Iraqi Government Research Articles

The role of financial technology in enhancing digital banking services in Iraqi government banks: An analytical study in Iraqi government banks

The role of financial technology in enhancing digital banking services in Iraqi government banks: An analytical study in Iraqi government banks

Spatial Analysis for Geometric Parameters of Badush dam Reservoir, Mosul, Northern Iraq

The Iraqi government planned to complete the building of partially constructed Badush dam to protect against the collapse of Mosul Dam on Tigris River northwest of Mosul. The study aimed to derive the ge‎ometric parameters that compatible with the levels ranged 226.5-312 m (a.s.l.) such as reservoir volume, reservoir area, reservoir submerged area, perimeter, and average depth of the water column, which values ranges are 68039-12354976139 m3, 130074-407943574 m2, 130078-410538707 m2, 2.32-594.27 km, and 0.52-30.29 m respectively. These parameters were analyzed against the raising of the level, the spatial analysis of the geometric criteria and its relations with the levels of Badush reservoir showed that the relations between the volume of the positive bodies (islands), the undulated areas above water level which indicate the islands, and the planer areas (projections) of the islands with the level, fluctuates between increase and decrease with an increase in the level, as for the volume of reservoir, the submerged undulated area, the exposed planer area of the water pond, and the average water column depth they increased with the level increasing, unlike the thickness of the islands with the level, which fluctuates in increase and decrease with the level, the geometric analysis of the reservoir showed that Badush Dam is able to absorb the flood wave resulting from the collapse of Mosul Dam, at a level much lower than the level suggested in the preliminary studies that were adopted in the designs, because a large part of the water of Mosul Dam reservoir will remain in the same reservoir when the level is balanced after the collapse. between the two reservoirs, and that the results of this analysis represent a database that will be used in subsequent modifications in the designs.

Курдская проблема в современной политике Ирака, Сирии и Турции: опыт комплексного анализа

Currently, the Middle East is undergoing significant changes, often due to a mixture of global and regional factors. The study is devoted to the current policies in the Middle East, in the ethnogeographic area of Kurdistan. The study researches numerous parties (political entities) of the Kurds of Iraq, Syria and Turkey, considers the events that took place in Kurdistan in 2022 and 2023. The central government of Iraq receives new levers of pressure on the leadership of the Kurdish Autonomy. At the same time, the Turkish leadership refuses to resume oil exports. Although the government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan pursues its own goals, in this case the actions of Ankara and Baghdad coincide. Relations between the Kurdish Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan remain tense on a number of issues. During the adoption of the budget law, the latter actually opposed the idea of Kurdish autonomy in Iraq. In Syria, the autonomy of the Kurds (Rojava) will exist as long as the United States maintains its presence. The Syrian government is promoting the withdrawal of Turkish troops from Syria as a precondition for restoring relations with Ankara. Turkey refuses, because the Syrian Democratic Forces are not controlled by the Damascus. Thus, the Syrian Kurds are the stumbling block of the post-war settlement in Syria. In Turkey, there is a split between the opposition and pro-government Kurds. The opposition is divided into legal and illegal. Because the government of R. T. Erdoğan won a landslide victory in the presidential elections, there is no reason to believe that a softer course will be adopted against the Turkish Kurds.

هەڵوێستی نێودەوڵەتیی لە ئاست سزا ئابوورییەکانی سەر عێراق 1990-2003

The aim of this study is to highlight the international attitude towards the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq between 1990 and 2003. The study presents an important period of Iraq’s history; it examines the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq by the UN Security Council for 13 years which still affect the country’s infrastructure. To achieve the study objective, the researcher implemented historical research methods, in which the attitude of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council )the United States, Britain, Russia, France and China( are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the study concluded that )the United States and Britain( insisted on overthrowing the Iraqi government by tightening sanctions, meanwhile )Russia, France and China( sought to find their position in Iraq and did not insist on continuing economic sanctions.

