The U.S. government and many professional societies recommend that human milk be the sole source of nutrition for infants up to 6 months-of-age. ( 1 Christian P. Smith E.R. Lee S.E. Vargas A.J. Bremer A.A. Raiten D.J. The need to study human milk as a biological system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021; 113: 1063-1072 Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar , 2 Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. et al. Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?. Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1036) Google Scholar ) However, only about 25% of infants in the United States meet this goal signaling an urgent need for improved multi-level support for breastfeeding among societies, communities, and families. ( 2 Rollins N.C. Bhandari N. Hajeebhoy N. Horton S. Lutter C.K. Martines J.C. et al. Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?. Lancet. 2016; 387: 491-504 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1036) Google Scholar ) In addition, when breastfeeding is not possible, access to a safe and effective source of nutrition—provided by infant formula (IF) is critical. The search for bioactive ingredients found in human milk (HM) that could be added to formula has been intense among academic institutions, governmental research institutes, and industry. ( 1 Christian P. Smith E.R. Lee S.E. Vargas A.J. Bremer A.A. Raiten D.J. The need to study human milk as a biological system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021; 113: 1063-1072 Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar )The National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) developed a strategic plan (https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/org/strategicplan) that recognizes the importance of optimal nutrition across the lifespan. One aspirational goal is to optimize infant survival and health by optimizing formulas to mimic the composition of HM. more closely.