Official Government Websites Research Articles

Implementasi Blue Economy di Wilayah Pesisir Kenjeran Surabaya

This study aims to explain the implementation of the blue economy concept in the Kenjeran coastal area of ​​Surabaya. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The type of data used is primary and secondary data. Primary data obtained from observation and interviews with informants. Secondary data comes from literature reviews on official government websites, previous research journals, scientific papers, and other literacy sources. The results of the study reveal that of the 4 principles and indicators that serve as a reference for implementing the blue economy concept in the Kenjeran coastal area of ​​Surabaya, there are 3 principles that have been implemented and 1 principle in the pursuit stage.

Digital Public Health Solutions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Analysis of Contact Tracing Solutions Deployed in Japan and Germany

Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous countries, including the likes of Japan and Germany, initiated, developed, and deployed digital contact tracing solutions in an effort to detect and interrupt COVID-19 transmission chains. These initiatives indicated the willingness of both the Japanese and German governments to support eHealth solution development for public health; however, end user acceptance, trust, and willingness to make use of the solutions delivered through these initiatives are critical to their success. Through a case-based analysis of contact tracing solutions deployed in Japan and Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic we may gain valuable perspectives on the transnational role of digital technologies in crises, while also projecting possible directions for future pandemic technologies. Objective In this study, we investigate (1) which types of digital contact tracing solutions were developed and deployed by the Japanese and German governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) how many of these solutions are open-source software (OSS) solutions. Our objective is to establish not only the type of applications that may be needed in response to a pandemic from the perspective of 2 geographically diverse, world-leading economies but also how prevalent OSS pandemic technology development has been in this context. Methods We analyze the official government websites of Japan and Germany to identify digital solutions that are developed and deployed for contact tracing purposes (for any length of time) during the timeframe January-December 2021, specifically in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We subsequently perform a case-oriented comparative analysis, also identifying which solutions are published as open-source. Results In Japan, a proximity tracing tool (COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application [COCOA]) and an outbreak management tool (Health Center Real-time Information-sharing System on COVID-19 [HER-SYS]) with an integrated symptom tracking tool (My HER-SYS) were developed. In Germany, a proximity tracing tool (Corona-Warn-App) and an outbreak management tool (Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System [SORMAS]) were developed. From these identified solutions, COCOA, Corona-Warn-App, and SORMAS were published as open-source, indicating support by both the Japanese and German governments for OSS pandemic technology development in the context of public health. Conclusions Japan and Germany showed support for developing and deploying not only digital contact tracing solutions but also OSS digital contact tracing solutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the open nature of such OSS solutions’ source code, software solutions (both OSS and non-OSS) are only as transparent as the live or production environment where their processed data is hosted or stored. Software development and live software hosting are thus 2 sides of the same coin. It is nonetheless arguable that OSS pandemic technology solutions for public health are a step in the right direction for enhanced transparency in the interest of the greater public good.

The Impact of Termination of Cooperation between the Indonesian Government and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on Nature Conservation

This study aims to explain the reasons why the Indonesian government decided to cooperate with World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the impact of the termination of the Indonesian government's cooperation with WWF on Nature Conservation in Indonesia. Data was collected through a literature study (library research) which aims to collect secondary data from books, journals, reports, official government websites, and other relevant internet sites to support this research. The data is then analyzed in three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings show that the reasons why the Indonesian government, represented by the Ministry of Environment, decided to partner or end the collaboration with the WWF foundation, namely, first, a change in landscape or the scope of WWF's performance which is increasingly being expanded. Second, WWF's activities, especially in the field of climate change, environmental and forestry law enforcement and waste management in the field, do not have a legal basis for legal cooperation. Third, violations of the principle of cooperation and violations of field work and unilateral claims that do not match the facts that occur in the field. Fourth, violations of the substance of the cooperation agreement, including through a series of social media campaigns and publication of reports that are not in accordance with the facts. Meanwhile, the impact of the termination of this collaboration resulted in aspects of the natural environment that were increasingly not maintained and many other projects that were concerned with nature and ecosystem conservation became worse. The limitation of this research is that the researchers did not have time to conduct interviews with WWF to examine in more detail the impact of the termination of cooperation on nature conservation in Indonesia. Subsequent research needs to use the interview method for more comprehensive results.

IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK PENYAKIT PENYERTA PADA PENDERITA COVID-19 DI INDONESIA

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus which was first detected in Wuhan City of China and spread widely to more than 180 countries in the world . Given the high number of Covid-19 cases both globally and nationally, this study aims to identify the characteristics of co-morbidities in patients with Covid-19. Method: This research is a qualitative descriptive research using secondary data through the official website covid.go.id. Results: a descriptive study through the official government website showed that the majority of Covid-19 sufferers were dominated by women (51.3%) with most of the deaths occurring in the age group > 60 years (46.7%) and the majority of Covid-19 patients suffered hypertension (50%) and diabetes mellitus (37.2%). Conclusions and Suggestions: Most of the co-morbidities in patients with Covid-19 in Indonesia occur in the age group >60 years with chronic disease conditions, the majority being hypertension and diabetes mellitus. So, as a self-defense effort, giving vaccines to co-morbid groups must still be carried out by following the technical instructions for implementing the Covid-19 vaccine.

SEARCHING FOR GREY LITERATURE FOR RAPID COMPILATION OF MALAYSIA’S HEALTH SYSTEMS RESPONSE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CHALLENGES AND LESSONS LEARNT

Grey literature is a valuable source of information for evidence synthesis in public health, particularly when swift action is needed to address issues. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was an example where rapid knowledge sharing was quintessential as the world grappled with the management of a novel coronavirus that was spreading at an alarming rate. To document and contextualise the health systems strategies used to address the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia from January 2020 to April 2020, we conducted a rapid review of publicly available documents from WHO Global Research on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) (WHO database), official government websites and local newspapers. This paper aims to describe the methods and discuss the lessons learnt from the review. In the early stage of the pandemic, published articles in the WHO database focused on clinical knowledge, hence we relied on grey literature as a primary source of information, mainly official government websites, which provided real-time information relevant to our study. Grey literature can be a good source of information for a rapid review of nascent and urgent topics particularly in the area of public health, however, a trade-off between comprehensiveness and efficiency has to be considered.

Health Silk Road: The Chinese Way to Global Health Governance

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of lives, triggering an unprecedented global health, economic, social and humanitarian crisis. While China aspires to participate in global health governance, WHO also hopes to strengthen global health governance by strengthening cooperation with China on China’s Health Silk Road (HSR). This study uses the critical and comparative analysis method, system analysis method, and literature research method. Analysis is conducted through Chinese and foreign policy documents, official speeches, expert and public surveys, Chinese and other national media publications; the source database for the study from 1949 to 2022 has been collected from the official Chinese government website, think tanks, WHO database for key health indicators, etc. The paper categorizes China’s participation in global health governance into four stages and summarizes the different characteristics of different periods; it reviews China’s position in global health governance and examines the interaction of China’s HSR with the international community on global health governance. COVID-19 accelerates the process of HSR, and the latter helps WHO to strengthen global health governance. China has provided valuable experience in global health governance “with Chinese characteristics” contributing to world health governance during the pandemic.

MARKETING AND CHALLENGES FOR THE COVID 19 VACCINE IN UTTARAKHAND

Background: The first case in Uttarakhand was recorded on March 15, 2020, and the total positivity rating was 17.5 on May 22, 2020. Given that Vaccination was the only “foolproof” way to fight against COVID-19, the inoculation of the population was necessary to revitalize the economy, protect its citizens and take a step closer to defeating the pandemic. Thus, Vaccine Drives were heavily incentivized and marketed to the general population.Methods: In this research paper, the marketing, and challenges of vaccination in Uttarakhand have been analysed by collecting primary data through questionnaires and secondary data through research papers, articles, official government websites and newspapersFindings: The Uttarakhand government employed various strategies to vaccinate the general public. They provided non-monetary incentives, appointed vaccine ambassadors, provided for workplace vaccinations and associated with private offices to run vaccine programs. These were met with certain barriers caused mainly due to the demographic factors such as nature of locality (rural/ urban), gender, etc. and vaccination shortage.Conclusion: The programs of the Uttarakhand Government were met with mostly satisfactory responses. The problems causing barriers to vaccination have mostly straightforward answers which have to be implemented through long-term plans such as providing technical skills, better accessibility in rural regions and education to be scientifically aware among the general populace.