Coverage of the agreement between the Kurdistan Region and Iraq on the websites of Iraqi television channels, for example, Kurdistan24 and Iraqi News

The aim of this study is to evaluate and analyze the news coverage of the political agreement concluded between the Kurdistan region and Iraqi government in 2023, as a political issues, on the websites of both the Kurdish (Kurdistan24) and Arabic (Iraqi News) satellite channels, in terms of the use of forms of description and the use of the survey method that was carried out. Through it, content analysis is applied through the content analysis form tool, for the purpose of knowing the contents of the media clips that illustrate this survey. This is done by taking a non-random, intentional sample using a comprehensive inventory method of the news on the websites of the two signatories in the month of April 2023. The sample size was (171) news stories regarding the subject of the agreement. From this perspective, the analyzes reached a set of results, including: The websites of the two channels differ in their coverage. For the news of the agreement between the Kurdistan region and Iraq, they only cover the important political events in depth except superficially. However, the Kurdish channel’s website, within the framework of the agreement, focuses on the issue of the budget, employees‌ salaries, and sending financial dues to the region. In contrast, the Arab channel’s website focuses on covering the agreement from the perspective of handing over the region’s Oil to the central government. On the other hand, both sites focused on the type of Follow-up coverage in terms of timing and complex news coverage in terms of form regarding the news of the conclusion of the agreement. Finally, the two satellite channels‌ websites will not benefit from new media technologies and materials such as (graphics, video, and photo albums) in the process of covering the news of the region’s agreement with Iraq.

The Networked Trolling of Critical Journalists and News Organizations in Iraq

In this study, we have identified a Twitter network of bad actors mostly affiliated with Iraqi militias that are closely connected to the federal Iraqi government. Using disinformation and threats of legal action, these users often target journalists and news organizations that are critical of them. Three datasets were collected totaling about 16,000 tweets by using 6 Arabic hashtags. We found three major themes: public shaming and personal attacks; legal threats and misinformation accusations; and glorifying Shiite heroism and promoting conspiracies. These bad actors also created a coordinated attack against journalists, news organizations, and human rights activists and even the UN representative in Iraq, Jeanine Plasschaert, falsely accusing her of fabricating the 2021 federal election results.

Cloud of Things and fog computing in Iraq: Potential applications and sustainability

This paper depicts the principles of Cloud of Things and fog computing and discusses its possible uses in Iraq with sustainability measures. The capacity of cloud computing to supply elastic, as-needed computer resources has garnered widespread interest worldwide. However, fog computing and a Cloud of Things enhance the Internet of Things by relocating computation to devices on the network's periphery. This study looks at how the Cloud of Things and fog computing are used now in Iraq, the obstacles, and the future uses of these technologies in various fields. To fully reap the benefits of the Cloud of Things and fog computing in Iraq, the study also emphasizes the significance of infrastructure development, policy design, cybersecurity, and other measures. This study will discuss the use of questionnaires in research. There are two distinct components to this. The first section includes questions regarding the respondents' affiliations, including their roles, departments, organization sizes, and ministries. The rest of the study's factors are discussed with inquiries in line with issues of cyber security, privacy, sustainability, cost of implementation, feasibility, trust, IT infrastructure, and government support. The survey's final open-ended inquiry will help us to compile a wide range of perspectives on what kinds of Cloud of Things and fog computing services based on the Iraqi government's needs.

Reformation of the Iraqi legal system by the Coalition Provisional Authority after 2003 as an attempt towards WTO affiliation

The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays an important role in the establishment of trade relations between its member nations through multilateral international trade agreements, which are considered an important source of international law that regulate commercial transactions, and reduce impediments to international trade among its members. Therefore, countries that are yet to join this organization continually attempt to do so. Thus, it is not in Iraq’s interest to remain outside the scope of the organization. This analytical study investigates the role of the Coalition Provisional Authority after 2003 and the fall of the Baath regime in the reformation of the Iraqi law system, especially with regard to commercial laws and Iraq’s integration with the international economic system following its accession to the WTO. The article concludes that these Coalition-led amendments to Iraqi laws laid the legal foundations for the opening of the Iraqi market. It argues that despite the continuation of this approach and the amendment of laws by the Iraqi parliament and government, there remain some legal obstacles to Iraq’s accession to the WTO. The study also suggests the existence of laws that are yet to be passed or amended.

