Direction Of Government Policy Research Articles

The Association between Material Deprivation and Avoidable Mortality in Lisbon, Portugal.

There is considerable evidence pointing to the existence of a socioeconomic gradient in mortality, which tends to be steeper in urban areas. Similar to other European cities, Lisbon is far from homogeneous since considerable geographical inequalities exist between the more advantaged and the more deprived neighborhoods. The main goals of this study are to describe the geographical pattern of premature deaths (before 65 years old), avoidable deaths (preventable and amenable to healthcare) and cause-specific mortality (HIV/AIDS and suicide) in Lisbon, at the lower administrative level (civil parish, in Portuguese: Freguesia), and analyze the statistical association between mortality risk and deprivation, before (1999–2003) and during the economic crisis (2008–2012). Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratios (sSMR) and Relative Risk (RR) with 95% credible intervals were calculated to identify the association between mortality and deprivation. The analysis of the geographical distribution of cause-specific mortality reveals that civil parishes with high sSMR in the first period continued to present higher mortality rates in the second. Moreover, a significant statistical association was found between all the causes of death and deprivation, except suicide. These findings contribute to understanding how social conditions influence health outcomes and can offer insights about potential policy directions for local government.

Inspection and evaluation of bridge structures for earthquakes risk

The 2017 Earthquake Source and Hazard Map Update in 2017 showed a significant change to the previous earthquake map. An increase in the number of active faults and high magnitude earthquake events indicates an increased potential for earthquake risk. The availability of qualified seismic manual is a must to support the direction of government policy in the provision of infrastructure, especially roads and bridges in a sustainable manner. This study aims to determine the value of the vulnerability of existing bridges against earthquakes and alternative reinforcement that can be done. The reinforcement philosophy is based on performance, similar to the philosophy used in the design of new bridges. Performance criteria are examined using earthquakes with a probability of exceeding 7% in 75 years. Performance criteria are determined based on the level of importance and remaining life of the bridge service. An example of a case study was made by examining and evaluating a prestressed girder bridge located in the earthquake zone 4 of the Jakarta area. Analysis and evaluation of bridge capacity is made using the SAP 2000 program. The 3 (three) dimension model is used to calculate the effect of 3 (three) structural dimensions on the dynamic behavior of the bridge. Earthquake input is made in the form of spectra response according to SNI 2833-2016. For earthquake loading in the X and Y direction the g/R scale factor is used (9.81/5), which is 1.96. The basic shear capacity of the column is calculated according to SNI 2833-2016 which consists of the shear capacity of the contribution of the concrete section and reinforcement. Based on the analysis, it was obtained that the column sliding capacity was 1333.3 kN. The value of the capacity is greater than the ultimate shear load of 519.07 kN so it can be concluded that the sliding capacity of the column still meets the earthquake load so that no structural reinforcement is needed.

Multifunctional agriculture: Policies and implementation in China

AbstractMultifunctional agriculture (MFA) has been supported in the European Union (EU) for over two decades, primarily as part of rural development policy in which agriculture is encouraged to deliver a range of economic, social and environmental outcomes. MFA has also grown in some countries without significant policy support, notably in peri‐urban fringes in North America and Australasia. Further expansion of this phenomenon is now apparent in China under strong central government policy directives from the early 2000s. Drawing upon a decade of studies of MFA in China, this paper examines some of the responses to various related policy initiatives, including major programs, such as Grain for Green, which have encouraged farmers to generate environmental services. It also refers to the scope for individual farm households to take initiatives leading to MFA via adoption of multiple functions on smallholdings (e.g., rural tourism, food processing). Various interpretations of MFA are explored, with a focus on how central government policy directives have driven take‐up of various MFA‐related initiatives.

Categorising Policy & Technology Interventions for a Pandemic: A Comparative and Conceptual Framework

A number of government measures and interventions are implemented in response to viral outbreaks or declared global pandemics. To examine the impact government and non-government interventions and technological responses have on individual behaviour, epidemiology, and economic outcomes, we propose a conceptual framework that categorises government policy directives. This framework assigns a gradient indicating the severity or impact of the measure. In doing so we provide a measure that examines the effect of dominant policy initiatives on the outcomes. We demonstrate the value of the categorisation process using the interventions for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Sustainability in life below water: managing the exploitation of Nigerian shellfish resources

Sustainable Development Goal 14 aims to increase the protection and sustainable management of coastal ecosystems and their resources while addressing threats such as pollution and ocean acidification. Nigeria as a nation with a coastline of approximately 853km facing the Atlantic Ocean is on one hand, at the mercy of the ocean but, on the other hand, the custodian of its resources. These resources like shellfishes sustain us today, and without them future generations will suffer, this is why there is a law against the destructive fishing practices, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities. This article highlights the few priority areas and sustainability challenges for Nigerian shellfish resources as coastal lagoons are fully exploited and increase in harvest of shellfish resources from the lagoons is unlikely. It was noted that despite the availability of regulations, noncompliance by fisher folks has not helped in managing the exploitations. It is therefore recommended that officials need to work with those responsible for social policies, such as employment and other relevant policies, to make sure that the overall government policy direction is coherent and consistent. Also, giving coastal communities access to resources and allowing those access privileges to be traded can help in sustainable management of shellfish resources.

