Enforcement Authorities Research Articles

¡Viva Cristo Rey!: Militant Catholic Devotion and the Creation of the National Votive Sanctuary of Christ the King in Revolutionary Guanajuato, 1914–1928

Abstract: This article examines the role of the Catholic ideology of Cristo Rey during the Cristero Conflict, which lasted from 1926 to 1929. This conflict was an armed rebellion led by militant Catholics who opposed the Mexican government's enforcement of anti-clerical provisions in the Mexican Constitution of 1917. This article argues that the creation of the Cristo Rey devotion in Guanajuato, Mexico as well as the statue dedicated to that devotion in 1923 demonstrate the early role the Mexican clergy played in escalating tensions between the Church and the Mexican State in the years before the armed phase of the Cristero rebellion. Additionally, this examination provides an important insight into the unification of lay Catholic organizations surrounding the expulsion of the Papal Nuncio, Eugenio Filippi in 1923. This article further demonstrates that the militant Catholic interpretation of Cristo Rey was impactful outside of Mexico, especially through the official Papal adoption of Christ the King as Catholic doctrine in 1925.

Red Codes and Removal: Racial Exclusion and Indigenous Persistence in the Midwest

Abstract: The Midwest is typically defined as a site of Indigenous erasure. But citizens of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma continue to live in their original homeland despite the official removal of their people from the Wabash River Valley in 1846. Myaamia families who stayed behind used fee simple family reserves as a tool to combat ethnic cleansing. Despite their keen understanding of American property law, settlers in the Hoosier state crafted “Red Codes,” laws and enforcement regimes targeting Indigenous peoples, to achieve their dispossession. Red Codes, akin to the more well-known Black Codes, reveal how state and local authorities designed laws to advance white supremacy. The appropriation and performance of Indigeneity grew out of the race-based legal regimes that defined the nineteenth-century Midwest.

The Legal Framework in Addressing Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking a Focus on Indonesia

The legal, sociological, and practical aspects of stopping human trafficking and modern slavery in Indonesia are examined in this study. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining in-depth interviews with key informants from several sectors participating in anti-trafficking operations with normative analysis. The interviews provide rich insights from legal experts, law enforcement authorities, government representatives, NGOs, judicial staff, journalists, international organizations, and social workers; the normative analysis highlights the advantages and disadvantages of Indonesia's legal system. The results highlight difficulties such as a lack of resources, problems with coordination, and socioeconomic variables that increase susceptibility. Regular evaluations of the legal framework, improved coordination, victim-centric strategies, responsible media coverage, and international cooperation are among the recommendations. This study adds to the larger conversation about preventing human trafficking by providing a thorough grasp of the complex issues and viable solutions in the Indonesian setting.

Safety-centric urban engagement plan

Research objective: The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a Safety-Centric Urban Engagement Plan (SCUEP) that intends to improve the safety of city centres by actively involving the community. This study investigates the impact of heightened social engagement in public areas on the safety and overall welfare of individuals residing in urban metropolis centres.
 Methodology: The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis of crime rates and qualitative assessments of community perceptions before and after the implementation of SCUEP. It also includes case studies from various municipalities that have adopted similar engagement plans.
 Main findings: The results show a direct correlation between heightened social participation and reduced crime rates in city centers. Improved lighting, well-maintained public spaces, and community events correlate with increased public use of city centers and a consequent reduction in crime.
 Application of the study: The findings offer practical insights for urban planners, legislators, and law enforcement authorities. The significance of engaging local populations in safety measures is emphasised, indicating that successful urban involvement can result in enduring safety solutions in city centres.
 Originality/Novelty of the study: The study brings a novel perspective by linking urban design and social engagement with urban safety. It introduces SCUEP as an innovative framework that integrates community-led activities, urban planning, and law enforcement strategies to foster safe and inclusive city centers.

