Transfer Payments Research Articles

Two-echelon collaborative many-to-many pickup and delivery problem for agricultural wholesale markets with workload balance

In the context of cooperation distribution among multiple wholesale markets, each customer can place orders with multiple agricultural wholesale markets, and each agricultural wholesale market can supply different products. To improve their distribution efficiency and avoid traffic congestion, cargoes need to be transshipped among collaborative distribution of different agricultural wholesale markets owing to their product heterogeneity. Each agricultural wholesale market undertakes the cost of completing the task for the reassigned customers of finding a balance among them, respectively. Fairness of allocation is achieved through workload balance and individual rationality constraints instead of monetary transfer payments. Aimed at the collaboration problem, a two-echelon collaborative many-to-many pickup and delivery problem with workload balance (2E-MPDP-WB) is presented in this study. A mixed-integer programming model for 2E-MPDP-WB is established, and a two-stage iterative algorithm combining branch-and-bound algorithm and adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm is proposed according to the problem structure. Some valid inequalities are also proposed. Finally, computational experiments show the correctness of the model and effectiveness of the algorithm, and sensitivity analysis is performed from four aspects, namely, costs before and after collaboration, workload balance, market geographical distribution, and demand mixing degree. The findings provide management insights for the collaborative distribution of multiple wholesale markets.

Effects of supply chain bottlenecks and fiscal stimulus on inflation dynamics in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a case of South Korea*

ABSTRACT We employ an augmented New Keynesian Phillips curve, integrating a global supply chain bottleneck index and comprehensive fiscal stimulus packages, to quantitatively examine the impact of these variables on inflation rates in South Korea using monthly time-series data from 2010 to 2023. The results reveal three key findings. First, the Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI), serving as a proxy for global supply chain bottlenecks, has an overall statistically insignificant effect on inflation throughout the observation period. However, during the pandemic, its effect on inflation was statistically significant. Second, the detrended government stimulus packages, proxied by government transfers or government fixed investment, also demonstrated a significant escalating effect on inflation during the pandemic. These findings suggest that both cost-push and demand-pull factors contributed to recent inflation surges. Third, conventional determinants of inflation, such as expected inflation, the domestic output gap, and crude oil prices, consistently influence inflation, aligning with existing literature.

Exploring The Disparity of Public Facilities in The Central Java Province

The significant difference between the number of public facilities in regencies/cities and the number of public facilities in Central Java Province, which is feared to result in high inequality, is the focus of this study. The objective of this research is to determine the level of inequality in public facilities and the factors that influence the inequality of public facilities in Central Java Province. Secondary data is utilized and analyzed using the Modified Williamson Index approach and Multiple Regression Analysis. The variables employed include population growth rate, transfer income, and the Human Development Index (HDI). The analysis of the Modified Williamson Index reveals an inequality level of public facilities in Central Java Province of 0.21. The highest level of inequality in public facilities is found in Cilacap Regency, Boyolali Regency, and Kebumen Regency. The factors influencing the inequality of public facilities include the significant variable of transfer income in relation to the level of inequality in public facilities. However, the variables of population growth rate and the Human Development Index (HDI) are not significant factors in relation to the inequality of public facilities.

Government Transfers and Votes for State Intervention

Government transfers might have long-lasting consequences on electoral outcomes. We study a regional policy implemented in Italy over the second half of the twentieth century and leverage variation in transfers to show that parties promoting more state intervention in the economy performed better in the targeted areas relative to places that were not subsidized, decades after the end of the policy. This effect does not seem to mirror long-term differences in the economic performance of treated and control areas, which were small, nor other attitudes within the electorate. (JEL D72, H76, I38, N34, N44, R53)

Parenting in socially vulnerable Brazilian families benefiting from the Bolsa Família Program