The Impact of Natural Gas Prices on Electricity Tariffs in the UK

The study was conducted to know the impact of natural gas prices on electricity tariffs in the UK. Although the United Kingdom doesn’t rely directly on Russian gas supplies, still, we are acutely vulnerable to the energy catastrophe that has resulted from the invasion of Ukraine. The UK is part of the European Union and that is a reason the UK energy tariff and natural gas prices are closely connected to the EU. The literature review will elaborate more on the impact of the natural gas price on electricity tariffs in the UK by using an unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The historical data on natural gas prices have been collected from the official government website of the UK and from the ofgem website. The sample size was taken annually from January 2010 to August 2020. Our empirical study is close to (Mohammadi, 2009) who investigate the nexus between electricity prices and fossil fuel prices in the U.S economy.

OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHSE CERTIFICATION IN HOTEL SERVICES IN THE YOGYAKARTA SPECILA REGION OF INDONESIA

The impact of Covid-19 has brought more attention to tourism. The scale of the threat and risk posed by the Covid-19 pandemic is significantly reducing the willingness of tourists to stay in hotels. Cleanliness, Health, Safety and Environmental Sustainability (CHSE) promotes a clean, healthy, safe and friendly environment. CHSE is a policy implemented by the government, specifically the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Industries, to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to review the impact of the pandemic on the hotel service sector and the extent of the implementation of CHSE in the hotel service sector in the special region of Yogyakarta. This study was conducted to see the extent to which CHSE certification is applied to the hotel sector in the Yogyakarta area. Data collection was carried out with secondary data presented on the official government website regarding CHSE-certified hotels, data for all hotels both in terms of room availability, number of rooms in the era before the pandemic and after the epidemic. Then analyzed with descriptive statistics and SPSS analysis with paired t-test for further discussion and conclusions drawn. Based on this research data, it is known that COVID-19 has a significant impact on tourist visits and the number of hotel rooms sold. The number of tourists both local and tourists foreign experienced a significant decline at the peak of the pandemic in 2020 in a row (p=0,016) and (p=0,032), but began to rise again in 2021. Likewise, the number of hotel rooms sold experienced a significant decline at the peak of the pandemic in 2020 (p=0,000) but began to rise again in 2021. data on This study also shows that the number of hotels that have been certified CHSE is still very low in the special area of Yogyakarta, which is 18.79%, so it is recommended that more hotels apply for CHSE certification to increase tourist interest in staying, visitor satisfaction, and a sense of trust and comfort visitors.

Trust in and Use of COVID-19 Information Sources Differs by Health Literacy among College Students.

People's health information-seeking behaviors differ by their health literacy levels. This study assessed the relationship between health literacy and college students' levels of trust in and use of a range of health information sources of COVID-19. We collected data from August to December 2020 among college students (n = 763) through an online survey. We used a health literacy measure containing three self-reported survey questions, developed by the CDC. We assessed the extent to which participants trusted and used any of the sixteen different sources of information about COVID-19. Respondents reported high levels of trusting and using COVID-19 information from the CDC, health care providers, the WHO, state/county/city health departments, and official government websites when compared to other sources. After controlling for demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, race, ethnicity, and income), those who reported having lower health literacy were significantly less likely to trust and use COVID-19 information from these health authorities when compared to participants who reported having higher health literacy. Students with lower self-reported health literacy indicated not trusting or using official health authority sources for COVID-19 information. Relying on low-quality information sources could create and reinforce people's misperceptions regarding the virus, leading to low compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures and poor health outcomes.

