Government Intervention Research Articles

The Minimum Wage in Greece: A Review of Institutional Features, Developments and Effects Between 1975 and 2023

Abstract This paper takes a historical perspective and assesses the evolution of the institutional features in setting the minimum wage in Greece between 1975 and 2023. It also evaluates developments regarding the minimum wage level, its bite and alignment with productivity. The paper reviews the limited available empirical literature on the association of the minimum wage with labour market outcomes (average wages, employment, inequality). It presents new estimates of the elasticity of average wages to the minimum wage. One of the paper’s key points is that the minimum wage setting mechanism has changed over time as the economic environment has changed. Reviewing the evolution of the minimum wage over time to evaluate whether the minimum wage follows productivity developments and whether the minimum wage bites leads to the second and third takeaways of the paper. The minimum wage follows productivity developments over the longer term but not always in the short term. The bite of the minimum wage is high and appears to be higher when government intervention in setting the minimum wage is stronger. As for the impact of the minimum wage on average wages, the new estimates of the elasticity of the average to the minimum wage the paper provides, use more precisely measured wage rates, which show a high elasticity of average to minimum wages. Finally, the review of the existing literature on the employment effects of the minimum wage shows that, as in other countries, the results are mixed with modest negative or no effects.

Education system resilience in the face of inflationary pressures

This paper examines the detrimental impact of rapid inflation on the quality of private education in developing countries. By focusing on the financial challenges faced by private schools, the study highlights the tension between education policy and economic realities. While private schools often attract parents with smaller class sizes and specialized programs, the core motivation lies in investing in children’s future through quality education. However, this study demonstrates how inflation can cripple this sector. The case of Turkey exemplifies this challenge. Post-pandemic inflation created a financial stranglehold on private schools, as rising costs made it difficult to adjust teacher salaries. This, in turn, led to teacher demotivation and a mass exodus, ultimately compromising educational quality. Furthermore, government interventions aimed at protecting parents from high tuition fees, through limitations on fee increases, inadvertently sacrificed the very quality they sought to safeguard. The paper concludes by advocating for alternative policy approaches that prioritize direct support for education system during economic downturns. Such measures are crucial for ensuring a strong and resilient education system that benefits all stakeholders, including parents, students, and the nation as a whole.

Review of Causes, Prediction, and Prevention of Systemic Risk

In financial market, people always ignore or underestimate the potential risk of systemic risk until black swan events emerged as an irretrievable crisis. In order to analyze and prevent from crisis that generated by systemic risk, this paper collates and presents detailed review of the causes, prediction, and mitigation of systemic risk by gathering and sifting current theoretical and empirical research. It explores the complexity and interdependence of financial systems and emphasizes how systemic risk is created via endogenous risk generation via the investment decisions of financial institutions and regulatory and market failures. Moreover, it underlines the strong demand of through legislative changes, the importance of enhanced market discipline, and well-crafted government interventions. Deliberative risk governance is presented as a practical and necessary strategy when it comes to addressing stakeholders in the risk management process to achieve legitimacy and consensus. The research ends by advocating for a comprehensive strategy for risk management to strengthen the resilience of the global financial system and reduce the probability of future potential crisis.

Solutions to insufficient incentives for developing green tourism by travel agencies: government intervention

PurposeThis research aims to develop an improved model with government intervention and find the government policy for developing green tourism to induce the travel agencies have incentives to produce green tourism products.Design/methodology/approachThis research employs Stackelberg game theory to study two travel agencies in the horizontal direction of the tourism supply chain. Two deterministic, price-sensitive linear demand functions are utilized for these two different tourism products to derive possible analytical solutions.FindingsNo travel agency is willing to produce green tourism products without government intervention. The solution proposed in this paper is that a government should subsidize green travel agencies for their production of green tourism products, and create a tax for non-green traditional travel agencies for the production of non-green traditional tourism products. The amount of government subsidies for green tourism products plus the tax on non-green traditional tourism products equals the difference in unit cost of the two products. The travel agency that produces green tourism products has incentive to produce if there is government intervention.Practical implicationsThis paper provides the stakeholders with three practical implications. The first one is that the amount of subsidy for green travel agencies can be paid by taxing non-green ones. This is the optimal solution. The second one for both the tourism sector and government is that technological innovation in cooperation between government and tourism industry such as low-carbon technology is critical to reduce the cost difference between green travel agency products and non-green ones. The third one is that green travel agencies that produce green tourism products can also fulfill their corporate social responsibilities and enhance their social image.Originality/valueThis paper is unique in that it develops a model to resolve the problem of insufficient incentives. In terms of government intervention, this article also considers tax policy in addition to subsidy policy which is different from previous literature.