Main Delay Factors of Implementation EPC Construction Projects in Iraq

This essay aims to highlight the most important issues and difficulties facing implementing large projects that follow the turn-key method, considered one of the types of contractual methods in Iraq, especially for large and complex projects requiring speedy completion. The projects implemented in this way face delays and delays in completion, which led to the lack of benefit from the projects for which they were implemented, especially those affecting the lives of citizens within the health sector. The case study dealt with the construction of hospitals with multi-bed capacities within multiple governorates in Iraq, With large financial allocations within the federal budget of the Government of Iraq over several years. After conducting a descriptive statistical analysis of the data obtained through a field survey and interviews with individuals working in the construction sector with experience in their field. The most important 10 factors were identified from a list of 51 delay factors (distributed according to the questionnaire forms) with a high RII. These factors were related to the delay in the payment of the contractor's dues, the delay in processing materials, the issuance of new instructions and regulations, the delay in obtaining official approvals from the relevant authorities, Errors in designs or contracting documents, lack of cooperation between the contracting parties, and multiple spare orders for reasons belonging to the employer. The article also included the most important suggestions that contribute to reducing the delay in completing projects.

"Effective Governance in Iraq After 2003: A Study on Challenges and Opportunities"

" The concept of good governance or good administration refers to the policies followed by state bodies and institutions to manage the country's affairs according to democratic means and mechanisms، as Arab societies in general and Iraq in particular are witnessing many challenges that stand in the way of achieving good governance، in addition to that there are a number of opportunities that can be achieved or Access to it in order to achieve good and rational governance..."

Evaluation of successive Iraqi governments after 2003


 
 
 
 Initiating the evaluation of the performance and achievements of any government in a country facing numerous internal crises, inconsistencies in its foreign policies, and a complex political system, such as post-2003 Iraq, presents a challenging task. The Iraqi political system that emerged after 2003 saw significant developments, defining its institutions within a specific framework blending parliamentary, federal, and decentralized elements since 2005. However, it witnessed a trajectory of disappointments for the Iraqi people due to the adoption of patronage and deals in managing the political process, illustrating the weakness in the performance of specific governments, notably those under the State of Law Coalition formed by the Islamic Dawa Party and other coexisting political forces. Successive governments, led by former Prime Ministers Ibrahim al-Jaafari (2005-2006), Nouri al-Maliki (2006-2010), Haider al-Abadi, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, and Mustafa al-Kadhimi, grappled with an inability to fulfill their promised agendas, culminating in crises as each administration concluded, compounding the existing challenges. This reality contradicts the true objectives of the political process in Iraq, aiming to achieve genuine representation of the Iraqi people and form governments that genuinely reflect and serve them.
 
 
 

Transformations of French policy towards Iraq after 2014 (Nature and paths of interaction)

Since 2014, French foreign policy towards Iraq has been characterized by a commitment to stability and security in the region. France has provided financial and military support to the Iraqi government in its fight against ISIS, while also engaging in diplomatic efforts to promote political reconciliation and economic development. France also sought to strengthen its bilateral relations with Iraq, especially in the areas of trade, energy and security. In addition, France has been actively involved in international efforts to address the humanitarian crisis in Iraq, providing aid and assistance to those affected by the conflict. French foreign policy towards Iraq has been guided by the desire to promote stability and security in the region, while also helping to ensure the long-term success of Iraq's transition to Democracy."