Proposed B2B Marketing Strategy to Increase Sales of Jenderal Kopi

Jenderal Kopi is one of the restaurants in Bandung that focuses on Indonesian coffee. After the pandemic subsided, based on data from the official website of the West Java local government, there was a phenomenon with the emergence of new restaurants/cafes and coffee shops in Bandung, which posed a threat to Jenderal Kopi. Based on internal data and information from management, Jenderal Kopi is also facing problems related to sales and the number of guests, which are stagnant and tend to decline in 2022 compared to 2021, when the Covid-19 pandemic was at its peak. After conducting an in-depth interview with one of the owners of Jenderal Kopi, Jenderal Kopi has a significant asset that can be utilized, namely the Probatone 25 kg roasting machine. Probatone is a market leader in the coffee machine industry. This sophisticated machine has met industry standards and can do large quantities of production, and has advantages compared to other brands of coffee roasting machines. In this paper, the author conducts qualitative research by conducting preliminary surveys and in-depth interviews with various parties as a new potential market segment for Jenderal Kopi to accomplish sales with a Business to Business (B2B) mechanism because previously, Jenderal Kopi only did Business to Consumer (B2C) sales. The author also analyzes the factors that influence the buying interest of the potential new market for Jenderal Kopi. The analysis was conducted internally using: Segmenting, targeting and positioning, Marketing mix, VRIO Framework and Business Model Canvas, and external analysis consisting of Porter 5 forces, PESTEL analysis, Competitor analysis and Consumer analysis. As a result of the author’s research, Jenderal Kopi still has a potential market in the B2B sector and needs from several business sectors to fulfill roasted beans in their operations/activities: hotels, restaurants/cafes/coffee shops, and political parties. In the end, after discussing again with one of the owners of Jenderal Kopi, the new segment chosen for the B2B market was the hotel industry with consideration of the large and sustainable number of orders. In conclusion, Jenderal Kopi needs to take several steps and adjustments for marketing its new sales mechanism as a solution to get additional sales by maximizing the use of existing assets. With these other sales, it is expected that Jenderal Kopi can continue to compete with new entrants in the same industry.

Comparison of the drinking water standard for pesticides of the Brazil with other countries

The objective was to compare the types and concentrations of pesticides allowed in the water potability standard for human supply in Brazil with other countries considered to be the largest consumers of pesticides in dollars invested in purchase/trade. This is a descriptive and documentary study, with data collection in regulations available in official government websites in Brazil, USA, China, Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Argentina, India, Italy, and World Health Organization (WHO). Since Germany, France and Italy are part of the European Union (EU), the legislative resolution of the European Parliament was adopted. Pesticides number and maximum permitted values (MPV) differ between the countries and WHO. In the Brazilian ordinance there are forty pesticides, a number like the USA, Canada, China, and WHO, but that represents only 8% of the total pesticides registered for agricultural use in Brazil. When comparing the ordinance of Brazil with EU the values are only the same for Aldrin + Dieldrin. For other, amounts between 2 and 5000 times more are allowed in Brazil. Brazilian regulations do not establish a total value for the mixture of pesticides in water, only individual limits, which together can reach 1677.13 μg/L, while in EU standards it is only 0.5 μg/L. The study showed discrepancies of the pesticides allowed in water potability standard of the Brazil with other countries, but features 12 pesticides with the same concentrations as WHO guidelines, thus, a worldwide standardization in water potability regulations is necessary to promote health and reducing risk of exposure.

The neural machine translation models for the low-resource Kazakh-English language pair.

The development of the machine translation field was driven by people's need to communicate with each other globally by automatically translating words, sentences, and texts from one language into another. The neural machine translation approach has become one of the most significant in recent years. This approach requires large parallel corpora not available for low-resource languages, such as the Kazakh language, which makes it difficult to achieve the high performance of the neural machine translation models. This article explores the existing methods for dealing with low-resource languages by artificially increasing the size of the corpora and improving the performance of the Kazakh-English machine translation models. These methods are called forward translation, backward translation, and transfer learning. Then the Sequence-to-Sequence (recurrent neural network and bidirectional recurrent neural network) and Transformer neural machine translation architectures with their features and specifications are concerned for conducting experiments in training models on parallel corpora. The experimental part focuses on building translation models for the high-quality translation of formal social, political, and scientific texts with the synthetic parallel sentences from existing monolingual data in the Kazakh language using the forward translation approach and combining them with the parallel corpora parsed from the official government websites. The total corpora of 380,000 parallel Kazakh-English sentences are trained on the recurrent neural network, bidirectional recurrent neural network, and Transformer models of the OpenNMT framework. The quality of the trained model is evaluated with the BLEU, WER, and TER metrics. Moreover, the sample translations were also analyzed. The RNN and BRNN models showed a more precise translation than the Transformer model. The Byte-Pair Encoding tokenization technique showed better metrics scores and translation than the word tokenization technique. The Bidirectional recurrent neural network with the Byte-Pair Encoding technique showed the best performance with 0.49 BLEU, 0.51 WER, and 0.45 TER.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Firm Value in Islamic Banks in Indonesia