Bolsa Família is an important Brazilian public policy for conditional income transfer to socially vulnerable families. Breaking the conditionalities relating to basic care in terms of children’s education and health leads to problems in terms of parenting. The objectives of this study were to verify the existence of differences in parenting in families benefiting from the Program and to check which parenting-related variables would predict compliance with the conditionalities. Thirty mothers/guardians of families benefiting from the Program who were not adhering to the conditionalities and 30 who were adhering took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on constructs relevant to the model for studying parenting proposed by Belsky (contextual, relational, and personal - caregiver/child). Comparison and prediction tests showed that families in compliance with the conditionalities had greater family cohesion; children had fewer social competence and behavioral problems, and caregivers had less personal and psychological fragility. These aspects seem important in proposing a supplementary program to the Bolsa Família, targeting families at risk of breaking conditionalities, indicating that public policy must also be responsive to psychosocial dimensions.

Income inequality and healthcare utilization of the older adults-based on a study in three provinces and six cities in China.

The objective of this study is to gain a more nuanced understanding of the specific impact of income inequality on the utilization of healthcare services for older adults. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the moderating and mediating roles of public transfer income and psychological health in this context. A systematic examination of the impact of income inequality on healthcare utilization among older adults was conducted through field questionnaire surveys in six cities across three major geographical regions (West, Central, and East). The analysis employed baseline regression, as well as mediating and moderating effect tests. First, there is a negative relationship between income inequality and the use of therapeutic healthcare services (β1 = -0.484, P < 0.01) and preventive healthcare services (β2 = -0.576, P < 0.01) by older adults. This relationship is more pronounced in the low- and medium-income groups as well as in the western region. The mediating effect of psychological state is significant (β3 = -0.331, P < 0.05, β4 = -0.331, P < 0.05). Public transfer income plays a significant role in regulation. The moderating effect of public transfer income on therapeutic services was more significant in low-income groups (β5 = 0.821, P < 0.01). The moderating effect of public transfer income on preventive services was more significant in middle-income groups (β6 = 0.833, P < 0.01). The study clearly demonstrates a significant negative correlation between income inequality and the utilization of healthcare services by older adults. Furthermore, the study reveals that this relationship is particularly pronounced among older adults in low- and medium-income and Western regions. This detailed analysis of regional and income level heterogeneity is of particular value in this field of research. Secondly, this study attempts to integrate the two pivotal dimensions of public transfer income and psychological state for the first time, elucidating their moderating and mediating roles in this relationship. The findings indicate that public transfer income serves as a moderating factor, exerting a notable "reordering effect" on income inequality and resulting in a "deprivation effect." Such factors may impede the utilization of medical services, potentially influencing the psychological state of older adults.

The determinants of the financial distress of Italian municipalities: How much is it due to inadequate resources?

The key question addressed in this work is whether financial distress recently experienced by several Italian municipalities can be at least partially imputed to the inadequacy of the financial resources they suffer compared to the needs of their populations and their territories. Starting from a multidimensional definition of financial distress, we investigate this issue by exploiting the variability across municipalities revealed by two different occurrences recently involving the intergovernmental fiscal relations in Italy: on the one hand, the large cuts in vertical transfers carried out by the central government as part of the fiscal consolidation strategy in the period 2014–2015 which affected single municipalities to varying degrees; and, on the other hand, the introduction of a new mechanism of equalization transfers at municipal level which showed how the gap between available financial resources to local needs is differentiated across municipalities. Exploiting these sources of variability across local authorities, the estimation results show that the Italian municipalities which suffer a level of resources lower than that necessary to provide public services at a standard level are, ceteris paribus, more likely to run into financial difficulties. By the same token, large cuts in central government transfers have a statistically significant effect on financial vulnerability at municipal level.

