Government Commitment Research Articles

The estimated cost of preventing extinction and progressing recovery for Australia's priority threatened species.

The global extinction crisis is intensifying rapidly, driven by habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species, and disease. This unprecedented loss of species not only threatens ecological integrity but also undermines ecosystem services vital for human survival. In response, many countries have set ambitious conservation targets such as halting species extinctions, yet the necessary financial commitments to achieve this are rarely prescribed. Estimating costs can be achieved using an ensemble of spatially variable species-specific cost models for threat abatement activities. We employ this method to provide a cost assessment to halt extinctions for Australia's priority terrestrial and freshwater species. We show that it will cost ~AUD15.6 billion/year for 30 y to halt extinctions for these 99 priority species (comparable to 1% of Australia's GDP). The more ambitious objectives to move priority species down one threat category (~AUD103.7 billion/year) or remove from the threatened species list entirely (~AUD157.7 billion/year) would require considerably more investment. Regardless of what is spent, we found that 16 (16%) priority species could not be removed from the threatened species list due to extensive historical declines and pervasive, ongoing, unmanageable threats, such as climate change. But implementing these efforts could ensure conservation benefits for over 43% of all nationally listed nonmarine threatened species. Adequate funding is crucial for meeting government commitments and requires both government leadership and private sector investment.

The Intersection of Brazil's Racial Ideology and African Foreign Policy: The Geisel Administration at the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC’77)

Abstract This article examines the ways in which Brazil's African foreign policy during the Ernesto Geisel administration (1974–9) utilised notions of ‘racial democracy’ and the nation's Africanity in framing itself as an intrinsic partner to the continent across the Atlantic. It does this through an analysis of Brazil's involvement at the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC’77, 15 January–12 February 1977), hosted in Lagos, Nigeria. The international event celebrated past and present contributions of Black and African cultures to global civilisation. An assessment of the Brazilian government's delegation to FESTAC’77 shows how the Geisel administration attempted to depict Brazil as a harmoniously integrated society, where, through a historic process of mixing, the nation's racial identity was united into an equitable whole. In contrast, the propagation of these ideas at FESTAC’77 left the regime's racial ideology vulnerable to attack from international and domestic audiences.

Organizational Capacity in Implementing the “Kang Pisman” Program: A Case Study of Waste Management in Bandung City

The issue of waste management in Indonesia, both at the national and local levels, has become an important topic worthy of research. Policies issued by the government to address and minimize waste problems, such as Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 97 of 2017 on the National Policy and Strategy for Household Waste Management, as well as Bandung City Regional Regulation Number 17 of 2012 on Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags, demonstrate the government's commitment to tackling this issue. The implementation of these policies is carried out through various programs, one of which is the "Kang Pisman" program (Reduce, Separate, and Utilize), which began with the Waste Collection Movement. This program, introduced in 2018, aims to raise public awareness about sustainable waste management. However, the success of its implementation is highly influenced by the capacity of local government organizations to plan, execute, and evaluate these policies. Organizational capacity, which includes aspects such as human resources, infrastructure, inter-agency coordination, and internal policy support, plays a significant role in the effectiveness of the Kang Pisman program. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the organizational capacity of the Bandung City local government and the success of the Kang Pisman program in addressing waste management issues. The results of this research are expected to provide insights into the importance of strengthening organizational capacity to support the sustainability of environmental policies.

Waste harvesting: lessons learned from the development of waste-to-energy power plants in Indonesia

Purpose The purpose of this research is to analyse the development and implementation of waste-to-energy (WtE) power plants as a strategy to manage municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indonesia. It aims to identify key determinants for the successful adoption of WtE technology in developing countries, focusing on the Benowo WtE power plant, Indonesia’s first large-scale WtE project. Design/methodology/approach This study reviews the development of the Benowo WtE power plant, examining political, regulatory and financial factors influencing its implementation. It analyses the roles of national and local government institutions, highlighting critical elements for the successful deployment of WtE projects in a developing country context. Findings The review shows that the success of WtE projects in Indonesia is significantly influenced by strong local government commitment, supported by political, financial and regulatory backing from the national government. The Benowo WtE power plant’s development demonstrates that with adequate support, WtE can be a viable solution for managing MSW and generating energy in developing countries. The study also identifies barriers to broader WtE adoption in similar contexts. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to 12 WtE projects in Indonesia, with in-depth analysis focused on a single case, potentially overlooking challenges and opportunities in other regions. Furthermore, the study does not include an economic analysis, such as a feasibility assessment. Future research could expand to multiple WtE projects and incorporate primary data collection to provide more comprehensive findings, including feasibility studies of each project. Practical implications The findings provide practical guidance for policymakers and stakeholders in developing countries, identifying critical areas for successful WtE deployment and offering a blueprint based on the Benowo WtE power plant. Social implications Implementing WtE projects can improve waste management, reduce pollution, enhance public health, create jobs and stimulate local economies. The study underscores the importance of government and community collaboration in addressing environmental challenges and fostering shared responsibility. Originality/value This research offers novel insights into WtE technology development in a developing country, specifically focusing on Indonesia’s first large-scale WtE power plant. By analysing the Benowo WtE power plant, the study provides valuable lessons and strategies for other developing nations aiming to adopt WtE solutions for MSW management, emphasising the critical role of government support.

