Government Environmental Policies Research Articles

Hubungan Faktor Lingkungan, Kebijakan Pemerintah Dan Pengetahuan Orang Tua Dengan Pencegahan Penyakit TBC Pada Anak

Introduction: The prevalence of TB cases was recorded to increase in 2019 in Jambi City reaching 3,423 cases, while the incidence of TB in children was 84 (confirmed).Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between environmental factors, government policies, and parental knowledge with the prevention of TB in children in Jambi City. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design, the sample is the parents who have children aged 0 years to 18 years in Jambi City with a purposive sampling technique, the number of samples is 82 people. Data collection using online questionnaires, namely environmental factors, government policies, knowledge, and prevention of tuberculosis in children, the data were analyzed univariately and bivariate with the Spearman Correlation test Results: The univariate results of environmental factors met the requirements of 56.1% of respondents, getting information on government policies was 53.7%, moderate knowledge was 43.9%, good TB prevention was 65.9%. The results of the bivariate analysis, there is a relationship and correlation between environmental factors P-value 0.007 and r = 0.296, government policy 0.019 and r = 0.259, and knowledge of p-value 0.043 and r-0.224 with the prevention of TP in children. Conclusions: in this study is the prevention of pulmonary TB in children is supported by environmental factors, government policies, and parental knowledge.

River chief system: an institutional analysis to address watershed governance in China

Abstract China suffers from frequent water crisis events caused by ecological pollution in watersheds. The river chief system policy is an institutional innovation by the government to deal with the ecological environmental crisis in the river basin. This study focuses on China's watershed environmental governance policy and describes the origin, operation mode, and governance effect of its river chief system policy. This study comparatively analyses the advantages of the policy in basin environmental governance, such as clear government responsibility, enhanced coordination among government departments, the accountability mechanism of the one-vote veto system, and the disadvantages of the policy in terms of high costs, information asymmetry, and lack of public participation. Furthermore, this study proposes suggestions on the sustainable development of watershed environmental governance from three aspects: regional characteristics, investment, and institutional innovation of policy implementation.

A system dynamics model of green innovation and policy simulation with an application in Chinese manufacturing industry

Green innovation is fundamental for the achievement of a "win-win" state between economic growth and environmental protection. Pivotal to maintaining the vitality of green innovation is the effectiveness of government policies. First, this paper develops a theoretical model to capture the structure of a green innovation system, incorporating five subsystems: government, environment, technology, economy, and energy subsystems. It further explores the transmission effects of the five subsystems of green innovation systems between government policy-related actions and green innovation. Second, a causal loop diagram of green innovation is constructed to analyse how government fiscal, tax, financial, technical, and environmental policies influence green innovation through these subsystems and other relevant variables. Third, taking the Chinese manufacturing industry as an example, this work builds a stock and flow model that can more clearly reflect the relationships among all variables in a green innovation system. Then, it calculates the quantitative relationship between different variables in the model. Model effectiveness is verified by historical data and sensitivity analysis. Finally, based on the above work, this study simulates the evolution of the green innovation system in the Chinese manufacturing industry by changing the variables of fiscal, tax, financial, technical, and environmental policies. The results show that different types of policies and differentiated implementation strengths have varied impacts on the green innovation performance of the manufacturing industry. There is a synergistic relationship between different types of policies, implying a higher-level effectiveness of policy orchestration compared to the use of separate policies. This paper generates valuable implications for the government for formulating and optimizing green innovation policies.

Dynamic changes of land use/cover and landscape pattern in a typical alpine river basin of theQinghai‐TibetPlateau, China