Effects of tourism on socio‐economic well‐being and its inter‐regional convergence: Evidence from China's 291 cities

AbstractBig socio‐economic well‐being gap is common across countries and regions. This study examines the impact of tourism on socio‐economic well‐being and its convergence from a comprehensive and inter‐regional convergence perspective. Using panel data of 291 cities during the period 2005–2019, we provide the comprehensive evaluation of socio‐economic well‐being at the city scale in China. Considering the dynamic characteristics of socio‐economic well‐being, we therefore estimate the impact using the system generalized method of moments. The result indicates that tourism significantly enhances local socio‐economic well‐being and is found to be robust. We also find the dominance of domestic tourism, the positive moderator effects of general budget expenditure, GDP per capita and urbanization, and a greater driving force in cities with higher socio‐economic well‐being. Since both β‐ and σ‐convergence hold, we confirm the positive effect of tourism on the convergence of inter‐regional socio‐economic well‐being. We emphasize policies support for tourism development in underdeveloped regions through fiscal expenditure, financial transfer payments, intellectual support, urbanization, and infrastructure construction. We suggest incorporating tourism into frameworks such as rural revitalization and regional coordinated development. We also recommend accelerating the expansion of tourism in underdeveloped regions and enhancing the quality of tourism in developed regions as spatial strategies, while emphasizing inter‐regional tourism coordination and cooperation.

Dampak Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dan Pendapatan Transfer Pemerintah Pusat terhadap Belanja Daerah di Jawa Timur Tahun 2018-2022

This study aims to determine how the influence of local revenue (PAD) and Central Government Transfer revenue on regional spending in East Java in 2018-2023 and how much influence partially or simultaneously. The Data used is secondary data obtained from the official website of the Directorate General of financial balance (DGT). Sampling technique using purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study is 117 normally distributed samples. The analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis, by testing classical assumptions first. The R-Square test is used to test the accuracy of the model. As for the hypothesis test using T test (partial) and F test (simultaneous). Based on the results of research that has been done, local revenue (PAD) and Central Government Transfer revenue respectively have a positive and significant effect on regional spending. Simultaneously or jointly local revenue (PAD) and Central Government Transfer revenue significantly affect regional spending.

India’s Balance of Payment Position: An Overview

As far as Indian BOP is concerned, over the years generally balance of trade indicated deficit while balance of services remained in services. Main reason being imports of India for the visible items such as crude oil and gold far exceed the exports by India but on services account India being known for skilled force rendering services abroad and being IT hub, net services stood in surplus and similarly private transfer payments in the form remittances usually indicate surplus. However, surplus in BOP does not always guarantee the prosperity and likewise deficit does not always signals danger towards the solvency of a nation. Surplus on current account and favourable balance of payment may be on account of massive foreign debt and unprecedented private capital inflows. Thus, favourable BOP may eventually become fatal if the reasons for surplus not carefully considered by authorities and rather become careless in managing BOP. Similarly, BOP deficit cannot be taken as threat to the domestic economy if it is due to huge amount of financial aid to other countries and capital outflows but otherwise continuous BOP deficit may eventually lead to a critical situation such as BOP crisis. Thus, BOP analysis should be performed carefully and results of analysis should be critically evaluated to take appropriate measures to save the domestic economy at the global level.

“Just clearly the right thing to do”: perspectives of correctional services leaders on moving governance of health-care in custody

PurposeGovernance models are a defining characteristic of health-care systems, yet little research is available about the governance of health-care delivered in correctional facilities. This study aims to explore the perspectives of correctional services leaders in British Columbia, Canada, on the motivations for transferring responsibility for health-care services in provincial correctional facilities to the Ministry of Health, as well as key lessons learned.Design/methodology/approachEight correctional services leaders participated in one-on-one interviews between September 2019 and February 2020. The authors used inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. To triangulate early effects of the transfer identified by participants the authors used complaints data from Prisoners’ Legal Services to examine changes over time.FindingsThe authors identified four major themes related to the rationale for this transfer: 1) quality and equivalence of care, 2) integration and throughcare, 3) values and expertise and 4) funding and resources. Facilitators included changes in the external environment, having the right people in the right places, a strong sense of alignment and shared goals and a changing culture in corrections. Participants also highlighted challenges, including ongoing human resourcing issues, having to navigate and define shared responsibilities and adapting a large bureaucracy to the environment in corrections. Consistent with outcomes described by participants, data showed that a lower proportion of complaints received after the transfer were related to health-care.Originality/valueThe perspectives of correctional leaders on the transfer of governance for health-care services in custody to the community health-care system provide novel insights into the processes and potential of this change.