Empires of Obligation: Law, Money, and Debt between England and the Ottoman Empire, 1670–1720

During the 1690s, both the English and Ottoman states developed new institutions for longer-term borrowing and reformed their imperial monetary systems. These synchronous but divergent developments present a puzzle that has not been answered by rigidly separate English and Ottoman historiographies. “Empires of Obligation” follows merchants trading between England and the Ottoman Empire to understand how both states responded differently to the challenges of global trade and fiscal crisis. At this time, English merchants were the most powerful European traders in the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire represented England’s greatest single market for its woolen textiles, its largest industry. As Levant Company merchants swapped woolens for silk, they also blended international private credit with domestic public finance. They were the largest merchant investors relative to the size of their trade in the Bank of England and helped facilitate Ottoman longer-term public borrowing through the mālikāne system. From within England’s bureaucracy, they also worked to ease global trade through an “intrinsic value” theory of money, the idea that coins represented a government commitment to provide a fixed amount of precious metal. At the same time, the Ottoman state sought to redefine money as an instrument of the state, not a tool of trade. Following merchants who themselves bridged two empires that are rarely compared shows interconnected but divergent responses to the challenges of making money work both within and between states at the end of the seventeenth century.

Addressing historical inequities: the socio-political dimensions of rural teacher education in Brazil

This paper critically examines public policies aimed at enhancing rural teacher education in Brazil. Although social movements have advocated for distinct rural education policies and some educational programs have been introduced to address challenges in the countryside, significant disparities remain. The analysis underscores the gap between policy intentions and implementation, particularly in the North and Northeast, where structural inequalities exacerbate issues such as inadequate infrastructure, teacher turnover, and socio-economic barriers. It advocates for a participatory approach that integrates rural communities into the policy design process to better address cultural and contextual needs. Drawing on principles from critical pedagogy and rural sociology, this analysis proposes strategies for developing inclusive, responsive policies that bridge the rural-urban educational divide, improve teacher retention, and ensure sustained governmental commitment.

Nigeria's Sugar Industry: Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects for Self-Sufficiency

The sugar industry in Nigeria is relatively young, having been established in the 1960s. However, it has not yet reached its full potential, as it currently only supplies about 5% of the country's sugar demand. This lack of performance has led to the loss of foreign exchange earnings and hundreds of thousands of employment opportunities. The Nigerian Sugar Master Plan (NSMP) predicts that the country's sugar demand will exceed 1.7 million metric tonnes by 2020, and to meet this demand, the country needs to establish 28 sugar factories and cultivate 250,000 hectares of land for sugarcane over the next 10 years. Private investors will provide most of the investment capital. The government has enacted various policy instruments, including fiscal incentives, tariffs, and the Backward Integration Program (BIP), to create a conducive policy environment for the sugar industry's development. The Sugar Levy will also fund research and development studies and essential infrastructure. These policies aim to attract new investors and protect existing and new investments in the sugar sector. The approval of the NSMP and the adoption of the conducive policy environment demonstrate the government's commitment to revitalizing the sugar industry and making it a crucial part of the nation's industrial landscape. This paper highlights the progress made in the first ten years of the NSMP's BIP, the establishment of the Nigeria Sugar Institute, and the expected increase in sugar production in NSMP phase II.

LEGAL CERTAINTY OF LAND GRANTS OF EX-USE RIGHTS ACCORDING TO LAW NUMBER 5 OF 1960 AND THE THEORY OF MILK AL-DAULAH

This study examines the legal uncertainty regarding the management of land previously under the Right to Cultivate (HGU) granted to PT Cemerlang Abadi in Babahrot District, Aceh, which presents a significant issue. Although the land has been utilised by around a thousand households for agricultural purposes, the government has not provided official certificates as legal proof of ownership. The slow administrative process and land redistribution by the Aceh government and the Southwest Aceh District Government contradict the principle of legal certainty as stipulated in Law No. 5 of 1960 on Basic Agrarian Regulations (UUPA). From an Islamic legal perspective, the land in question is a public asset that must be managed for the welfare of the people. This uncertainty poses potential social, economic, and legal risks, including future disputes. Therefore, concrete steps are needed, such as expediting data collection, issuing certificates, and providing legal education to the public. Addressing this issue would reflect social justice and the government's commitment to implementing fair and sustainable agrarian principles.