Implementing Legislation A Priory Assertion to Rule of Law in Bangladesh

The constitution of Bangladesh contains a plethora of laws to maintain peace and security in the society through establishing the rule of law. The judiciary of the country is independent since 2007 but to some extent, the judiciary is being controlled by executive authorities. Therefore, a legislative procedure does not stop once a bill becomes law but the role of legislators comes to an end in the context of Bangladesh in many ways, although law must be put into effect or implemented by law enforcement authorities. Not surprisingly, Bangladesh has a praiseworthy legislative body and the legal system is designed by following the British legal system. But there is no such body or specific mechanism to monitor the ways of implementing legislation, the reason behind this may be administrative weakness or absence of a permanent mechanism for the same. In most cases, there is law but an absence of rule of law. The paper will endeavor to assess the procedure of enforcing and implementing legislation. In the light of the present legal system, administrative procedure, and the role of law enforcing agencies will be discussed. In the second wave, the paper will analyze the approximate reasons behind the failure of proper enforcement and implementation of laws. Finally, it will critically evaluate the needs of a particular monitoring mechanism as well as possible reformation strategies to implement legislation, their adequacy, and the role of parliament with the citizen of the country to abolish the culture of impunity to establish rule of law.

A Systematic Review on the use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Crime Prediction from Social Media

The goal of crime prediction is to help law enforcement authorities to prevent crimes before they happen by identifying and reducing potential future crimes. In present days, crime cases are rapidly occur so it is a challenging task to accurately predict and classify the future crimes, as criminal patterns are adaptable and constantly evolve, making it a challenging task. Sentiment analysis is essential for deciphering the feelings conveyed in text since social media has grown into a popular venue for individuals to communicate their thoughts, feelings, views, and comments. This analysis is particularly valuable for making informed decisions in business, politics and government agencies especially to identify crimes. However, it faces the difficulties like lexical diversity and dataset imbalance. In order to make better decisions and maybe lower the risk of predicting the suspects in a crime, early crime prediction has lately made use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models like Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML). When applied to crime data, ML and DL models may assist pinpoint possible crime hotspots and foretell when crimes may occur. Crime prediction and categorization using social media posts is covered in depth in this paper, which offers a comprehensive overview of several ML and DL frameworks. Initially, different ML and DL based crime prediction models designed by many researchers are examined in brief. The next step is to do a comparison research to learn about the shortcomings of those frameworks and provide an alternative method for effectively predicting crimes based on social media postings.

Crime Prediction using Machine Learning

The process of researching crime patterns and trends in order to find underlying issues and potential solutions to crime prevention is known as crime analysis. This includes using statistical analysis, geographic mapping, and other approaches of type and scope of crime in their areas. Crime analysis can also entail the creation of predictive models that use previous data to anticipate future crime tendencies. Law enforcement authorities can more efficiently allocate resources and target initiatives to reduce crime and increase public safety by evaluating crime data and finding trends. For prediction, this data was fed into algorithms such as Linear Regression and Random Forest. Using data from 2001 to 2016, crime-type projections are made for each state as well as all states in India. Simple visualisation charts are used to represent these predictions. One critical feature of these algorithms is identifying the trend-changing year in order to boost the accuracy of the predictions. The main aim is to predict crime cases from 2017 to 2020 by using the dataset from 2001 to 2016.

Подозреваемый, обвиняемый — возможно ли поставить знак равенства в современном досудебном производстве?

The relevance of the study of the procedural position of a person subject to criminal prosecution by pre-trial investigation authorities is caused by the fact that in accordance with Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 11-П of June 27, 2000, on the Verification of the Constitutional Nature of the Provisions of Part 1 Article 47 and Part 2 Article 51 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR and in View of the Complaint Filed by Mr. V.I. Maslov, the start of such investigation is related to carrying out investigative and other procedural actions against a specific person upon the receipt of a crime report or notice by the law enforcement authority. Even if such person has not obtained the suspect status yet. However, such person obtains the legal status of a convict upon lodging of charges, which often takes place only upon termination of criminal case investigation in the form of pre-trial proceedings, or upon preparation of the final procedural document (letter of accusation, bill of indictment) by an interrogator if cases are investigated in the interrogation form and the summary interrogation form with some exceptions. The criminal procedure theory is now lacking a consolidated position with regard to the suspect/convict correlation. Along with the traditional approach towards the evaluation of arraignment as a guarantee of rights, freedoms and legal interests of a person subject to criminal prosecution, the position that the institution of arraignment has long lost its initial function and is almost the same as the suspect institution and thus requires a fundamental review has started to gain more and more supporters.