The Effect of Technology Transfers on Productivity Increment in Japanese Overseas Manufacturing

Technological innovation and technology transfer play an important role in enhancing the productivity of MNEs, especially the Japanese overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between R&amp;D cost, technology purchase, and total factor productivity change and regression models with the survey data of Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry on Overseas Business Activities conducted over 2021-2023. Basic and Trend Surveys were combined to create a sample of 1,798 affiliates across 38 countries with variables such as R&amp;D spending, Technology Transfer payments, capital stock growth, and employment growth. The evidence presented suggests that both technology and R&amp;D payments enhance productivity improvement for the company, and the estimated returns on R&amp;D investments is 0.54 Yen (JPY) for every JPY spent and technology transfer payments 0.76 JPY. The regression results also show a synergistic relationship between technology and R&amp;D payments indicating that affiliates involved in both processes report higher levels of efficiency. In addition, the study also focuses on geographical specialization of technology transfer and R&amp;D in industries including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and machinery, where major expenditure on R&amp;D is done across the globe and particularly in United States and in Europe.

INVITED PAPER — COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FISCAL POLICIES IN THE FACE OF DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC STAGES

This study examines the impact of aging on the effectiveness of various fiscal expenditures, including government consumption, one-time government transfers to households, public investment and R&amp;D spending, using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Our findings reveal that (1) Aging enhances the effects of the transfer on augmenting GDP. (2) Regardless of aging, R&amp;D expenditure consistently stands out over all time spans, with younger society benefiting more. (3) Public investment ranks second among for different fiscal policies in the long run, while shows bigger impact in younger society. (4) One-time transfer has only a temporary effect and is the least effective in boosting GDP in both young and old societies. (5) Multipliers for public investment and R&amp;D expenditure increase with the accumulation of public capital and TFP. Their multiplier of young society is larger than old society because impact on consumption is much more effective.

Assessing Factor Influence on Interbudgetary Transfers Income to Municipal Budgets

The article proposes an approach to studying and assessing the influence of factors on the volume of interbudgetary transfers income to municipal budgets. The relevance of the work is predetermined by the need to find ways to increase the replenishment of municipal budgets through the means of influence available for municipalities in order to fulfill their obligations and further territorial progress, including due to the unstable economic situation. Municipalities in Russia are in conditions of high dependence on incomes from higher-level budgets due to limited opportunities to strengthen their own revenue base, needing to attract as much gratuitous revenue as possible to their budgets. However, the aspects that have the greatest impact on the growth of intergovernmental transfers to the budget change over time and require elaboration. The aim of the work is to identify influencing factors that have a positive effect on increasing the incomes of interbudgetary transfers to municipal budgets, as well as to establish the degree of their influence on the volume of financial assistance provided. The study was carried out using industry-wide methods of system analysis with using statistical tools; the objects of the study were municipalities of the Samara region. The revenues of municipal budgets were analyzed, including to identify emerging trends. In addition, an assessment of factors and the degree of their influence on increasing the revenue base of municipalities in terms of gratuitous revenues from the subfederal level was carried out on the basis of correlation and regression analysis, including a dynamic comparison of the calculated models based on the results of 2012 and 2022. The key factors that have the greatest impact on the replenishment of municipal budgets through interbudgetary transfers have been identified, which has become an element of work’s scientific novelty. The results of the study can be used in the development of municipal policy in the field of interbudgetary relations, as well as become the basis for further study on a national scale.

Assessing Factor Influence on Interbudgetary Transfers Income to Municipal Budgets.