This study aims to determine how the relationship between the independent variables, namely corporate governance proxied by managerial ownership, ownership, independent board of commissioners, audit committee, and board of directors based on ASET, BOPO, CAR, and DPK. This study uses a sample of Indonesian Islamic Banks, ASET, BOPO, CAR, and DPK used, namely the last 4 years (2018-2021) in Indonesia, while the data used is secondary data taken from the official government website of the central statistics agency (BPS), annual financial reports collected from BSI (Bank Syariah Indonesia), processed using the reviews application. The data carried out several data analysis tests including a correlation test and a granger causality test. The results of this study are in the correlation coefficient table, ASET has a very weak correlation with CAR and DPK, while BOPO has a perfect negative correlation with AET, CAR, and DPK, CAR has a moderate correlation with DPK, and DPK has a very weak correlation with ASET. Meanwhile, in the granger causality test table BOPO has no significant effect on ASET in Islamic banks in Indonesia, and vice versa, ASET has no significant effect on BOPO. CAR has no significant effect on assets and vice versa, assets have no significant effect on CAR. DPK has no significant effect on assets, and vice versa, assets have no significant effect on DPK. DPK has no significant effect on BOPO and vice versa BOPO has no significant effect on DPK.

ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN TEMPAT TIDUR SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI RUMAH SAKIT BAPTIS BATU

Background: Since it was declared a national disaster outbreak in April 2020, based on the official government website, namely Covid19.go.id, up to April 30, 2021, there have been 1,668,368 positive people for Covid-19, 1,522,634 recovered and 45,521 people died. These service changes include changes in the flow of patient admissions both outpatients and inpatients according to health protocols where patients are required to wear masks, through screening procedures, and restrictions on visitors / patient waiters and even separation of services for Covid-19 and Non-Covid-19 patients. With these changes, hospitals need to develop strategies that are obtained based on reports of hospital efficiency indicators for managing the resources needed to deal with the Covid-19 Pandemic.Objective : This study aims to analyze the inpatient efficiency indicators at Batu Baptist Hospital in 2020 with the Barber Johnson approach, to find out the policies and strategies carried out by Batu Baptist Hospital in order to achieve inpatient efficiency indicators according to the standards set during the Covid-19 Pandemic.Methods : The research was carried out at Batu Baptist Hospital on June 28, 2021 to July 31, 2021. The Method research used descriptive research with quantitative and qualitative approaches.Results : The results showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, Batu Baptist Hospital made a policy regarding the criteria for accepting Covid-19 patients based on regulations set by the government. The policy was made to adjust the ability of Batu Baptist Hospital in providing services for Covid-19 cases. In addition, the management of the Batu Baptist Hospital also established a policy on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), a policy for determining the Inpatient Installation (IRNA) room, a Covid-19 safety and control policy aimed at the safety of patients, staff and the community around the Batu Baptist Hospital. Inpatient efficiency indicators for the January – December 2020 period, of the 4 (four) inpatient efficiency indicators only 1 (one) indicator is in accordance with the Indonesian Ministry of Health standards namely BTO 50.08 times, while the other 3 (three) indicators are still not in accordance with Indonesian Ministry of Health standards, with the achievement of BOR 41.90%, ALOS 2.85 days, TOI 4.25 days.Conclusion : During the Covid-19 pandemic, the hospital's strategy to overcome the decline in patient visits due to Covid-19 was based on efficiency indicator reports, the hospital had a marketing strategy by prioritizing marketing digitalization by utilizing social media owned by Batu Baptist Hospital.Keywords : Analysis, Bed, Covid-19 Pandemic

The Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Opini Audit, Kompleksitas Pemerintah dan Kekayaan Daerah Terhadap Pengungkapan Informasi Keuangan pada Website Resmi Pemerintah Daerah Studi Kasus pada Pemerintah Provinsi di Indonesia Tahun 2020

This research was conducted to determine whether human development index, audt opinions, government complexity, and regional wealth have an effect on disclosure of financial information on the regional governments official website in Indonesia. The saturated sample technique was applied in sample collection, and the sample in this research covers all provincial governments in Indonesia in 2020. This research applies multiple linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 26 software. The research findings confirm that the human development index, audit opinion, government complexity, and regional wealth all have a simultaneous impact on the disclosure of financial information. Meanwhile, partially only regional wealth variables have an impact on the disclosure of financial information on the official websites of local governments throughout all provinces in Indonesia in 2020.

Government Communication Strategy in The Establisment of New Aotonomous Regoin in The Papua

The government and the house of representatives of the Republic of Indonesia have approved the establishment of new autonomous regions namely South Papua Province, Central Papua Province, and Papua Mountains Province. The plenary meeting of parliament was set up on 30 July 2022. This establishment of 3 (three) provinces is accommodated in Law Number 2 of 2021 concerning special autonomy for Papua. Before the law was revised, the authority to form a new autonomous region was proposed by The Papuan People’s Assembly or Majelis Rakyat Papua and The Papuan People’s Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua. This research aims to study the government’s communication strategy in conveying the goals of establishing the new autonomous regions in Papua. This study uses a descriptive analysis approach. Data was collected through interviews with informants involved in the formation of new autonomous regions and Papua community leaders. Secondary data was collected from media publication, official government websites, scientific publication, and reports. Laswell’s communication model is used for the evaluation of the government’s communication strategy. The study recommends that the government’s communication strategy should be more intensive through the ministry of home affairs to local government affected by the establishment new provinces, group communication between government and indigenous group, and interpersonal communication among Papuan’s elites who can influence public perception

The current epidemiological analysis and measures taken by the Republic of Poland to combat deadly infectious corona virus disease

Purpose: This article aims to provide an overview of the current situation of COVID-19 in the Republic of Poland, including the measures taken by the government to combat and prevent the virus epidemic. Methodology: The authors conducted a review of available literature and data sources related to the COVID-19 situation in Poland. Information was gathered from official government websites, academic journals, news articles, and other relevant sources. Findings: Poland is actively taking steps to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, including enhancing testing facilities, increasing the budget for infectious hospitalization, initiating a national immunization program, and implementing strict regulatory measures against SARS-CoV-2. However, despite these efforts, the country is currently facing a surge in cases due to the emergence of the Omicron variant. Practical implications: The information presented in this article can be useful for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and the general public in understanding the current COVID-19 situation in Poland and the measures being taken to combat the virus. This knowledge can help inform decisions related to public health policies and individual behaviors to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Originality: While there are many articles available on the COVID-19 pandemic, this article specifically focuses on the situation in the Republic of Poland, providing a detailed overview of the measures being taken by the government and the available facilities to the public. This article also highlights the impact of the Omicron variant on Poland, which is a current and rapidly evolving situation Keywords: Corona Virus, Pandemic, Preventing Measures, Republic of Poland, Current updates.

The discussion of crowdfunding policies among policymakers

Public policies originate in different fields. Multiple stakeholders may be involved in their development and may exert an influence at different stages of the policymaking process. This paper analyzes how legislators discuss crowdfunding policies in Spain in the initial stages of the policymaking process. The paper analyzes the discussion of crowdfunding in the lower and upper houses of Spanish parliament over the last five legislatures (2011–2021). Semantic analysis was carried out. The corpus was defined based on the official government website, where all crowdfunding policymaking initiatives are registered. The most relevant and frequent combination of crowdfunding phenomena was related to start-ups and entrepreneurship. This research provides insights into the business areas where crowdfunding has been discussed in parliamentary sessions. Although this study focuses on Spain, the semantic analysis is broad enough to generalize the results to other countries in future research. The study sheds light on a novel area of research on perceptions toward crowdfunding. This study can help in creating persuasive messages and a secure ecosystem to attract investors and funding on crowdfunding platforms.