Cybercrime and the Law: Addressing the Challenges of Digital Forensics in Criminal Investigations

A lack of standards and regulations for handling digital evidence is impeding its admissibility in court proceedings. This article addresses the challenges of digital forensics in criminal investigations due to the rise of cybercrime. The literature existing studies on digital forensics, legal frameworks, and cybercrime is reviewed in order to find possible solutions. The results demonstrate the importance of collaboration between the legal and technological sectors in developing standardized norms and processes for digital evidence collection and processing. The findings also highlight the importance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need for a robust legal framework to combat cybercrime effectively. This note emphasizes the vital significance of digital forensics in criminal investigations and the need to develop standardized rules and procedures for the management of digital evidence. The recommendations presented in this article may assist policymakers and law enforcement authorities in designing legal framework capable of effectively confronting cybercrime.

DPA independence and ‘indirect’ access—illusory in Belgium, France and Germany?

Directive 2016/680 provides for two procedures for the exercise of the rights of access to one's data: a direct one (that is, directly against the law enforcement authority) and an ‘indirect’ one, in which the responsible Data Protection Authority (DPA) exercises the right of access of the data subject against the law enforcement authority which refused the direct access, including by carrying out a legality check on the data processing of the personal data of the individual requesting access. The recent judgment in Ligue des droits humains ASBL treated the question of the powers of DPAs in the framework of this procedure, amongst others, as a matter of DPA independence. Existing literature has observed that the implementing laws of three Member States – Belgium, France and Germany – severely restrict the powers of the DPAs when these perform the ‘indirect’ right of access, for example to carry out the legality check and inform the individuals of the results of the check. In the this article we will argue that these national restrictions constitute an unjustified interference with the requirement on DPA independence in EU data protection law, including in Article 8(3) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.

Mutual Recognition By Private Actors In Criminal Justice? E-Evidence Regulation And Service Providers As The New Guardians Of Fundamental Rights

A large and constantly growing number of criminal offences, not only cybercrime, is committed in a way that leaves digital traces which can serve as evidence. This data is in the possession of service providers, often located in a different country than the place of an investigation. The available model of cross-border gathering of evidence, based on mutual legal assistance, is considered too cumbersome and lengthy for the digital world. Similar reservations have been made as regards the European Investigation Order. In response, the European Commission proposed the so-called e-evidence package in 2018, which – after 5 years of arduous negotiations – was finally adopted on 12 July 2023. Its main element is the European Production Order, an instrument based on mutual recognition which will allow law enforcement authorities in one Member State to request Internet service providers in another Member State to produce data without or with limited involvement of the authorities of the latter State. This new system is effectively a legal revolution which redefines the concept of mutual recognition and creates a model where service providers will play a significant role in safeguarding their users’ fundamental rights. This article examines the paradigm shift caused by this instrument, analyses the dynamics of interaction between the parties involved – in particular the role private actors will play in it – in order to verify the correctness of the legal basis and reveal the consequences of such a new system for transnational cooperation and service providers in the EU.

The European Arrest Warrant - Optional Reasons for Refusing its Execution. Case Law Aspects

This paper aims to bring to attention certain optional reasons for refusing the execution of a European arrest warrant, situations in which the courts can defeat the principle of mutual recognition and trust between the judicial authorities of the European Union states, which represents the “cornerstone” of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. The judicial enforcement authorities cannot refuse to execute a European arrest warrant except for reasons resulting from the Council Framework Decision No. 2002/584/JAI of 13 June 2002, however, in practice, the optional reasons for non-execution often raised problems, the wording of article 4 and article 4a leaving a margin in the judgment of the courts.