The article proposes an approach to studying and assessing the influence of factors on the volume of interbudgetary transfers income to municipal budgets. The relevance of the work is predetermined by the need to find ways to increase the replenishment of municipal budgets through the means of influence available for municipalities in order to fulfill their obligations and further territorial progress, including due to the unstable economic situation. Municipalities in Russia are in conditions of high dependence on incomes from higher-level budgets due to limited opportunities to strengthen their own revenue base, needing to attract as much gratuitous revenue as possible to their budgets. However, the aspects that have the greatest impact on the growth of intergovernmental transfers to the budget change over time and require elaboration. The aim of the work is to identify influencing factors that have a positive effect on increasing the incomes of interbudgetary transfers to municipal budgets, as well as to establish the degree of their influence on the volume of financial assistance provided. The study was carried out using industry-wide methods of system analysis with using statistical tools; the objects of the study were municipalities of the Samara region. The revenues of municipal budgets were analyzed, including to identify emerging trends. In addition, an assessment of factors and the degree of their influence on increasing the revenue base of municipalities in terms of gratuitous revenues from the subfederal level was carried out on the basis of correlation and regression analysis, including a dynamic comparison of the calculated models based on the results of 2012 and 2022. The key factors that have the greatest impact on the replenishment of municipal budgets through interbudgetary transfers have been identified, which has become an element of work’s scientific novelty. The results of the study can be used in the development of municipal policy in the field of interbudgetary relations, as well as become the basis for further study on a national scale.

비상장 중소·중견기업 주식의 양도소득세에 관한 문제점과 개선방안

To revitalize the capital market, the government provides tax-free benefits for minority shareholders such as KOSPI (1% or less than 5 billion won), KOSDAQ (2% or less than 5 billion won), and KONEX (4% or less than 5 billion won) if stocks are transferred through the stock market. The taxation of capital gains tax on the over-the-counter market limits the expansion of the unlisted capital market. Since 2018, in order to help small and medium-sized companies belonging to the over-the-counter market and revitalize investment smoothly, K-OTC's over-the-counter market has provided the benefit of exempting minority shareholders from the taxation of capital gains tax when they transfer the stocks of small and medium-sized companies. As for the size of the K-OTC market, the transaction value has increased by more than 10 times so far, starting with the provision of non-taxable benefits in 2018, and the increase of the size of all transactions by more than 2.5 times. In other words, the exemption from the capital gains tax of small and medium-sized companies by minority shareholders in the K-OTC market has led to the expansion of the K-OTC market. However, due to the expansion of the K-OTC market, other over-the-counter markets, as K-OTCBB, are shrinking over time. Considering that companies listed on K-OTCBB are mainly small or have not met the listing requirements of the K-OTC market, the non-taxation of capital gains tax on stocks of small and medium-sized companies provided only to K-OTC is expected to adversely affect securing investment funds for companies listed on K-OTCBB. This is expected to hinder the growth of many small and medium-sized companies and reduce the options of new investments that are attractive to investors. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the following improvement measures. Markets that comply with the standards of Article 178 (1) 1 of the Capital Markets and Financial Investment Business Act, Article 286 (1) 11 of the Capital Markets and Financial Investment Business Act, and the K-OTCBB operation enforcement regulations conducted by the Korea Financial Investment Association should be added to expand the exemption from the stock transfer income tax by adding the content of “stocks in which a single seller and buyer trade over-the-counter stock certificates of small and medium-sized enterprises through mutual consultation on the terms of transaction”. If the K-OTCBB's transfer tax exemption for small and medium-sized enterprises is expanded through the revision of Article 94 of the Income Tax Act, it is expected that the expansion of the K-OTCBB market will lead to the expansion as in the previous case in 2018. In addition, the introduction of an expansion of the capital gains tax exemption will help small and medium-sized enterprises smoothly secure funds. Through this, the size of the K-OTCBB market will grow, and it can provide attractive new investment destinations for investors. As a result, it is expected that it will have the effect of introducing investors' funds into the capital market, and it will lead to the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises and the development of the capital market.