1240. Hepatitis A in Latin America and the Caribbean: a Systematic Literature Review on Endemicity Patterns and Immunization Programs

Abstract Background In 2019, hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections caused around 39,600 deaths worldwide. Age-specific seroprevalence is used as a marker to classify endemicity. In countries with intermediate endemicity, WHO recommends universal HAV vaccination for children ≥1 year considering local disease burden and cost-effectiveness analyses. This review aimed to describe the endemicity patterns and HAV immunization programs in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods We conducted a systematic literature review using MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CDRS, Lilacs, and Scopus from January 2005 to December 2021. Additionally, we searched grey literature, including Pan American Health Organization/WHO country profiles and official government websites in January 2022. The main outcomes were HAV seroprevalence and characteristics of HAV immunization programs. Results We identified 30 studies containing data on HAV seroprevalence in LAC and 13 records from grey literature on HAV vaccination program. As of January 2022, among 33 countries, 8 had public universal childhood HAV vaccination program and 12 had programs for at least one population at-risk (Figure 1 and Table 1). Only 7 countries had seroprevalence data available (Figure 2). Using WHO criteria, 5 countries were classified as intermediate endemicity; 2 have already introduced HAV vaccination in the NIP (Brazil and Colombia) and 3 have not introduced yet (Bolivia, Mexico, and Peru). In Argentina and Brazil, studies conducted in certain populations at risk, such as men who have sex with men and healthcare workers aged between 20-40 years, showed higher susceptibility to infection (seroprevalence: 40%-60%). Figure 1.Hepatitis A routine immunization schedule in national immunization programs in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2022 a Available for Guatemalan Social Security Institute (employed people in formal sector), which represents 17% of total population. b Countries that included in national immunization program for at least one population at risk Table 1.Characteristics of hepatitis A immunization programs in Latin America and the Caribbeana Populations at risk: 2-dose schedule; b Partial introduction in 2014 in endemic areas; c only available for Guatemalan Social Security Institute (formally employed population), which represents 17% of total populationFigure 2.Hepatitis A endemicity level in studies conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean based on WHO classification criteriaa general population; b premarital exam; c health care workers; d children school; e liver cirrhosis; f national survey; g samples from labs, h beauticians; i population-based survey; j chronic HCV infection; k rural settlement; l low socioeconomic groups; m chronic HCV infection; n men who have sex with men/ transgender women. Mantovani 2015 and Pereira 2016 are included in the review and not showed here (description of prevalence < 5 y) Conclusion Eight countries had universal HAV vaccination program and 12 offered for at least one population at-risk. LAC countries where HAV seroprevalence was available showed predominance of intermediate endemicity. Bolivia, Mexico, and Peru would benefit from universal childhood vaccination, and Argentina and Brazil should evaluate increasing susceptibility among adults at-risk to expand access to vaccination. In countries without recent data, surveillance of acute cases/outbreaks and seroprevalence studies are needed to guide the HAV vaccination implementation. Disclosures Cintia I. Parellada, MD, PhD, MSD Brazil: Employee of MSD Brazil, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.,|MSD Brazil: Stocks/Bonds Emilia Prieto, MD, MSc, MSD Colombia: Employee of MSD Colombia, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.,|MSD Colombia: Stocks/Bonds Cristina Carias, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc.: Employee|Merck & Co., Inc.: Stocks/Bonds Martha Carolina Valderrama, MD, Msc, IQVIA: Advisor/Consultant|IQVIA: Employee of IQVIA who received funding to execute this study Daniel Samacá-Samacá, Msc, IQVIA: Advisor/Consultant|IQVIA: Employee of IQVIA who received funding to execute this study Fabian Hernandez, BSPharm, Msc, IQVIA: Employee of IQVIA who received funding to execute this study Homero Monsanto, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc.: Employee.