DIRECTIONS OF STATE POLICY OF PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT IN A POST-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY

The article is devoted to the study of government policy directions to minimize the risks connected with the negative impact of technological progress on employment dynamics: technological unemployment, precarious work and the growth in the number of workers with minimal or zero market powers that have qualifications that do not meet the needs of the economy. Timely and effective employment promotion measures, including the prevention of job loss and early intervention in these processes, will mitigate these threats. For this, in particular, it is necessary: to introduce comprehensive adult education strategies, especially for people with low qualifications; to strengthen and adapt training systems providing adequate opportunities for retraining during the entire labor activity of employees; expansion of social protection.

How to Design a Consumer-friendly Strategy for Food Risk Communication

In this study, we proposed a designing method of food risk communication strategy based on consumers’ subjective risk assessment, perception, and communication needs. To verify the significance of the proposed model, we conducted a consumer survey on food risk targeting 576 married women with children who are under age 50. We classified 12 food risk cases into four different types based on consumers’ risk assessment and perception, and then matched communication strategies with each of the four types considering consumers’ communication needs. The result showed that designing the risk communication strategies based on consumers’ subjective perception is not irrational but efficient to prevent unnecessary costs due to inappropriate communication efforts. This study highlights the need of a national-scale consumer survey on various risk cases since the survey results could inform the direction of government policies on consumer-friendly risk communication.

Pengaruh Kebijakan Subsidi Pupuk terhadap Produksi Gula Kristal Putih Indonesia

The direction of government policy is to increase plantation white sugar production. The government through the Ministry of Agriculture has launched fertilizer subsidies to support increased plantation white sugar production. Nevertheless, Indonesia's plantation white sugar production tends to experience a decline from year to year. This condition is not in line with the objectives. This study aims to evaluate the fertilizer subsidy policy in order to achieve the national plantation white sugar self-sufficiency target. The study uses multiple linear regression methods with time series data. The results of the analysis show that the application of the subsidized fertilizer policy does not significantly affect the production of plantation white sugar from sugar cane farmers. The area of sugarcane plantation is a factor that significantly influences the production of Indonesian plantation white sugar .

A systematic review and meta-synthesis of policy intervention characteristics that influence the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting: implications for infection prevention and control.

Government-directed policy plays an important role in the regulation and supervision of healthcare quality. Effective implementation of these policies has the potential to significantly improve clinical practice and patient outcomes, including the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. A systematic review of research describing the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting was performed with the aim to identify policy intervention characteristics that influence implementation. A systematic search of four electronic databases was undertaken to identify eligible articles published between 2007 and 2017. Studies were included if published in the English language and described the implementation of government-directed policy in a high-income country hospital setting. Data on policy and implementation were extracted for each article and interpretive syntheses performed. A total of 925 articles were retrieved and titles and abstracts reviewed, with 69 articles included after review of abstract and full text. Qualitative synthesis of implementation data showed three overarching themes related to intervention characteristics associated with implementation: clarity; infrastructure; and alignment. Better understanding and consideration of policy intervention characteristics during development and planning will facilitate more effective implementation although research describing implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting is limited and of variable quality. The findings of this study provide guidance to staff tasked with the development or implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting, infection prevention and control professionals seeking to maximise the impact of policy on practice and improve patient outcomes.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN POTENSI ANGIN UNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BAYU (PLTB) MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY MAMDANI

In order to assist the government in realizing the use of 23% of EBT in 2025, to support the direction of government policies and strategies to improve accessibility by providing electricity to remote islands and villages. so in this study, the researcher makes a decision support system for determining the potential of renewable energy, especially energy produced by wind for wind power plants, The method used in this research is the Mamdani Fuzzy Logic, a system consisting of 3 Input criteria, including wind speed, temperature and air pressure, and output is potential for wind energy, output is presented in the form of a percentage unit with a range of 0-100%. The research was conducted in Sumenep Regency, after processing with the Fuzzy Mamdani method, the value of wind potential was generated with the average of the total output data = 43.51%, the value of min = 31.27%, the max value = 49.87%.