Governance of managing the financial budget in Iraq: Obstacles and reform mechanisms

The general budget is the link between the political system and the state's public finances. The political system is interesting in organizing and managing the governance, and the distribution of public authorities, and the relationship with individuals. As for public finance, it focuses on how to finance public services provided by the political authority to members of society. As political behavior affects the financial budget, the nature, size and type of Public revenues affect political behavior in them, so, the destabilized political behavior in post-2003 period that applying no principles of good governance that characterized successive Iraqi governments, resulted in negative effects in the public budget (waste of public money, poor level of Transparency and accountability, and the delay in approving the general budget), and in addition led to the loss of confirmed revenues with inflation in operating expenses.

Iraqi Water Security: Research on Rights and Possibilities of Solutions

It is Wall Known that Water is the main determinant of the various development programs in any country, as it reflects the investment pattern of cultivated land and the possibilities of expanding it according to the amount of available water: It is also an indicator of industrial quality that relies on water for its production. The main source of water in Iraq is surface water represented by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow from outside its regional borders, which put Iraq in front of a weakness in terms of the connection of its water resources to several countries, especially Turkey. As the amount of water imports for the two rivers began to decrease a lot starting from the nineties of the twentieth century, this is due to the policy of building dams and water projects at the sources of the two rivers, such as: (Al - GAP). Which hydrogen changes for the two rivers, represented by a decrease in the amount of water incoming, natural rivers. Also, despite the existence of many agreements that deal with regulating the use of water in the two rivers between the three riparian countries. However, Turkey has pursues, through all negotiations related to this file, to relate and empower this case with other cases, including political, security and economic ones, with the aim of obtaining the largest possible gains in its favor regarding this issue, which urges the Iraqi government to realize the seriousness of this file, and to act accordingly. We have seen that the political solution lies in following a specific strategy with multiple and advanced techniques.

Britain, Iraq, and the Politics of Genocide: The 1963 Ba’ath Government Campaign Against the Kurds

ABSTRACT The Kurds of Iraq were the victims of a claimed genocide during the rule of the Ba’ath regime in Iraq in 1963. The Iraqi Ba’ath Party first came to power in February of 1963 and was ousted in November of that year; between June and October, it conducted military offensives against the Kurdish minority in Iraq in the name of destroying the Kurdish autonomy movement, then spearheaded by the nationalist Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). No estimated numbers exist on how many people were killed in that period, but an array of international and other reports, presented in this research, concurrently stated that the Iraqi government’s mass violence against the Kurds amounted to genocide. These included private recognition by the relevant UK diplomats and officials. This article examines the foreign policy of the UK in relation to that reported genocide. It explores how the Cold War, regional interests, and a long-held aversion to Kurdish desires for self-rule led Britain not only to overlook the mass violence perpetrated by the Ba’ath government against Iraq’s Kurdish minority in 1963 but also to support the regime. This policy was adopted in the face of credible information available to British officials reporting the Iraqi actions as a genocide. Britain continued to take the public position that the Kurdish issue in Iraq was an internal Iraqi matter while simultaneously seeking to foster good relations with the Ba’ath government by providing it with arms and diplomatic protection and seeking to undermine the Kurdish autonomy movement. Thus, a case study in the politics of genocide and how politics determines the response to these is investigated.

Role of Political Systems in Achieving Sustainable Development (2030): Iraqi Regime is a Model

Role of Political Systems in Achieving Sustainable Development (2030): Iraqi Regime is a Model

Legal study on the project of the first amendment on Iraqi Nationality law No.26 in 2006