THEORETICAL MODEL FOR MANAGING THE IMPORT SUBSTITUTION PROCESS

The article is devoted to the current problem of import substitution, since increasing technological independence is identified as a priority in the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. In the context of ongoing sanctions from the West, the processes of import substitution require the formation of scientific and methodological tools for the diversification of production processes based on technologies, materials and components of domestic production. The theoretical analysis carried out made it possible to identify and characterize the main integration forms of interaction between organizations in the process of import substitution (holding, cluster, union, technology park), determine their advantages and disadvantages from the standpoint of combining production capacities and complementary resources and technologies. An analysis of the regulatory and legislative framework governing the processes of import substitution was carried out to ensure the overall orderliness of actions. As part of the work of the Government Commission on Import Substitution, the “Plan for Promoting Import Substitution in Industry” was adopted; in accordance with the priority areas of scientific and technological development until 2030, private regulatory legal acts are constantly being developed. The analysis of statistical data showed that the domestic industrial complex is successfully coping with the consequences of the lack of imports, options have been found to intensify import substitution processes within the framework of innovation infrastructure, and “digital production” technologies are being developed. The import substitution policy has received a new round of development from 2022, aimed at replacing missing imported products along with critical end-to-end technologies. There is an annual increase in indicators of intellectual activity and infrastructure support for import substitution processes. A methodological approach to managing import substitution processes is proposed, which involves creating an infrastructure to support developers of new technologies, taking into account the possibility of network interaction. A generalized model of the mechanism for managing import substitution processes is proposed, ensuring the achievement of goals at the micro-macro and meso levels, which can be the basis for developing a methodology for forming the import substitution process of an organization.

Political Ethics in the Perspective of Government Decision-Making and Policy on the Development of the Nation and State

This research aims to examine political ethics towards government policies, political culture towards government policies, political ethics towards public trust, political culture towards public trust, and government policies towards public trust. The data analysis method employed is quantitative, specifically utilizing correlational research. Correlational research is a general approach focused on estimating covariation among naturally occurring variables. The objective of correlational research is to identify predictive relationships using correlation techniques or statistical methods. The research findings indicate that political ethics significantly influence government policies. Based on the results, it is evident that the public holds a highly positive view of the political ethics of their politicians, indicating a strong belief that politicians operate with high ethical standards in carrying out their public duties. The findings also demonstrate that political culture significantly impacts government policies. This implies that changes or improvements in political culture can directly and significantly influence the direction of policies adopted by local governments. Political ethics have a significant impact on public trust. The data shows that adherence to norms and the adoption of ethical guidelines are crucial factors in building public trust in politicians. Political culture also has a significant influence on effective public trust, consistent with regional development plans, providing measurable outcomes, and undergoing continuous evaluation, which are critical factors in enhancing public trust. Government policies have a significant positive impact on public trust, reflecting the government's commitment to ensuring that implemented policies are not only beneficial but also transparent and accountable.

Exploring the mindset of social entrepreneurs towards failure: Evidence from focus group interviews

Background: Failure is a common aspect of entrepreneurship due to high uncertainty. This study examines the specific context of social entrepreneurship, which combines profit goals with social missions. Research objectives: The primary objective is to understand social entrepreneurs’ mindsets towards failure. Research design and methods: The study employs focus group interviews (FGI) with social entrepreneurs, representatives from Social Economy Support Centres, and government delegates in three major Polish cities. Results: Findings reveal diverse perceptions of failure among social entrepreneurs. They view failure both as a setback and an opportunity for growth. The study identifies financial instability and mission drift as common failure factors, and highlights the profound emotional and social impacts of failure. Conclusions: Social entrepreneurs’ perception of failure is complex, influenced by their dual focus on financial sustainability and social impact. These insights can help develop better support mechanisms for social enterprises, promoting resilience and learning from failure.