World’s Best Practice Locust and Grasshopper Management: Accurate Forecasting and Early Intervention Treatments Using Reduced Chemical Pesticide

World’s Best Practice management of locusts and grasshoppers requires accurate forecasting that helps determine where and when surveys are preferentially conducted so that infestations can be found quickly as part of ensuring early intervention treatments. Using survey data downloaded directly into a Geographic Information System (GIS), as well as rainfall and other factors important in the population dynamics of the species concerned, models within the GIS provide forecasts of future developments. The GIS provides forecasts of likely events and is used by locust and grasshopper experts to make decisions; that is, the forecasting is part of a Decision Support System for improved locust and grasshopper management. Surveys are generally conducted by ground vehicles, but for locusts, surveys by aircraft can be an important way to rapidly find bands. In Australia, dense bands can often be seen from an aircraft flying overhead at a height of 300 m, and similar detection of bands of the desert locust by aircraft has been conducted in Somalia. Swarms can be detected by ground vehicles, but because swarms move, surveying by aircraft is also an important way of locating swarms for treatment. When locust infestations are found, they are rapidly treated as part of early intervention preventive management. However, it is generally recognized that it is extremely difficult for landholders alone to protect crops against locusts and grasshoppers, so government intervention is often necessary. These organizations use a variety of treatment techniques to reduce the amount of chemical pesticide applied either by strip spraying or treating very dense infestations, such as roosting swarms, or using biopesticides. These techniques, as used in a number of countries, have proven to be very effective in managing locust populations while reducing the risk to the natural environment and human health.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Coupling and Coordination between the Ecosystem Service Value and Economy in the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration of China

In the context of pursuing high-quality development, the coupling and coordination of the ecosystem and economy has become the fundamental goal and inevitable choice for achieving the sustainable development of urban agglomerations. Based on remote sensing and statistical data for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region from 2005 to 2020, in this paper, we construct an index system of the ecological and economic levels to assess the ecosystem service value (ESV). We use the equivalent factor method, entropy method, coupling coordination model, and relative development model to systematically grasp the spatial pattern of the levels of the two variables, analyse and evaluate their spatial and temporal coupling and coordination characteristics, and test the factors influencing their coupling and coordination using the geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model. The results show that ① the ESV in the PRD exhibited a fluctuating decreasing trend, while the level of the economy exhibited a fluctuating increasing trend; ② the coordination degree of the ESV and economy in the PRD exhibited a fluctuating increasing trend, and the region began to enter the basic coordination period in 2007; ③ in terms of the spatial distribution of the coordination degree, there was generally a circular pattern, with the Pearl River Estuary cities as the core and a decrease in the value towards the periphery; ④ the coordinated development model is divided into balanced development, economic guidance, and ESV guidance, among which balanced development is the major type; ⑤ the results of the GTWR reveal that the influencing factors exhibited significant spatial–temporal heterogeneity. Government intervention and openness were the dominant factors affecting the coordination, and the normalised difference vegetation index was the main negative influencing factor.

Analyzing the Relationship between Agricultural AI Adoption and Government-Subsidized Insurance

Due to the increased unpredictability and severity of weather patterns caused by climate change, traditional farming practices and risk management strategies are becoming increasingly inadequate. In this paper, we explore the literature to understand the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in mitigating climate-related agricultural risks and the pivotal role that public institutions play in encouraging farmers to adopt such technologies. We propose a framework to integrate AI into government-subsidized insurance structures, focusing on reduced premiums through government intervention. We argue that AI’s potential to reduce the uncertainty and severity of climate-induced damages could lower the overall risk profile of insured farmers, thereby justifying lower premiums in the long run. We further discuss the implications of such policies on insurance markets, agricultural sustainability, and global food security. Our initial exploration contributes to the literature by addressing a relatively underexplored intersection of two critical fields—agricultural insurance and artificial intelligence—suggesting directions for future research.

Bridging the Gap: Unveiling the Factors of Government Support Influencing the Success of Vietnamese Agricultural SMEs Post-COVID-19

This study investigates the essential role of government aid in enhancing the resilience and success of small and medium-sized agricultural firms in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research fills a gap in the existing literature by concentrating on strategies for long-term recovery rather than immediate reactions. Using a structured survey and multivariate linear regression analysis, the study engaged 200 proprietors and executives from the Red River and Mekong Delta areas. The results exhibit a favorable association between governmental support and the success of small and medium-sized enterprises, emphasizing the necessity of tailored governmental interventions to enhance sector competitiveness. While offering valuable insights for policymakers, the study’s geographical and sectoral scope is restricted, indicating the need for more extensive research and qualitative evaluations to deepen comprehension of the effects of governmental support in diverse settings. This research has the potential to significantly influence policy formulation and further scholarly investigation in the economic landscape post-pandemic.