정부별 국정운영 방향과 농촌지역개발사업 변화 분석

정부별 국정운영 방향과 농촌지역개발사업 변화 분석

How Government Policy Directions lead Rural Development Projects?

How Government Policy Directions lead Rural Development Projects?

The Hobbesian Bargain: State-Building, Fiscal Capacity, and Preferences for Redistribution in Fragile States

What explains citizens' preferences for redistribution in fragile states? We examine fiscal capacity in the context of modern state-building in Afghanistan. As emergent governments struggle to supply their end of an Hobbesian bargain by establishing political order after state collapse, we argue that citizens' expectations of the government's policy direction are conditioned by newly-functioning political institutions. Absent a demonstrated record of fiscal capacity on the part of the state, these expectations importantly shape citizens' redistributive demands. We test our argument using nation-wide survey data from Afghanistan and an exogenous source of variation in individuals' political inclusion to proxy for perceptions of government policy direction. Results show that individuals who gain greater political inclusion through shared loyalties with elected politicians in the new regime demonstrate less support for redistribution, while those who perceive rent-seeking in government service delivery are more likely to spread the wealth around. Forms of quasi-voluntary compliance and risk aversion are two conditions that mediate preferences in favor of redistribution, conditional on a fragile state's demonstration of fiscal potential. Findings remain robust to numerous sensitivity analyses and alternative explanations. The analysis contributes to important theoretical and policy questions focused on the institutional components of state-building, fiscal institutions, and economic development.

Building Competency-Based Practice Into Democratically Elected Boards

On September 4, 2018, following the amalgamation of three nursing colleges, the British Columbia College of Nursing Professionals (BCCNP) officially became the single regulator for all nurses in the Canadian province. As part of the unification process, BCCNP built a governance framework from the ground up within the constraints of British Columbia’s Health Professions Act. The nursing college boards recognized the value and potential of having a competency-based board and committees and tried to balance it with what the legislation would allow and what registrants would support. Contemplating such principles supported the transition from three colleges to one with a shared mandate that representation discussions could erode trust among board members, whereas competency discussions encouraged board members to focus on the collective bigger picture and to make good, contextual decisions in the public interest. This article investigates the evolution of competency-based boards within the corporate and not-for-profit realms that helped inform the changes BCCNP sought to make. It also examines how the meaning of competency evolved, discusses the resistance competency processes faced, and describes how Canadian organizations with elected boards attempted to balance a competency-based approach with their democratic roots. Finally, the article highlights how the amalgamation of the three nursing colleges gave rise to a reimagining of its board model using competency-based principles to deliver a competent, diverse, and balanced board aligned with recent government policy direction.

Does the @realDonaldTrump Really Matter to Financial Markets?

AbstractDoes the @realDonaldTrump really matter to financial markets? Research shows that new information about the likely future policy direction of government affects financial markets. In contrast, we argue that new information can also arise about the likely future government's resolve in following through with its policy goals, affecting financial markets as well. We test our argument using data on U.S. President Donald J. Trump's Mexico‐related policy tweets and the U.S. dollar/Mexican peso exchange rate. We find that Trump's Mexico‐related tweets raised Mexican peso volatility while his policy views were unknown as well as thereafter, as they signaled his resolve in carrying out his Mexico‐related agenda. By helping politicians disseminate policy information to voters, and since voters hold governments accountable for their policy performance, social media allows investors to gather information about the likely policy direction and policy resolve of government, especially those of newcomers whose direction and resolve are unknown.

Implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting: a modified Delphi study

BackgroundIn the last 20 years governments have sought to introduce policy that improves the quality of care provided in hospitals, yet little research has been done to understand how these policies are implemented, factors that affect the implementation process or what should be considered by decision-makers during policy development or implementation planning. Experts with real-life experience in the introduction and implementation of policy are best placed to provide valuable insight into practical issues that affect implementation and the associated outcomes of these policies.MethodsA modified Delphi study of experts in hospital policy development and implementation was undertaken to investigate factors influencing the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting. This study built on the findings of two previous studies — a qualitative study of clinician perspectives of policy implementation and a systematic review and meta-synthesis, in which common contextual factors and policy characteristics associated with policy implementation were ascertained. International experts with extensive experience in government-directed policy implementation at global, national, corporate, jurisdictional and organisational levels were asked to provide opinions on predetermined factors and the feasibility of considering these in policy development and implementation planning. Survey design and analysis was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.ResultsEleven experts from four countries and with different health system perspectives participated in the study. Consensus was reached on the importance of all predetermined factors in the first survey round with additional factors for investigation highlighted by participants for examination in subsequent rounds. On study completion, expert consensus was reached on 24 factors of importance; only 20 of these factors reached consensus for feasibility.ConclusionsStudy findings indicated that, whilst there are multiple factors of importance in policy implementation across all Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains, some factors, such as establishment of roles and responsibilities for implementation and organisational lines of accountability, are feasible for consideration at a hospital level only. In addition, four factors did not reach consensus in terms of feasibility, indicating that it may not be practical to consider all factors of importance when implementing policy; this has important implications for implementation planning and resource allocation.