AbstractLandscape heterogeneity is a comprehensive reflection of spatial patch and gradient, which is an important feature of landscape pattern. The China land use/cover dataset (CLUD) with 1 km spatial resolution was used in this study to investigate the dynamic changes of land use/cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin (YTRB) of China from 1980 to 2015 through the land use transition matrix and dynamic degrees. The semi‐variogram model of the study area was constructed at different scales to determine the landscape characteristic scale of the YTRB. The traditional landscape index method and moving window method were used to investigate the watershed landscape pattern at the class and landscape levels, respectively. The results showed that the overall change in land use over the YTRB was not significant during the period 1980–2015, whereas the relative change in each type of land use was significant. Permanent glacier‐snow significantly degraded by 22.72%, while built‐up areas increased by 106.38%. The degree of the landscape fragmentation and diversity gradually increased from upstream to downstream. The unused land has the highest degree of fragmentation, and the agglomeration degree of urban land patches increased. The result of land use dynamic degree indicated that natural factors were the main causes of changes in land use during the first sub‐period 1980–2000, while human activities were the major drivers of changes in land use during the second sub‐period 2000–2015. The results can provide important information on the impact of regional development and environmental governance policies on the changes in land use/cover and landscape in Tibet.

Are Political Factors More Relevant Than Economic Factors in Firm-Level Renewable Energy Technology Export? Evidence from Path Analysis

Renewable energy technology (RET) firms are key economic entities in the export of RET-related products and components, in which RET firms’ exports are affected largely by policy and market. Nonetheless, the effects of policy and market factors on RET firm-level export have never received attention from researchers. This study aims to fill the gap by taking a political economy approach to establish a structural equation model to analyze the path of political-economic factor-firms’ market orientation-based export. This study reveals that RET firms’ market-orientation-based export enhancement depends entirely on political forces. Particularly, two government intervention instruments, environmental policy and export promotion policy, were highlighted. However, the effects of renewable energy policies on the exports of RET firms through market orientation are negative and statistically significant. This study proves that the effects of inter-firm competition and market attractiveness on RET firms’ exports through their market orientation are negative and statistically significant and insignificant, respectively. Further, this study demonstrates that RET firms’ market orientation has a significant positive effect on their export performance. We conclude that in order to improve RET-related policy effectiveness and efficiency, it will be useful to consider firms’ heterogeneity in response to external factors. Additionally, a full mediation model in the academic investigation of the effects of various external factors, including public policies and market factors, on firm-level export, and the implementation of firm-level export-induced policy, taking into account firms’ managerial interpretations to external factors, should be considered.

Can new energy vehicles help to achieve carbon neutrality targets?

In the reforms pertaining to the energy structure in the automotive industry, new energy vehicles (NEVs) have long been the focus of government attention, as an effective means to reduce air pollution. Therefore, this paper employs the rolling-window Granger causality test, in order to discuss the environmental benefits of new energy vehicles, so as to explore the active role of the transportation sector in reducing air pollution. By studying the interactions between NEVs and particulate matter (PM2.5) from the time period spanning from 2013:M1 to 2020:M9, we have found that the positive influences from NEVs to PM2.5 ascertain that NEVs cannot be considered as an efficient measure to mitigate air pollution. Moreover, these results are not supported by the energy and environment interaction model, which essentially indicates that replacing traditional energy with renewable energy is an effective measure for controlling environmental pollution. In fact, PM2.5 tends to have a negative impact on NEVs, which underlines that the air quality index is a leading indicator, particularly when it comes to analyzing the development of the NEVs market. This essentially highlights that in China, NEVs still do not account for a high proportion of car sales, and therefore, its environmental protection effect is not obvious. At the same time, the factor of public awareness regarding environmental protection will thus occupy a considerable proportion in the transmission of NEVs sales. These revelations will help the government to formulate environmental governance policies, and expand the new energy vehicle market to achieve carbon neutrality targets in China.

A multiperiod competitive supply chain framework with environmental policies and investments in sustainable operations

In this paper, we develop a supply chain network model in which firms compete noncooperatively in an oligopolistic manner in discrete time periods over a finite planning horizon. Each firm makes a strategic decision regarding its target sustainability rating and tactical decisions of product flows, in the presence of consumer preferences for sustainability and a variety of environmental policies. Such policies include ecological taxes for different types of pollution, subsidies for pollution control, command-and-control policies, as well as hybrid approaches with different possible combinations of policy instruments. Furthermore, our model captures dynamic changes in not only the consumer purchasing behavior, but also the operational costs and environmental pollution, as well as government environmental policies. A series of numerical examples evaluate the impacts of consumer preferences for sustainability and environmental policies on firms’ profitability and their environmental footprint. The results indicate that firms will improve sustainable operations as long as it is financially valuable for them to do so, which mandates governments and firms to educate consumers about sustainability. Numerical examples also reveal under which environmental policies sustainability can be profitable.