Responsible Consumption: Developing Sustainable Habits of Living for The Future

This study looks at consumer behavior in a variety of socioeconomic circumstances with regard to sustainable consumption trends and variables. The study highlights the importance of personal beliefs, sociocultural elements, and outside influences by using a mixed-methods approach to uncover subtle patterns in consumer choices. To comprehend the intricacies of sustainable consumption, the theoretical framework incorporates socioeconomic variables, environmental psychology, and marketing methods. To collect both quantitative and qualitative data, the study makes use of questionnaires, interviews, and content analysis. The results emphasize how business sustainability activities and education play a part in influencing sustainable customer behavior. According to the research, there are still issues that need to be resolved, such as the absence of uniform sustainability criteria and more robust governmental interventions. The results highlight the significance of comprehensive approaches incorporating business, policy-driven, and educational activities for a sustainable future.

Harmonisation outcomes after insourcing services in South African higher education institutions

Orientation: The study was conducted in two higher education institutions that underwent insourcing and harmonisation of conditions of employment for support services.Research purpose: This study aims to determine how harmonisation shapes outcomes among support service labour in selected higher education institutions and to develop a management framework to harmonise conditions of employment following insourcing.Motivation for the study: The study capitalises on organisational complexities in higher education institutions that experienced insourcing of support services employees to address concerns assumed to be premised on historical exclusionary and exploitative employment practices. The study documents the experience and perceptions of institutional stakeholders in creating new knowledge on harmonisation following insourcing.Research approach/design and method: Employing a qualitative approach, 16 interviews were conducted with selected multi-level management and personnel directly involved in a harmonisation.Main findings: The study found tangible and intangible aspects, processes and other psychological perspectives on implementing harmonisation across employment levels. Furthermore, it was found that an efficient and effective harmonisation framework is required. Effective harmonisation for inclusion was viewed as being compromised by factors such as government intervention, and a lack of policy, framework and legislation to guide the process.Practical/managerial implications: Practical recommendations are provided for implementing harmonisation strategies following insourcing across employment levels in South African higher education institutions.Contribution/value-add: The study contributes to novel theory on harmonisation after insourcing and provides a management framework for harmonisation of conditions of employment.

Facilitators and barriers to revaccination after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation among pediatric patients in Ecuador

Abstract Background Revaccination after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a challenge in areas where there is variability of access to vaccines and where special schedules are unfamiliar to physicians and primary care providers. We report the experience of re-immunization practices in pediatric patients after HSCT in Ecuador. Methods The database and medical charts of pediatric patients who had been in follow after HSCT from 2021 to 2023 in Solca Guayaquil was reviewed in order to assess the completeness of the revaccination schedule and to identify facilitators and barriers in implementation of the process. Patients with pediatric infectious diseases follow up where included. Results There were 30 patients who underwent HSCT during the reviewed period. Among them, 7 were excluded because they had not been seen by pediatric infectious diseases. Four patients who had their HSCT before the studied period were later added as they received follow-up by the specialty, therefore a total of 27 patients were included. There were 16 (59.3%) boys, mean age was 11 years (SD 3.6), and 16 (59.3%) lived outside Guayaquil. The most common diseases prompting HSCT were 14 (51.9%) lymphoblastic leukemia, 4 (14.8%) myeloid leukemia, 3 (11.1%) for Hodgkin lymphoma and 3 (11.1%) aplastic anemia. HSCT was performed outside Ecuador in 15 (55.6%) cases. Reimmunization schedule had been initiated in 21 (77.7%) of patients. Public health system was used exclusively in 11 (52.4%) cases, a combination of private and public system in 8 (38.1%) cases and exclusively private system in 2 (9.5%) cases. Among them, 9 (42.9%) had completed all recommended inactivated vaccines. Mean number of visits required for this was 5.1 (SD 1.9). After completion of inactivated vaccines, live vaccines where recommended and had been completed by 2 (9.5%) patients. The main facilitator identified was vaccine confidence and adherence to physician recommendations while the main barriers identified where health system related: a) Lack of awareness in public vaccination centers about special schedules, b) lack of availability of age licensed vaccines in public system and c) Lack of documentation of immunization administrated. Conclusion Health system related logistics (vaccine availability, knowledge of special schedules, coordination with immunization centers) continues to be a main barrier to complete recommended reimmunization schedule after HSCT while confidence in vaccines and adherence is the main facilitator in Ecuador. Government interventions need to be implemented in order to facilitate the process for this population of patients. Figure 1. Revaccination after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Solca Guayaquil (2021 – 2023).