The Counteraction of Corruption in Indonesia Based On the International Agreement (Extradition) Between Indonesia and Singapore

In early 2022, Indonesia signed an extradition agreement with Singapore. This extradition agreement with Singapore is crucial because Singapore has been one of the destinations for Indonesian fugitives, particularly in corruption cases. The territory of Singapore, with its direct proximity to Indonesia and the visa-free arrangement for Indonesian citizens visiting Singapore, creates an environment where criminals can potentially use Singapore as a final destination or transit point for their illegal activities. This analysis examines the counteraction of corruption in Indonesia based on the international agreement (Extradition) between Indonesia and Singapore. The research adopts a normative legal research approach. The extradition agreement between Indonesia and Singapore will facilitate law enforcement authorities in Indonesia in resolving criminal cases where the perpetrators are located in Singapore. This allows law enforcement to take action against the criminals. Extradition also makes potential wrongdoers think twice before attempting to flee to another country, knowing that the destination country has an extradition agreement in place. In the fight against corruption, the Indonesia-Singapore extradition agreement is beneficial in preventing criminals from escaping to other countries, enabling the apprehension of wrongdoers, and facilitating the recovery of assets obtained through corruption.

A Critical Examination of the Role of Auditing as a Means of Ensuring Transparency and Accountability in Petroleum Revenue Management Activities in Ghana: Proposed Intervention

Oil discovery by some nations has become a resource curse rather than a blessing due to misappropriation, mismanagement and corruption in the management of petroleum revenues due to abuse of political power by public officers in partnership with other stakeholders within the oil industry, national and international alike. Auditor General's Annual Reports, Reports of Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee, Public Interest and Accountability Committee (PIAC) and CSOs reports among other literature have established that public resources such as oil revenue are mismanaged. Weak institutions, Finance Minister's discretionary powers under Act 815, lack of political will, weak legal and policy enforcement regimes among others are to blame for the lack of transparency and accountability leading to corruption. The study establishes that effective auditing plays a significant role in exposing the weak links to ensure transparency and accountability to mitigate corruption, particularly corruption auditing is best suited for petroleum revenue management activities. The study provides that transparency and accountability for effective corruption control and oversight, auditing and enforcement requires a multifaceted approach, stakeholders such as Supreme Auditing Institutions, external and internal audits system, citizens active participation, PIAC and CSOs such as Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas (CSPOG) and Ghana Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (GHEITI), good political will by government, strong legislature and judicial system as well as the support of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) including Donors and multinational petroleum companies are all needed on deck to tackle successfully the monster called petroleum revenue misappropriation, mismanagement and corruption. And ensuring that the government, public officials and other stakeholders uphold to best practice when it comes to PRMA.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Desa Serangkat Melalui Edukasi Interaktif Mengenai Bantuan Hukum

Legal awareness plays a crucial role in law enforcement, especially in remote areas like Serangkat Village. The government has a direct responsibility to support the community there. The lack of legal awareness in Serangkat Village is due to the community's tendency to resolve legal issues based on local customary law, a lack of trust in law enforcement authorities, and concerns about significant financial consequences. The primary goal of this activity is to enhance understanding of the importance of legal awareness and introduce the Legal Aid program organized by the government for the community. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method supported by field observations, planning, and implementation of activities. Legal Aid refers to free legal services provided by authorized institutions to individuals in need. The program aims to protect the constitutional rights of individuals and promote social changes that are fair. The results of this awareness campaign are evident through the community's understanding of the urgency of legal awareness and the availability of the Legal Aid Program provided by the government

Study on the impact of central environmental protection inspection on the health of the older adult population-A quasi-natural experiment in China.

In 2015, the central government of China established the Central Environmental Protection Inspection (CEPI) system for oversight of local governments. It enhanced local government enforcement of environmental regulations, which had a considerable influence on the health of the local older adult population. This study quantifies the effects of local government regulation brought about by CEPI on the health of the older adult. It examines the impact mechanism using the DID model and panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The results show that (1) local governments' environmental protection regulations implemented by CEPI have a positive impact on the general health of the older adult. The results of the study passed the parallel trend test, PSM test, replacement variable test, and placebo test and remained significant; (2) in terms of the impact mechanism, CEPI has promoted local governments' environmental governance initiatives, which has reduced industrial wastewater emissions, industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, and industrial fumes emissions. This has improved air quality, thereby creating a good living environment for the older adult and improving their overall health; (3) according to heterogeneity research, the health of older adult living in the Yangtze River Basin, urban older adult, and older adult without chronic diseases is more significantly affected by the environmental protection regulations of the local governments brought about by CEPI.