The distributional outcomes of one-size-fits-all policy response to societal disruptions on local government transfer dependence

The distributional outcomes of one-size-fits-all policy response to societal disruptions on local government transfer dependence

The Intersection of Food Security and Mental Health in the Pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals.

Food insecurity, a multifaceted global challenge, intertwines with mental health concerns, necessitating nuanced strategies for sustainable solutions. The intricate web of challenges posed by these intersections has made it imperative to delineate a strategic way forward, incorporating solutions and robust policy recommendations. This study aims to comprehensively examine the intricate relationship between food security and its intersection with mental health on a global scale, offering insights into case studies, responses, and innovative approaches to inform effective strategies for addressing these pressing challenges. This study involved an analysis of a literature search, mainly between 2013 and 2023, with an updated addition of relevant 2024 studies. Examining responses across regions unveils varied interventions, from targeted social safety net programs in West Africa to technology-driven solutions in Asia. Success stories, such as Ghana's sustainable agricultural practices and Canada's income transfer programs, underscore the efficacy of multifaceted approaches. Innovative initiatives like community food programs offer promising alternatives to traditional food banks. Furthermore, international cooperation and policy innovations, exemplified by the European Union's "Farm to Fork Strategy", demonstrate the potential for collective action in addressing food insecurity. By prioritizing integrated strategies, global collaboration, and evidence-based policymaking, we lay the groundwork for sustainable development where communities thrive nutritionally and mentally. We emphasize continuous research and evaluation and incorporating mental health support into community programs to pave the way for a future where communities are not only food-secure but also mentally resilient.

Accountability and fiscal transfer: The perfect duo for enhancing the regional economy

Each region in Indonesia receives varying amounts of fiscal transfers from the central government, influenced by regional characteristics and accountability. This study examines the impact of fiscal transfers with accountability as a catalyst for the economic growth of Indonesia's regions proxied by gross regional domestic income. The independent variables are the General Allocation Fund (DAU), Special Allocation Fund (DAK), and Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH), while accountability as control variables proxied by BPK audit findings, bureaucratic reform (RB), SAKIP, and APIP scores. Data from 34 provinces over 2016-2020 (170 observations) were analyzed using a fixed effects model and Panel Corrected Standard Error regression. This research fills a gap by examining the simultaneous effects of fiscal transfers on economic growth. The findings indicate that fiscal transfers significantly impact regional economies. The DAK has the highest effect, followed by DBH and DAU. Accountability, measured by APIP, SAKIP, RB scores, and BPK audit findings, is essential for efficient use of transfer funds. BPK audit findings negatively impact the regional economy, underscoring the need for regional governments to improve accountability to optimize central government transfers and support economic growth. Thus, fiscal transfers and accountability are pivotal for enhancing regional financial management and economic performance.

How to escape the dilemma of carbon emission reduction policies implementation under Chinese fiscal decentralization?

As the world's largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China has undertaken a series of low-carbon policies. However, its top-down authoritarian governance, coupled with economic decentralization, challenges policy effectiveness. To facilitate the implementation of incentive-compatible carbon emission reduction policies, this study proposes a tripartite stochastic evolutionary game model involving the central government, local governments, and enterprises. Replicator dynamic equations are then employed to assess how uncertainty shapes participants' behavioral choices. Furthermore, a real-case example validates the theoretical findings and supports subsequent arguments: (1) initial strategy choices by stakeholders influence their transitions but have minimal long-term impact on the final convergence pattern; (2) stakeholders' dedicated efforts, especially central government supervision, shape evolutionary outcomes during policy implementation; (3) the escalation of penalties contributes to policy execution, while transfer payment allocation warrants thorough evaluation as it affects the strategies of both local governments and enterprises; and (4) the incorporation of random elements introduces disruptions in stakeholder evolutionary paths, resulting in deviations and fluctuations from expected patterns. This study not only highlights the importance of resolving the dilemma in implementing emission reduction policies through effective coordination among stakeholders but also reduces uncertainty related to unobserved factors, ensuring a comprehensive range of game outcomes.