Strategies, Constraints and Solutions to Change STKIP PGRI Pasuruan to PGRI Wiranegara University

The fact that the number of new students starting from 2016 to 2019 tends to continue to decline, so STKIP PGRI Pasuruan must immediately turn into a university. These changes are a form of adaptation to the demands of environmental changes and government policies. What are the strategies, constraints and solutions for changing STKIP PGRI Pasuruan into university? The purpose of this study si : to explain the best practice of changing from STKIP PGRI to university. This study uses a qualitative approach to see the phenomenon of organizational change at STKIP PGRI Pasuruan. The Change Task Force Team is a key informant. Data collection by in-depth interviews (Depth interview). While the researchers themselves as the main instrument in data collection. Furthermore, the data analysis used is “interactive data analysis”. In the end of study, The results of the research are explained as follows: The preparations and strategies carried out are formulating a vision of change that reads GO TO UNIVERSITY and forming a solid task force team and choosing the right consultant (Coach). Leaders identify and consolidate resources that are and are not available, design the implementation of changes so that they can run well and are conducive. Whereas resistance at the organizational level is the formation of a new culture with new values ​​as implications of the new organizational structure and hierarchy, the individual level of resistance appears insecurity and discomfort as implications of changes in organizational structure and hierarchy. Obstacles in preparation for the legal aspects, namely the status of land ownership and land area are still lacking, the solution is to change the name of the certificate in the name of PPLPP PGRI Pasuruan and increase the lack of land area from personal assets of Dr. Sugeng Pradikto, M.Pd. while the implementation obstacle is the resistance of the candidate for the Acting Chancellor with the solution for the position of the Acting Chancellor concurrently by the Chairperson of the PPLPP PGRI Pasuruan. Strategies, Constraints and Solutions to Change STKIP PGRI Pasuruan to PGRI Wiranegara University oleh SUGENG PRADIKTO disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-NonKomersial-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional.Berdasarkan ciptaan pada http://ojs.uniwara.ac.id/index.php/PWJridhe/article/view/21/2. Salin kode ini untuk memberitahu pengunjung situs web Anda!

Environmental governance: Broadening ontological spaces for a more livable world

This paper contributes to global debates on environmental governance by drawing on recent ontological scholarship to ask: What would it mean to ontologically engage the concept of environmental governance? By examining the ontological underpinnings of three environmental governance domains (land, water, biodiversity), we find that dominant contemporary environmental governance concepts and policy instruments are grounded in a modernist ontology which actively shapes the world, making certain aspects and relationships visible while invisibilizing others. We then survey ethnographic and other literature to highlight how such categories and their relations have been conceived otherwise and the implications of breaking out of a modernist ontology for environmental governance. Lastly, we argue that answering our opening question requires confronting the coloniality woven into the environmental governance project and consider how to instead embrace ontological pluralism in practice. In particular, we examine what taking seriously the right to self-determination enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) could mean for acknowledging Indigenous ontologies as systems of governance in their own right; what challenges and opportunities exist for recognizing and translating ontologies across socio-legal regimes; and how embracing the dynamism and hybridity of ontologies might complicate or advance struggles for material and cognitive justice.

Improvement Path for Resource-Constrained Cities Identified Using an Environmental Co-Governance Assessment Framework Based on BWM-mV Model.