Innovation and Technology in Health: Current Perspectives from Latin American Public Policies and the SDGs

Objective: To examine and analyze the most relevant theoretical aspects of the academic literature on innovation and technology in the health sector, focusing on how they are integrated and developed within public policies in Latin America. Theoretical Framework: Innovation and technology gain importance as basic pillars to transform the health area in Latin America, which is a region that faces important challenges related to equity, access and quality of health services. Method: The methodology of the study consisted of an exhaustive narrative review of academic sources and relevant documents on technological innovation in health in Latin America, between 2021 and 2024. Results and Discussion: Although the region is promising on a path of technological transformation, the sustainability and expansion of these innovations depend on the commitment of governments and the development of public policies that promote investment in infrastructure and staff training. Research Implications: Collaboration between governments, health institutions and the private sector is essential to overcome existing barriers and maximize the impact of emerging technologies, thus achieving a more efficient, accessible and equitable health system, which guarantees a healthy life for all (SDG:3). Originality/Value: This study is original in analyzing the integration of technological innovation in public health policies in Latin America, highlighting inter-institutional collaboration as a key to a more efficient and accessible health system.

Healthcare Financing in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review.

Saudi Vision 2030 is a game-changer for all aspects of the economy, including healthcare. This article provides a comprehensive overview of healthcare financing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It identifies key healthcare financing challenges that must be addressed to achieve the initiative's envisioned health system goals. The review also examines and demonstrates how healthcare funds in the KSA are allocated among different healthcare services, to offer a perspective on resource use efficiency at various healthcare levels. This research used a mixed-method design which includes a literature review and secondary data analysis. A literature review was conducted aligned with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. The secondary data were gathered from the reports and websites of government agencies, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Despite implementing significant reforms in its healthcare system, the share of private healthcare expenditure in total healthcare spending has seen only marginal growth. The current healthcare financing system appears insufficient to adequately support the chronically ill and the poor. There is a significant imbalance in the allocation of government budgets between hospitals and primary care, with four-fifths of financial resources directed towards hospital services. The Ministry of Health's budget allocation prioritizes personnel compensation, potentially reducing the available budget for medicines and other essential healthcare supplies. Ongoing reforms in the health sector, including privatization, public-private partnership initiatives, and the government's commitment to developing a robust primary healthcare network, are expected to play a significant role in controlling rapidly increasing public healthcare expenditures in Saudi Arabia.

Interaction between National and Local Governments in Rural Revitalization of China

The article examines the specifics of the interaction of rural working group sent by the Communist Party of China to rural areas with local party bodies and rural self-government; analyzes the selection mechanism and staffing requirements of such groups. Rural working group are an important institutional mechanism by which the party pursues its political line in rural areas. In different historical periods, the content of work in villages and the focus of assistance have changed. Such changes reflected to a certain extent the relationship between the rights of the rural community and the state authorities, as a result of which the village management structure was in a state of constant debugging. After the completion of the formation of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the criteria for the selection and evaluation of personnel for working group on rural development sent to villages became more stringent. Despite the symbiotic relationship between rural groups and rural "two committees" (the local government committee and the local CPC committee) from the point of view of institutional norms, the specific practice of their interaction has a number of problems, among which are blurring in the distribution of powers and responsibilities, contradictions in the motivations of the activities of workers' working group on rural development and local "two committees". In this regard, rural target groups face a twofold task. First, they must comprehensively and correctly integrate into the daily activities and life of the village in order to build harmonious relations with farmers and rural "two committees". Secondly, such groups should pay more attention to two-way communication with organizations and institutions responsible for the mission of the task force to rural areas; do not hide the difficulties in their work and inform the leadership of the structures that sent the task force to the village about the problems that arise in order to receive all the necessary sufficient assistance.

Social and Health Inequality in Nigeria: A Survey of Ajegunle Slum Dwellers of Lagos State

Social disadvantage and inequalities in health outcomes are critically and significantly related in many ways. The study uses the Ajegunle Area of Lagos in Lagos State, Nigeria as the study area. The concept of slums and social and health inequality has been explored greatly, itemizing the key factors that affect health and the impact on the environment, health, and the economy. The study further revealed the level of inequality access to Health facilities and service delivery suffered by Slum dwellers. Also, it exposed the high level of decay of Social Amenities in Slum Settlements occasioned by age-long neglect by the government. The study's findings will serve as valuable material for future research on slum settlements and their impact on health outcomes, potentially prompting government intervention. This intervention could include building better road networks, affordable housing, functional health centers, and providing essential services like electricity, waste disposal, clean water, and employment opportunities. The study also advocates for eliminating socio-economic and health inequalities in Nigeria through greater government commitment to improving people's lives in all regions of the country.

PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION POLICY IN SPECIALIZED EDUCATIONAL SERVICES

The article reflects on pedagogical practice and inclusion policies in the contemporary educational context, emphasizing inclusion as a fundamental right for all people with disabilities. The author discusses the need for a less prejudiced and segregationist approach, highlighting the importance of a government commitment to guarantee investments that enable inclusive educational actions. The research also addresses diversity in schools, proposing that they become spaces that welcome and respect differences.

Evaluation of the Integrated Service and Referral System Program in Poverty Alleviation In Bantaeng Regency

This study aims to determine the supporting and inhibiting factors in the Implementation of the integrated service and referral system program for poverty alleviation in Bantaeng Regency. This study uses the Convergent Parallel Design approach, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods. Data sources were obtained through in-depth interviews, observations, and surveys of stakeholders and program beneficiaries. Data analysis techniques involve SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in program implementation. The results of the study indicate that supporting factors for program implementation include local government commitment and community support. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include limited Human Resources at the implementing level and challenges in providing accurate and real-time data.

Moving from Principles to Practice: A Scoping Review of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC) Implementation Strategies.

The principles of value-based healthcare (VBHC) have received widespread endorsement, leading healthcare organizations worldwide to shift their strategies towards them. However, despite growing recognition and acceptance, the actual implementation of value-based approaches varies widely. This research aims to identify studies that address the implementation of VBHC at different levels (healthcare policymakers, hospital administrators, and healthcare providers), focusing on each level's relative strategies. To this end, a scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA extension for the scoping reviews checklist. The electronic databases of Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus were searched to identify relevant publications in English from January 2006 to 31 July 2023. We identified 30 eligible studies. Findings are organized into four main macro strategic levels, each comprising specific dimensions and operational approaches. Fourteen articles analyzed the role of government commitment in VBHC implementation, while six articles focused on regional integrated care systems. The role of hospitals was described in sixteen records. Our study suggests that a comprehensive approach is necessary for the successful implementation of VBHC. Hospitals emerge as pivotal in this shift, requiring organizational and attitudinal changes among healthcare professionals. However, a complete transition towards VBHC that ensures seamless patient management throughout the entire care delivery value chain necessitates government involvement in terms of state legislation, reimbursement methods, and hospital networking.

Decentralization and the Fulfilments of Children's Rights: Challenges and Opportunities for Local Government in Indonesia

The commitment of local governments to protect children in areas such as education, violence, and discrimination is illustrated by Banyumas Regency's Local Regulation Number 1 of 2021, which addresses child protection. However, several challenges persist in its implementation. This study investigates the role of decentralization through local regulations related to child protection, employing normative legal research methods that include a regulatory approach, conceptual analysis, and case studies. The findings indicate that Banyumas Local Regulation No. 1 of 2021 establishes a strong legal framework that significantly protects children from discrimination, violence, and educational inequities. Nevertheless, implementation faces numerous obstacles, including inadequate inter-agency coordination, insufficient infrastructure, limited funding, and a lack of public awareness regarding the importance of protecting children's rights. This research proposes increasing funding allocations through the Regional Budget and recommends creating a collaborative forum that includes local governments, relevant agencies, schools, community organizations, and law enforcement to enhance policy coordination and action. Furthermore, the government is urged to improve community outreach regarding decentralized regulations that protect children. Ultimately, it is crucial to evaluate and refine existing policies to ensure the protection of minors' rights and to provide legal security and certainty.

SWOT Analysis of Indonesian Public Health Policy Using PCA Method

This study aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Indonesian public health policies using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Public health in Indonesia has faced numerous challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, uneven access to health services, and emerging infectious diseases. Effective policy formulation is crucial to address these issues, but there is a need for a more structured approach to assess the dynamic factors influencing public health in the country. The purpose of this research is to employ SWOT analysis combined with PCA to provide a more comprehensive and data-driven evaluation of Indonesia public health policies. The research utilizes secondary data obtained from government reports, health surveys, and international health indexes. The data were processed through PCA to reduce dimensionality and identify the key components that most significantly affect the country health system. This statistical approach allows for a more objective identification of critical variables, which are then categorized into the four SWOT. A qualitative assessment is also used to interpret the results and suggest strategic recommendations for policy improvements. The results of the PCA revealed several key factors impacting Indonesian public health, including healthcare accessibility, funding, and the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. The analysis showed that while there are significant strengths in terms of government commitment and international partnerships, there are also notable weaknesses in infrastructure and healthcare distribution. Opportunities for improvement lie in the potential for digital health integration and public-private partnerships, while threats include the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases and natural disasters.