The Problem of Religious Guidance among Indian Muslims: A Forward-Thinking Proposal

The Indian Muslim community faces a paradox, marked by the presence of religious leaders without a clear path forward. The article identifies a lack of guidance, particularly in matters of faith, as numerous Ulema offer conflicting fatwas, stemming from a flawed Ifta methodology. Tracing the historical evolution of fatwa issuance, the 19th-century shift in India, influenced by the East India Company's trade-focused policies, led to an abundance of independent Ulema. This article explores the historical evolution of Ifta in Islam, with a focus on India. It reviews the transition to formal fatwa institutions, compares practices across regions, and proposes centralizing fatwa authority through a high central council in India, offering recommendations for reform. The absence of a centralized authority for fatwa issuance in India results in a chaotic scenario.To address this, the author proposes a structured solution: establishing a high central council of diverse Ulema and intellectuals. This council would delegate responsibilities for religious and social issues to ensure uniformity in fatwa decisions nationally. However, the article underscores that councils alone are ineffective without legal enforcement authority. This article will show: 1) Abundance of Guidance and Contradictory Fatwas; 2) Evolution of Fatwa Issuance in Islamic History; 3) Current State of Fatwa Issuance and Recommendations for Reform. Additionally, it advocates reevaluating the concepts of 'Dar al-Islam' and 'Dar al-Harb' in the context of India's identity. The author suggests a Parliament-recognized Council to issue fatwas, aligning with democratic principles and reflecting shared ownership among India's diverse Muslim population.

Law enforcement of electronic government in the context of public-private partnership in the state security and defense sector

The article is devoted to the study of the law enforcement of electronic governance in the context of public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state. It was concluded that the application of electronic governance will be associated with general features of the use of digital technologies in the activities of public administration and special features mediated by public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state. It is noted that electronic governance is a concept of regulating social relations based on the use of digital technologies.
 It has been established that the key characteristic of e-governance is digitization management with an emphasis on the needs of the citizen. Attention is focused on the fact that the specifics of the law enforcement of e-governance of public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state is mediated by the possibility of using digital technologies as regulators of social relations related to ensuring the proper state of security of the state and its national interests.
 It was determined that the application of e-governance measures is an integral component of the national security of the state as a whole and the application of public-private partnership tools.
 It was established that the following should implement their activities based on the principles of electronic governance: 1) bodies authorized to regulate activities related to public-private partnership as a whole; 2) bodies acting as a party to public-private partnership in the security and defense sector of the state.
 The thesis that the degree of application of electronic governance tools in the public-private partnership in the security and defense sector will vary depending on the status of the entity that will act as a party to contractual relations from the state side is substantiated.
 It is concluded that finding a balance between the use of digital tools that allow to simplify public access to the activities of public institutions during the implementation of public-private partnerships with the obligation not to disclose activities in this context will always lean towards the functional purpose of protecting the state over ideas digital transformation.

EQUALITY OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN VIS-À-VIS THE LAW IN CASES OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND ABUSE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHILD PROTECTION LAW

Child rape is a devastating form of sexual violence. This study aims to investigate and analyze the equality of legal protection for children in cases of sexual relations and abuse, focusing on the perspective of child protection law. This study uses methods that research normative juridical law. The results showed that the established legal law has partially worked for victims of child violence. The study's conclusions address whether the diversion process undertaken by law enforcement authorities in the Juvenile Justice System for adolescents facing legal problems due to allegations of sexual intercourse and/or maltreatment reflects gender non-discrimination.

Moral foundations of russian criminal proceedings

The article explores the problem of the relationship between morality and law in general and in criminal proceedings in particular. It is proposed to consider morality as one of principles of law, and moral consciousness – legal awareness, and on this basis it is concluded that law and legal consciousness are connected not only purely legally, but also in a moral way. That is, they have a common moral foundation, moral nature. The approach is justified, according to which the domestic model of criminal proceedings should be formed primarily taking into account the moral needs of society and the individual. The moral aspect is defined as a system-forming category for both criminal procedure law and the law enforcement authority, which in turn should serve to improve the guarantees of a fair investigation and resolution of criminal cases, and to achieve the necessary balance of public and private interests in the criminal process.