Impact of Grain Subsidy Policy on Agricultural Ecological Efficiency: Evidence from Pakistan

The complex relationship between grain subsidy programs and agricultural ecological efficiency in Pakistan is becoming increasingly important in sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation. This study uses a quasi-experimental methodology. SPSS software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were initially calculated for each variable. This study analyses grain subsidy policies using modern literature and empirical data, acknowledging government interventions' crucial significance in agricultural practices in Pakistan. The results show that, firstly, grain subsidy a siginfance positive relationship with ecological efficiency. Secondly the nagtive grain subsidy effect on soil health and soil pH(Avg.change). One consequence of such projects is boosting food production and supporting farmers economicallyThe study recommends legislative changes that balance agricultural productivity and environmental protection. These include promoting sustainable farming, reforming subsidy programs to encourage ecological practices, and incorporating environmental factors into agricultural legislation.

ADAM SMITH’S THEORY OF VALUE AND THE FALLING RATE OF PROFIT: UNCOMMON CONCEPTIONS AND COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

Smith’s theory of value and distribution, which emphasizes labor time as the determinant of prices, has been widely misunderstood. Ricardo misinterpreted it as relevant only to primitive societies, while Marx inaccurately aligned it with his own labor theory of value. In reality, Smith’s perspective oscillates between a labor-based and a labor-commanded approach to relative prices, intended for modern economies. Neoclassical economists further distorted Smith’s views by incorporating utility theory. Moreover, while Smith is often linked to the theory of a falling rate of profit due to competition, he actually attributed it to rising capital intensity. Contrary to the belief that Smith was a staunch advocate of free markets, he supported reasonable government intervention.

Industrial Policy and The New Structural Economics Theory: A Transitional Economy Perspective

Abstract This paper explores the connection between industrial policy and New Structural Economics (NSE) from the perspective of a transitioning economy. The NSE emphasizes that by leveraging comparative advantages, investing in infrastructure and human capital, diversifying the industrial base, and enacting institutional reforms, transitioning economies can achieve sustainable economic development. For industrial policy to be effective, it must align with these principles. Using Bangladesh as a case study, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that links industrial policy with NSE to foster sustainable economic growth. The framework emphasizes the critical role of government intervention in resource allocation, benefit distribution, and industrial growth, all of which are driven by targeted industrial policies. Additionally, it categorizes Bangladesh’s industries into five groups, prioritizing leading-edge sectors focused on technological advancement and skill development over catching-up industries that address productivity gaps. This paper contributes to the understanding of Bangladesh’s industrial policy through the lens of NSE, shedding light on the underlying dynamics that shape the country's industrial structure, competitiveness, and future economic trajectory. JEL classification numbers: J18, L16, L52, L78. Keywords: Industrial Policy, New Structural Economics Theory (NSE), Sustainable Economic Growth, Comparative advantage, Government intervention.

Organizational resilience and its implications for healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: A literature review.

Organizational resilience is crucial in supporting the well-being of healthcare workers and ensuring the quality of healthcare services during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to comprehensively review organizational resilience of healthcare facilities in terms of its conception, measurement, and impacts on healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) for empirical articles considering organizational resilience among healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2024. Several keywords from three categories ("COVID-19", "organizational resilience," and "healthcare facilities") were used, and RAYYAN was used to manage references. Four empirical articles from 172 studies were included, which encompassed a total sample of 6,606 healthcare workers from Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Türkiye. Organizational resilience could influence the individual resilience of healthcare practitioners, enhance crisis management and ensure safety performance. The strategies of enhancing organizational resilience at healthcare worker level included staff training, crisis management protocols, collaboration promotion, and stress management approaches. The ones at health facility level included government intervention, funds for hospital preparedness, competency-based crisis management, and mental health programs for healthcare workers. Our review also suggests a lack of empirical studies, no commonly used measurement instruments, and the heterogeneity of study contexts in the research of organizational resilience in public health. This review highlights effective strategies to enhance the organizational resilience of healthcare workers and examines their impact during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immediate government action, funding to support hospital preparedness, and the formation of flexible healthcare teams are essential to strengthen organizational resilience among healthcare workers for future crises.