Global warming and extreme weather have increased most people’s awareness of the problem of environmental destruction. In the domain of sustainable development, environmental governance has received considerable scholarly attention. However, protecting and improving the environment requires not only substantial capital investment but also cooperation among stakeholders. Therefore, based on the network structure of stakeholders, the best–worst method (BWM) and modified Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje method were combined to form an environmental co-governance assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the effects of various policies and identify strategies for further improvement through data analysis (henceforth the BWM-mV model). This mechanism is not only useful for evaluating the effectiveness of environmental governance policies but also for generating suggestions to enhance these policies. Hence, the BWM-mV model is particularly suitable for local governments with limited resources in time, money, or labor. Pingxiang City Government is currently subject to such limitations and was therefore selected as the subject of an empirical case study. The results of this study revealed that the aspects (i.e., criteria) the Pingxiang City Government should urgently improve on pertain to a high-quality information communication platform (C13) and smooth joint decision-making by stakeholders (C24).

Evaluating the Effect of Government Emission Reduction Policy: Evidence from Demonstration Cities in China.

The effectiveness of government environmental policies is pivotal to environmental quality and provides the reference for further policy design. This paper estimates the effect of comprehensive demonstration of fiscal policy for ECER (Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction) on pollution emissions in Chinese cities with the sample period from 2003 to 2016, which is an important practice for policy integration. We find that this policy reduces the industrial SO2 (sulfur dioxide) emission by 23.8% on average and the industrial wastewater emission by 17.5% on average. This policy, implemented by Chinese government, has effectively achieved its target for emission reduction. A series of robustness checks are also conducted to verify the baseline results. Mechanism analysis indicates that this policy has the effect by the change in the industry structure and the enhancement of fiscal capacity, especially the capacity of fiscal revenue. Some policy recommendations, such as laying emphasis on the policy integration, integrating the financial resources of governments and expanding the demonstration effect, are proposed in order to facilitate green development in Chinese cities.

Does the participation in global value chains promote interregional carbon emissions transferring via trade? Evidence from 39 major economies

On the basis of building the models measuring the degree of participation in global value chains (GVCs), this paper establishes an econometric panel data model to investigate the impact of participation in GVCs on the carbon emissions transferring via trade (CTT) in 39 major economies, and it articulates relevant environmental governance policies that potentially achieve emissions reduction targets. Results indicate that, from a global perspective, as the degree of participation in GVCs rises, the CTT would also increase, and a series of tests showed that the robustness of this argument was not interfered with by endogenous issues. The growth of the CTT from the continuous deepening of participation in GVCs could be partially counterbalanced by reductions in emissions through relevant policies such as the increase of energy intensity, the optimization of industrial structure, and the improvement of residents’ awareness of emission reduction. Thus, we should discuss emissions reduction obligation assignments from the perspective of participation in GVCs, and relevant measures on emission reduction should also be placed on optimizing the division of participation in GVCs for each country, so as to lessen local economic dependence on energy intensive products. Overall, this paper could provide more comprehensive insight to enhance our understanding of the determinants driving the changes in the CTT in response to global climate change.

David Elwood Gushee

David Elwood Gushee, 90, died Dec. 28, 2020, in Atlanta. “Dave Gushee served with distinction in the Korean War, and with DuPont, the American Chemical Society, and the Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress. He was especially proud of the policy analysis he undertook for the CRS—nonpartisan, fair minded, balanced—and for its impact in shaping US government energy and environmental policy. He was a committed servant of his community, with a special focus on Babe Ruth League baseball, church work, and town planning in Front Royal, Virginia.”—David Paul Gushee, son Most recent title: Senior specialist in environmental policy, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress Education: BS, chemical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1950 Survivors: Daughters, Alice and Kathryn; son, David; six grandchildren; two great-grandchildren To recognize your late loved one or colleague, submit obituary information at cenm.ag/obits .

Improving sustainable supplier evaluation by an integrated MCDM method under pythagorean fuzzy environment

Sustainability plays a significant role in promoting competence and collaboration in supply chain management due to increased environmental awareness, tightened regulations, and government policies. The evaluation of sustainable suppliers and selecting the best one is indispensable for companies to promote sustainability. Due to multi-criteria nature of the supplier selection process, it has been considered as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem in many studies. In this study, a state-of-the-art MCDM method for sustainable supplier selection is developed by integrating AHP and TOPSIS techniques within the Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets (PFSs) linguistic setting. A Group Decision Making (GDM) environment is utilized due to superiority of group consensus over individual decisions. Finally, an apparel industry example is used to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed sustainable supplier selection method. A comparison with existing techniques and sensitivity analysis are done to verify and validate the given outcome.