Local impacts of federal forest policy changes on Canadian model forests: An institutional capacity perspective

AbstractAlthough research in multiparty environmental governance has examined how local actors work together, few have focused how changes in higher order government policy directives affect the capacity of local organizations to implement associated management activities over time. We examine changes in three Canadian Model Forests as federal policy objectives shifted from “sustainable forest management” to “sustaining communities.” Specially, we adopt the concept of institutional capacity from planning theory to assess changes in knowledge resources, relational resources, and mobilization potential of Model Forest sites during the shift from the Model Forest Programme to the Forest Communities Programme. Analysis of key documents shows that despite being developed as a top‐down programme, individual sites exhibited an array of responses by drawing on local actors with new skills, political acumen, and relational resources to generate local opportunities. Although overall federal support decreased, Model Forest sites fostered collaborations with new sectors, enabling them to link ideas, resources, and influence in new ways and respond to changes they observed in the local context. Local networks created under a federal programme were able to move forward, shift their organizational identity, change visions, and initiate alternative projects after the programme stopped.

Community Assistance in Tarakan the Urban City of North Borneo Province

Urban city mentoring is a form of actualizing the Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi through the community services activities, social devotion and the development of scientific implementation. Community assistance activities is also a media for IPDNs lecturers to combine between the theories to the government problems with current issues as to enrich the existed theories or to abort the anomaly theory. This service activities are also expected to benefit in particular for Local Government as a form of partnership for the success of government programs, regional development and community building by finding the common solutions to the problem that faced by people in the region. The material of community assistance implemented by IPDNs lecturers team and Praja in Tarakan city derived from research which has valid and benefit for the public. Urban population policy issues, Urban community empowerment and drug eradication. The final result of the urban community assistance is government policy recommendations that could be a reference for Tarakan city in determining the direction of Local Government Policy.

‘A Government of Transformation’: An Analysis of the Initial Education Policy Directions of the Labour-Led Coalition Government of New Zealand 2017–2018

From the outset, the Labour-led Coalition Government of 2017 was intent on ‘transformation’. For the education sector, this was signalled immediately with the announcement of an extensive programme of review and reform initiated in their first 100 days of power. Yet, what is at the heart of the proposed changes and what were they trying to address? Drawing on Bacchi’s (Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Pearson, London, 2009) What’s the Problem Represented to Be? approach, we examine the significant problems identified by the in-coming Government through key public messages during their first 8 months (October 26th, 2017–June 30th, 2018). By analysing official discourses released by Ministers, we examine how the problems which the policies intended to address were constructed and represented to the public. Our analysis identified four main ‘problems’: the de-professionalisation of the teaching profession; the quality of public education; equity and access; and preparedness for the twenty first century. We conclude by examining how the representations of these problems may provide key insights into how imagined solutions are proposed and enacted in the future.

Water resources and water pollution emissions in China's industrial sector: A green-biased technological progress analysis

Prior to the 21st century, China's industrialisation was mainly driven by investment; by contrast, it now relies on innovation-driven and environmentally friendly technology to achieve sustained and healthy growth. Spanning China's 11th-13th Five-Year Plans (2006–2020), chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen emissions have been the key pollutants that require monitoring for waste water pollution management. To fit well into one of the focus areas under China's government policy direction, the main objectives of this study are to measure input- and output-based technological progress and their determinants for 30 provinces and regions in China from 1999 to 2015. A green-biased technological progress model based on the directional distance function is adopted in this study. The results reveal that sustainable growth in total factor productivity was primarily due to green-biased technological progress. Most provinces and regions in China overused water resources for industrial production, as demonstrated by the high water consumption over the study period, while output-biased technological progress exacerbated the discharge of water pollutants before the implementation of China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010). Technological progress in the eastern region was more likely to promote industrial growth, while progress in the central and western regions was likely to promote increased pollutant emissions. Furthermore, industrial research and development investment, governance of waste water treatment investment, the educational level of the labour force, and water prices contributed significantly to biased technological progress in China over the study period. Overall, this study has important policy implications and can provide guidance for emissions reductions to promote cleaner production and optimise resource allocation in China's industrial sector.