Implications of COVID-19 relief packages on livelihoods of rural dwellers in border towns along Southwestern Ghana

The global efforts to curtail the livelihood crises brought about by the eruption of the COVID-19 pandemic witnessed the adoption of livelihood strategies in the form of relief packages. Using a quantitative analytic framework, the article sheds light on recipients’ perspectives on the various government interventions in Ghana, focusing on how socio-economic and political inequalities in Ghana shaped access to pandemic relief support for rural dwellers in border towns in Southwestern Ghana. The findings suggest that, despite the partisan twist, the relief packages positively impacted intended beneficiaries in their short-term income-generation activities. Furthermore, it reduced the vulnerability of rural start-up businesses and brought the establishment of new health facilities to augment the infrastructural development of the area. The article concludes that the pandemic provided insight into how rural communities can better leverage relief packages to improve their livelihood conditions.

Payment Clearing and Regional Economy Development Based on Panel Data of Sichuan Province

Abstract The payment and clearing system can objectively record the operation of funds for social and economic activities, and the use of payment and clearing data can be made to monitor regional economic changes sensitively. Employing panel data of cities and prefectures in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2021, this article employs econometric analysis to examine the link between payment and clearing data and the regional economy. The paper’s focus includes the payment and clearing system and economic indicators. The increase in the total amount of payment and clearing data has a significant positive correlation with digital economic development. Only by regression between the total amount of payment and clearing and regional gross domestic product (GDP), it can be found that every 1% increase in payment and clearing can increase regional GDP by 0.476%. After controlling factors such as important production factors, openness, and government intervention, the elasticity coefficient is still 0.1%, and the correlation is significant. Therefore, the amount of payment and liquidation is a valuable predictor of regional economic development. And thus providing Intelligent decision-making references for the policy formulation and strategic planning of governmental departments and regulatory agencies.

A machine learning algorithm to explore the drivers of carbon emissions in Chinese cities

As the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, the task of carbon emission reduction is imminent. In order to realize the dual-carbon goal at an early date, it is necessary to study the key factors affecting China’s carbon emissions and their non-linear relationships. This paper compares the performance of six machine learning algorithms to that of traditional econometric models in predicting carbon emissions in China from 2011 to 2020 using panel data from 254 cities in China. Specifically, it analyzes the comparative importance of domestic economic, external economic, and policy uncertainty factors as well as the nonparametric relationship between these factors and carbon emissions based on the Extra-trees model. Results show that energy consumption (ENC) remains the root cause of increased carbon emissions among domestic economic factors, although government intervention (GOV) and digital finance (DIG) can significantly reduce it. Next, among the external economic and policy uncertainty factors, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) are important factors influencing carbon emissions, and the partial dependence plots (PDPs) confirm the pollution haven hypothesis and also reveal the role of EPU in reducing carbon emissions. The heterogeneity of factors affecting carbon emissions is also analyzed under different city sizes, and it is found that ENC is a common driving factor in cities of different sizes, but there are some differences. Finally, appropriate policy recommendations are proposed by us to help China move rapidly towards a green and sustainable development path.

Do repeated government infusions help financial stability? Evidence from an emerging market

While government led bank capital infusions in US and other developed markets have been usually contingent an external shock or crisis episode, India presents a unique setting where significant capital infusions happen annually to stabilize the weak balance sheets of undercapitalized government owned public sector banks. Such “repeated” capital infusions can either better engender financial stability, given the timely government interventions; or create instability arising from possible moral hazard concerns. "Do such repeated government capital infusions lower banks’ financial risks and improve financial stability?” We shed light on the question through the lens of capital infusions in the Indian market. Based on the exhaustive sample of government capital infusions into public sector banks for the period 2008–18, we find robust evidence that capital infusions are associated with economically significant higher default, capital shortfall and network risks post-infusion, signaling a moral hazard problem, where treated banks may assume more risky investments.

Juridical Analysis of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) with Bankruptcy Status

Bankrupt BUMN is not as simple as bankruptcy of a person or other legal entity, because this BUMN has state assets whose management must involve state intervention. Government intervention is proven by the presence of the Minister of Finance as CFO and majority owner of BUMN and the Minister of BUMN as director and supervisor of BUMN activities, apart from that there are supporting regulations, namely the KN Law, PN Law and Constitutional Court Decision No. 62/PUU-XI/2013 which notes that wealth separated from BUMN remains state wealth. If a state company is bankrupted by its own debtor, the finance minister has the largest say in the state-owned bankruptcy application than the GMS, in Peru the finance minister has the highest power and is the only party. who can file bankruptcy. The legal consequence of BUMN bankruptcy is that a public confiscation is carried out, but first the BUMN must go through a process of paying state assets in accordance with Minister of Finance Regulation No. 50/PMK.06/2014 because BUMN goods are still considered state-owned goods.