Comprehensive evaluation of ecological environment quality of mining area based on sustainable development indicators: a case study of Yanzhou Mining in China

In order to explore the effective method for the comprehensive evaluation of ecological environment quality of environmental pollution governance in China’s coal mining areas, based on the review of domestic and foreign research literature and the requirements and actual situation of environmental pollution control in China’s coal mining areas, this paper selects four categories of 20 evaluation indicators, including land resource, water resource, air, and sustainable development status. According to the land, surface water, air quality standards, and China’s sustainable development strategy issued by the Chinese government, and drawing on the latest research results at China and the world, taking the Yanzhou Mining in China as an example, the traditional niche model is introduced to reconstruct the spatial niche model for the case evaluation. It is found that the evaluation results of the spatial niche model lie between the evaluation results of the absolute niche model and the relative niche model. According to the evaluation results, during 2010–2018, the quality of land resources, water resources, and sustainable development in Yanzhou Mining has been upgraded from level IV to II, and the air quality has been upgraded from level IV to level III, which is still the focus of improving the ecological environment quality in Yanzhou Mining. The research findings are significant for guiding the Yanzhou Mining to improve the quality of the ecological environment and promote sustainable development. The conclusion of this paper has guiding significance for the improvement of ecological environment quality of other similar coal mining areas and provides empirical support for the government to formulate environmental pollution governance and ecological environment quality policy.

Life cycle cost of conventional, battery electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles considering traffic and environmental policies in China

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered a promising alternative to conventional vehicles (CVs) to alleviate the oil crisis and reduce urban air pollution and carbon emissions. Consumers usually focus on the tangible cost when choosing an EV or CV but overlook the time cost for restricting purchase or driving and the environmental cost from gas emissions, falling to have a comprehensive understanding of the economic competitiveness of CVs and EVs. In this study, a life cycle cost model for vehicles is conducted to express traffic and environmental policies in monetary terms, which are called intangible cost and external cost, respectively. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and CVs are compared in four first-tier, four new first-tier, and 4 s-tier and below cities in China. The comparison shows that BEVs and FCEVs in most cities are incomparable with CVs in terms of tangible cost. However, the prominent traffic and environmental policies in first-tier cities, especially in Beijing and Shanghai, greatly increase the intangible and external costs of CVs, making consumers more inclined to purchase BEVs and FCEVs. The main policy benefits of BEVs and FCEVs come from three aspects: government subsidies, purchase and driving restrictions, and environmental taxes. With the predictable reduction in government subsidies, traffic and environmental policies present important factors influencing the competitiveness of BEVs and FCEVs. In first-tier cities, BEVs and FCEVs already have a competitive foundation for large-scale promotion. In new first-tier and second-tier and below cities, stricter traffic and environmental policies need to be formulated to offset the negative impact of the reduction in government subsidies on the competitiveness of BEVs and FCEVs. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that increasing the mileage and reducing fuel prices can significantly improve the competitiveness of BEVs and FCEVs, respectively.

Smallholding farmers’ resilience towards economic and ecological disruption of oil palm plantations

Indonesian smallholder oil palm plantations are facing both economic and ecological challenges, therefore the farmers struggle to be resilient. This study constructs two purposes, (1) to measure the resilience level of smallholder plantations, and (2) to assess the effect of economic and ecological disruption on smallholders’ resilience. We interviewed a sample of 120 smallholders in South Bengkulu regency, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The methodology deploys a quantitative method (statistics and econometrics) to analyze the effect of disruptive incidents on smallholders’ resilience. Resilience is indicated by farmers’ ability to adapt to changes, to recover from downturn business conditions or catastrophes, to anticipate risk, and to innovate new designs of farming activities. Resilience is categorized as less or more resilient (binary). The economic disruption is triggered by production, market, and investment circumstances. Meanwhile, ecological disruption is resulted from natural disasters, climate change, farmer’s treatment of the land, land fire, and government environmental policy. The result shows that more than 60% of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bengkulu Province are less resilient. Production uncertainty, bargaining position, climate change, and environmentally unfriendly farming behaviours increase the possibility of lowering smallholders’ resilience level.

