method requires many numerical calculations, we developed a simple android OS smart-phone application which can be used easily in field.

Effects of the Core Functions of Government on the Diversity of Executive Agendas

The distribution of attention across issues is of fundamental importance to the political agenda and outputs of government. This article presents an issue-based theory of the diversity of governing agendas where the core functions of government—defense, international affairs, the economy, government operations, and the rule of law—are prioritized ahead of all other issues. It undertakes comparative analysis of issue diversity of the executive agenda of several European countries and the United States over the postwar period. The results offer strong evidence of the limiting effect of core issues—the economy, government operations, defense, and international affairs—on agenda diversity. This suggests not only that some issues receive more attention than others but also that some issues are attended to only at times when the agenda is more diverse. When core functions of government are high on the agenda, executives pursue a less diverse agenda—focusing the majority of their attention on fewer issues. Some issues are more equal than others in executive agenda setting.

A novel ontological approach to semantic interoperability between legacy air defence command and control systems

In common with many other government defence departments, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has realised that it has a plethora of legacy systems that were procured as domain specific with little emphasis given to integration requirements. In particular, it realised that the lack of integration between a significant number of the legacy air defence command and control (AD-C2) systems meant it could not deliver the increased agility needed for joint force AD and that current approaches to integration were unlikely to resolve the problem. They realised that they needed a new approach that demonstrably worked. This paper describes a programme initiated by the MoD to address this problem through the formulation of a novel solution and its demonstration in the tactical AD-C2 environment using a sample of these existing legacy systems. It describes the ontological solution deployed to resolve the ‘hard’ semantic interoperability challenge. It outlines the physical and semantic architecture that was developed to ...

Blair's First Government (1997–2001) and European Security and Defence Policy: Seismic Shift or Adaptation?

Tony Blair's New Labour government came to power in 1997, promising a new attitude towards Europe, distinct from the ‘Euroscepticism’ associated with its predecessors, the Conservative party. Analysts were keen to highlight this as a significant shift in British politics, pointing in particular to Blair's instrumental role in the development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) as evidence of the change. This article examines Labour attitudes towards both the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the ESDP in comparison with those of its Conservative predecessors to argue that Blair's actions represented more a policy of adaptation than a momentous change in UK policy.

Does defence expenditure affect private consumption? Evidence from the United States

This paper empirically discusses the relationship between government defence expenditure and private consumption for the United States. The estimations show a substitution or complementary effect of the military sector on private categories of consumer choices, although sensitivity analysis for different utility functions and sub-samples indicates a time-decrease on substitutability. Our findings are in line with previous results highlighting a weak substitution of defence expenditure on aggregate consumption.

Reevaluating the role of military research in innovation systems: introduction to the symposium

The growth in government defence RD Rappert 2006). New organizational actors have emerged as important sources of R&D funds such as the US Department of Homeland Security. In Europe, new research programmes have been established in individual countries and as part of the European Union’s Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7).

Organisational change and innovation system dynamics: the reform of the UK government defence research establishments

Since the end of the Cold War, ministries of defence in Europe and the United States have sought new models for the management of government defence research laboratories. The United Kingdom’s reform and subsequent privatisation of its government defence research establishments (GDREs) represents one of the most radical policy responses. This paper considers the UK case through the lens of innovation systems theory and uses defence labs reform to examine the impact of organisational change on the dynamics of an innovation system. The potential policy implications for the management of government defence research laboratories are also considered.

Can we declare military Keynesianism dead?

This paper empirically tests the Keynesian hypothesis that government defence spending positively impacts on aggregate output, by using a long-run equilibrium model for the US and the UK. Our contribution, with respect to previous works, is twofold. First, our inferences are adjusted for structural breaks exhibited by the data concerning fiscal and monetary variables. Second, we take into account different dynamics between defence spending on aggregate output, showing that the results are sensitive to sub-sample choices. Though the estimated elasticities in both countries show a lack of significance in the more recent years of the sample, defence-spending priorities addressed to international security may revitalize pro-cyclical effects in the UK, by an industrial policy of defence shared with the EU members.

Best Project Management and Systems Engineering Practices in the Preacquisition Phase for Federal Intelligence and Defense Agencies

The analysis of several government defense and intelligence agency large-scale acquisition programs that experienced significant cost and schedule growth shows that several critical factors need to be addressed in the preacquisition phase of the acquisition cycle. These include overzealous advocacy, technology readiness levels, life-cycle cost, schedule details, requirements maturity, acquisition and contract strategy, program office personnel tenure and experience, risk management, systems engineering, and trade studies. The results of this study–which incorporated data from industry responses, government and industry executive interviews, numerous studies, and reports–indicate that early preacquisition activities executed in a rigorous fashion can significantly reduce the risk of cost and schedule growth. In this paper, the root causes of the cost and schedule growth are discussed as well as techniques and alternatives to improve program performance.

GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICITS, DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: THE CASE OF TURKEY*

This paper analyzes the relationship between government budget deficits, defence expenditure and income redistribution among different social‐income groups in Turkey for the period 1965–2003. The analysis was based on a five‐equation vector auto regressive (VAR) model and impulse response functions (IRFs) derived from the VAR model. The study finds that the deficit as a percentage of GNP has a negative and significant impact on transfer payments as a percentage of GNP. The IRFs indicate that shocks to deficit expenditures as a percentage of GNP (DEFGNP) have statistically significant impacts on defence spending as a percentage of GNP (DSGNP), educational expenditures as a percentage of GNP (EDGNP), health expenditures as a percentage of GNP (HEGNP), and transfer payments as a percentage of GNP (TPGNP). The results derived from this study also indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between defence spending as a percentage of GNP and deficits as a percentage of GNP. Therefore, defence spending is viewed as a tool for transferring income among different social‐income groups and across generations in Turkey for the period 1965–2004. As a result of this, the government can use deficit and defence spending as one of the major instruments to transfer income among different social‐income groups and across generations in Turkey. *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the First International Conference on Business, Management and Economics, organized by Yaşar University in Çeşme‐İzmir, on June 2005. I appreciated the comments of participants of the conference. Thanks also to two anonymous referees and to Keith Hartley for their comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are mine.

Differences in Occupational Commitment amongst Scientists in Indian Defence, Academic, and Commercial R&D Organizations

Occupational commitment is referred to as the psychological link between an individual and his occupation that is based on an affective reaction to that occupation. Thus a person with higher occupational commitment strongly identifies and has positive feelings towards his occupation. It has been observed that R&D professionals have a very distinctive nature in their career orientations, value systems, and reward preferences. In R&D organizations, due to complexity of tasks, the employee and the employer often do not understand the nature of the job performance and therefore commitment to occupation is seen as an important contributing factor. Hence, this study addresses the following research questions: How does occupational commitment differ with the different types of R&D organizations? How do personal demographic, job satisfaction, and personality variables influence occupational commitment of different types? This study empirically examines the relationship among the personal characteristics of R&D scientists across three types of R&D organizations: A government commercial organization A government defence organization A government academic organization. The objective is to find out the influence of age, occupational tenure, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment on the five factor model of personality. A questionnaire of job satisfaction followed by the neo five factor personality inventory and occupational commitment questionnaires were administered on a sample of 126 R&D professionals. The results of the analysis revealed that: Occupational commitment of scientists does differ in these different R&D organizations. Occupational tenure is much higher for the scientists of the government commercial R&D organization and the government academic R&D organization compared to the scientists of government defence R&D organization. Job-satisfaction is the highest amongst the scientists of the government defence R&D organization followed by the scientists of the government academic R&D organization. Personality scores of the scientists also differ across these three organizations. Occupational tenure and age are not related to personality. Affective commitment is shown to have a positive and significant relationship with conscientiousness for scientists of the government academic R&D organization. Affective commitment is explained by occupational tenure and extraversion while continuance commitment is explained by job satisfaction and agreeableness in the government commercial R&D organizations. Extraversion (factor of personality) emerged as the strongest predictor of affective commitment in the presence of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism. For managers of R&D organizations, it is important to note that in the information-enabled world of today, occupational commitment rather than organizational commitment is likely to be the key variable in deciding whether to stay or leave.

Training the Spyglass: Law in Anticipation of the Hydrogen Economy

Despite its popularity as a "cure" for growing global energy needs, the "hydrogen economy" is decades away. In this paper, the authors consider the legal aspects of its possible development and extrapolate trends from recent events that may accelerate the arrival of the hydrogen economy, impediments that may delay its development, and the role laws and regulations might have in both. An attempt is made to address the various factors on a global scale while using specific examples to highlight the nature of the legal issues. The role of legislation is generally to follow society in the development of rules of conduct to address concerns or problems. To do otherwise and attempt to legislative specific courses of action tends to be economically inefficient, especially in directing the path for development and adoption of new technologies. Since a mature hydrogen economy is decades distant, the authors focus their discussion of the role of law in such an economy on the laws applicable to the "early adopters" of emerging hydrogen-related technologies. What surprisingly emerges is a discussion of such legal topics as export controls, patent laws applicable to government contracts and defence controls as well as environmental and energy regulatory regimes