Nationality is a legal, political and spiritual bond that binds individuals to states. It is the means that distributes individuals between countries. Through nationality, the component of people is determined in every country; ie people who hold the nationality of a specific country are considered its citizens. By contrast, those who do not hold the nationality of the same country are foreigners, even if they have permission to stay on its ground. In general, there are three laws enacted to regulate nationality in Iraq: The first of which was the Nationality Law No. 42 in 1924, which was legislated after the establishment of the Iraqi state. However, this law was repealed and replaced by the Iraqi Nationality Law No. 43 in 1963. The latter sparked widespread controversy, especially after the change of the political system in Iraq, including the amendments made to it by the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council.
 Therefore, changing this law was a priority for the Iraqi parliament after the fall of the previous Iraqi regime in 2003. Indeed, this law and all decisions related to it were formally repealed by the Iraqi parliament in 2006 and replaced by the new Iraqi Nationality Law No. 26 in 2006. However, this law contains many legal and political criticism, especially regarding dual nationality. In addition, the law contains some other controversial cases regarding imposing original nationality and granting nationality through Iraqi mother and other legal disputes related to the recovery of a lost nationality and many other legal problems. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator has prepared a draft to amend the current Iraqi nationality law. In this study, we will highlight the most important points included in this project. We will also indicate the extent to which this project respond to the requirements of society. Finally, we will address the legal problems surrounding the current Iraqi Nationality Law.

Missionary involvement with the Simele massacre in 1933: the end of American sympathy for the Assyrians

ABSTRACT The Simele massacre of 1933 in Iraq, in which over 600 Assyrian Christians lost their lives, is an important part of Assyrian national history and is one of the few well-known events in twentieth-century Iraqi history where Christians are involved. While there was a general outcry in Western Europe and the United States against the Iraqi government following the massacre, the American missionaries present locally of the United Mission in Mesopotamia/Iraq did not support the Assyrians following the massacre despite the generally humanitarian approach of their mission and their support for the Assyrian cause in the early years after the First World War. In this article, I argue that apparent apathy from the side of the missionaries was largely the result of a radical change in thinking about missionary involvement in political debates concerning the future of non-Muslim minorities in the Middle East.

Corpse Politics and the Traveling Bones of Jamaluddin al-Afghani

Abstract Forty-seven years after his death, Jamaluddin al-Afghani was reburied in Kabul. Amid the chaos of World War II, Afghanistan had enlisted the governments of British India, Turkey, and Iraq in a scheme to bring the bones of this nineteenth-century intellectual and Pan-Islamist out of exile in Istanbul, where they had lain buried since 1897. The subsequent exhumation, transnational corpse transfer, and reinterment in Kabul provoked the ire of the Iranian state, which contested Afghanistan's claim to be Jamaluddin's natal state. The significance of Jamaluddin's corpse was inseparable from certain aspects of his self-curated hagiography as a consummate wanderer and anti-imperial Pan-Islamist. Consequently, the two states competed for custody of his remains. This transregional case study engages multidisciplinary scholarship on commemoration of the dead and remaking nationalist spaces. The article proposes that the physical location of the dead conjoined with individual hagiographies is key to disrupting or reifying nationalist narratives.

Developing a Proposed System to Organize the Investment Opportunities in Iraq

...... The Iraqi government seeks to overcome the financial crisis by investing and privatizing some projects to achieve sustainable growth. Most of the investment projects in Iraq suffer from many constraints that greatly impact the success of these projects. A survey of the opinions of a group of experts was conducted to identify the most important constraints facing the investment process in Iraq. Then the experts' answers were arranged in a closed questionnaire and distributed to the research sample for which the statistical analysis was conducted. Through it, the most important (17) factors that had the greatest impact on the failure of investment projects in Iraq were reached. One of the main constraints was the slow and routine administrative procedures. Therefore, the main objective of the research is to identify the most important constraints facing the investment process in Iraq and to develop a proposed system to organize the procedures for applying for investment opportunities, given the importance of long-term investment, the importance of the referral stage, and the selection of the competent investor who meets the criteria required for the success of the investment project. The researcher concluded that many factors impact the failure of investment projects, which must be addressed for the success of these projects, as management systems and computer technology programs greatly organize investment procedures, save time and reduce routine and slow procedures.