Does the fossil fuel divestment movement impact new oil and gas fundraising?

Abstract This article explores whether increasing fossil fuel divestment commitments are related to the reduction of capital flows into the oil and gas sector, based on an analysis of syndicated lending, equity and bond underwriting across 33 countries from 2000 to 2015. We find that increasing oil and gas divestment pledges in a country are associated with lower capital flows to domestic oil and gas companies. This effect is enhanced in more stringent environmental policy regimes and diminished in countries which heavily subsidise fossil fuels. However, the divestment movement may have an unintended effect, insofar as domestic banks situated in countries with high divestment commitments and stringent environmental policies provide more finance to oil and gas companies abroad. We explain these findings through the lens of institutional theory and show how both regulatory and socially normative elements of institutions shape this dynamic.

Estimating the environmental cost of mixed rare earth production with willingness to pay: A case study in Baotou, China

Rare earths are important key metal minerals, but their exploitation, smelting and separation leads to the emission of environmental pollutants. China has taken a series of measures to control and govern the environmental pollution caused by mixed rare earth development in northern China, but currently, environmental pollution still exists. Environmental pollution affects the lives of local residents, and this impact can be measured by the nonuse value of the environmental pollution caused by rare earth development. Willingness to pay (WTP) is widely used to assess the nonuse value of environmental goods or services. By investigating residents' WTP for environmental improvement with respect to mixed rare earth development in northern China, we can better promote environmental governance and provide a decision-making basis for the government to propose quantitative and feasible environmental governance policies. Northern Chinese mixed rare earths are located mainly in Baotou in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey of residents around the Baotou rare earth mine regarding their basic personal situation, environmental cognition of rare earth development and WTP for environmental pollution control. Based on our findings, we used a double-bounded dichotomous choice (DC) model to calculate the average amount that residents are willing to pay for the treatment of environmental pollution, and we obtained the estimated mean value of their WTP. From February to April 2019, we obtained 568 valid questionnaires in the Hondlon District and Bayan Obo Mining District of Baotou. The analysis results show that the average value of the respondents’ WTP under the double-bounded DC model is 153.63 CNY per year and that the total value of the respondents’ WTP for environmental improvement with respect to rare earth development in Baotou is 442 million CNY per year. In addition, regarding the direct influencing factors of WTP, gender, the degree of cognition of environmental pollution, the degree of perception of bodily influence and the degree of expectations regarding environmental remediation have a significant positive correlation with WTP; moreover, the perception of bodily influence is the most important factor. Regarding the factors indirectly influencing WTP, age and place of residence affect the respondents' environmental cognition, which, in turn, affect the respondents’ WTP. Based on these influencing factors, the government can implement distinct environmental governance policies for different groups to effectively support the implementation of environmental policies.

Australian local governments and climate emergency declarations: Reviewing local government practice

AbstractIn recent years, a growing number of Australian local governments have reaffirmed their longstanding climate leadership by declaring a climate emergency. Indeed, since 2016, when Melbourne's Darebin council became the world's first local government to declare a climate emergency, close to 100 local governments – or a little under one fifth of all Australian local governments – have taken the extraordinary step and made a similar declaration. But although these local government climate emergency declarations have received widespread government and media scrutiny, the precise nature and obligations of climate emergency declarations for local government remain unclear. Indeed, there is currently little analysis and understanding of what obligations local governments incur from declaring a climate emergency, whether those that have made such a declaration have fulfilled their obligations, and whether climate emergency declarations exceed the remit of existing local government environmental and climate roles and policies. This practice insight article seeks to answer these questions in both theory and practice. It finds that, at present, much of the talk about climate emergency by local government may merely be symbolic and broadly aligned with their existing local environmental and climate roles and policies.