Township Government Research Articles

PERAN BADAN PERMUSYAWARATAN DESA (BPD) DALAM AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN DANA DESA TAHUN 2020 DI DESA KALIGAWE WETAN KECAMATAN SUSUKANLEBAK KABUPATEN CIREBON

This study dissects how the administration of the Village Fund Allocation is done by the Kaligawe Wetan Village Government and the job of the BPD in acknowledging ADD Accountability. The examination technique utilized by the scientist is distinct strategy. The outcomes showed that the job of the BPD in the ADD arranging stage in Kaligawe Wetan Village was to convey the goals of the local area in the Musrembangdes and the job of the BPD in settling on choices at the improvement arranging stage which will be understood and afterward the choice is gone ahead in a town guideline that has been concurred with the town government. In the execution of the Village Fund Allocation, the BPD likewise goes about as an administrative organization for exercises, while at the ADD responsibility stage, the BPD has the commitment to appoint that the execution of ADD should run by the material guidelines.

“After the leases are signed, it's a done deal”: Exploring procedural injustices for utility-scale wind energy planning in the United States

Expanding wind energy deployment to meet climate and policy goals requires willing communities to host wind projects. Wind power acceptance is inextricably linked to perceptions of projects' planning process, but it is less understood what makes wind planning processes more or less fair. Using a mixed-methods case study research design, this paper evaluates the planning process for two state-approved wind farms in Ohio and Minnesota using four analytical themes relating to procedural justice: participation, information, decision-making, and local context. In doing so, we provide one of the few detailed mappings of a United States wind farm planning process. Our findings confirm other results in the wind planning literature, particularly with respect to the limited opportunities for participation and decision-making input afforded to the public. However, our study also argues that to realize procedural justice in utility-scale wind project planning, planning processes need to evolve to: (1) afford non-compensated neighbors of wind projects similar information and participation opportunities as compensated landowners, (2) provide additional resources for and knowledge-sharing opportunities among local (county and township) governments, (3) create structures for participation, information provision, and decision-making surrounding wind farm construction, operation, and decommissioning (not just siting), and (4) consider local contexts of historical power generation and resident connections to the land.

When Collaborative Water Governance Meets Authoritarian Environmentalism: The Dilemma of Safe Water Supply Project in Coal Mining Villages of China’s Shanxi Province

The framework of collaborative water governance (CWG) has been championed as a promising model for water management across the globe. China is a country confronted by serious water pollution and shortage problems. In recent years, many scholars and practitioners have turned to CWG as an effective model for water crisis management in China. However, the political nature of CWG and China’s Authoritarian Environmentalism is inherently conflictual, hence, the development of CWG in China poses a theoretical puzzle, i.e., how the bottom-up CWG model can coexist with the top-down Authoritarian Environmentalism in China’s water politics. To better understand this puzzle, this article explores CWG’s intertwinement with environmental authoritarianism through a case study of “safe water supply project” in 11 coal-mining villages in Shanxi province of North China. Drawing on fieldwork between 2019 and 2021 in H city of Shangxi province, this research shows that the central government’s pledge to provide safe water to every villager in rural China has not materialized so far. The dilemma of safe water supply in coal mining villages in H city shows that, on one side, the central government attempted to show its great will and commitment to providing safe water to everyone in rural China through an approach of environmental authoritarianism; while on the other side, the local governments tended to select the CWG model as a method for practical implementation as well as a blame avoidance strategy. Our study identifies five stakeholders in the villages’ safe water supply projects: the Department of Water Resources of the City Government, the Township Government, Coal Mining Enterprises, village cadres and villagers. The outcome of the safe water supply project in these villages is constrained by the transparency and trust deficit among stakeholders when facing cooperation and conflict management obstacles.

“Libros de privilegios” from the Castilian Towns of 13—14th Centuries

Modern medieval studies consider the “Libros de Privilegios” as an important and very informative source for the history of medieval municipal administration and the town chanceries. These manuscripts, being essentially cartularies, constitute a special group of legal texts originating from the city. The features of their codicology, paleography and illumination make it possible to study the development of document management practices in cities. The article compares the “Libros de Privilegios” from four towns of the Kingdom of Castile — Toledo, Seville, Murcia and Lorca. Ordered by concejos to municipal scribes, they testify to a common vector of development of municipal government in different towns, regardless of the time of their inclusion in the Kingdom of Castile. The books of privileges considered in the article were compiled in the period from the last quarter 13th century until the end of the 30s of the 14th century, although the Fuero of Toledo taken as a basis in them was formed and was issued in the form of a charter in the first quarter of the 13th century. After the consejos received from the king the Fuero of Toledo in the version of 1222 as a fundamental document regulating local legal life, they later either independently selected documents for inclusion in their «Libros de Privilegios» (Toledo, Seville, Murcia), or determined a sample for copying (Lorca).

A Method for Rapidly Determining the Seismic Performance of Buildings Based on Remote‐Sensing Imagery and Its Application

Remote‐sensing images are visually interpreted in this study to obtain information on buildings in the urban and rural areas of Ningxia, China. Overall, area estimates yielded by the proposed equations followed a normal distribution. Correlation and error analyses indicated that the coefficients are reasonable and reliable and that the building area estimates have an accuracy of 90% and are also reliable. These results were used in conjunction with drone aerial images, Baidu street view images, and paper maps to determine the seismic performance (SP) of the buildings in the study area. On this basis, the buildings were classified into three groups, namely, those with the required SP, suspected substandard SP, and substandard SP. Examination based on the field survey data collected from at least one sample site in each village and township in all 22 county‐level divisions (CLDs) of Ningxia showed an average SP accuracy of 76% for all 22 CLDs and an SP accuracy exceeding 70% for 20 (91%) of the 22 CLDs. Based on this approach and the results obtained, the ArcGIS spatial analysis method was employed to determine the percentages and distribution patterns of the buildings in the three SP groups in the 22 CLDs. The results revealed the following features. Buildings with the required SP were clustered in the urban areas of each CLD, with a few in the village and township government seats. Buildings with suspected substandard SP were distributed predominantly in the rural‐urban fringe (RUF) areas and the village and township government seats. Buildings with substandard SP were found primarily in urban villages, RUF areas, and urban areas. The soundness of the spatial analysis results was corroborated by the field survey data, lending credence to the feasibility of the proposed calculation method. This method can satisfy the real‐world need for rapidly assessing the SP and distribution of buildings in a region before an earthquake occurs and provide a reliable reference for disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief efforts.

Coupling responses of landscape pattern to human activity and their drivers in the hinterland of Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Human activities and landscape patterns are important representations of two major elements in the human-land system. Therefore, analyzing coupling characteristics of human activity intensity and landscape patterns is of great significance to reveal the evolution of regional human-land relationships. To fill the hole on the coupling response of human activity intensity and landscape pattern, the mountainous human activity intensity and landscape pattern coupling model was constructed, and the comprehensive dominant-recessive human activity intensity index (CHAI) was proposed. Moreover, based on the AHP and cumulative index method, we quantitatively evaluated the human activities intensity of Fengjie County in the hinterland of Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) from 2000–2020, and analyzed spatial coupling patterns between CHAI and landscape pattern through the local spatial autocorrelation model. Finally, factors influencing the type of coupled change in CHAI and landscape pattern were explored by a binary logistic regression model. The results show: (1) There are no obvious changes in CHAI of Fengjie County, but the spatial change shows the characteristics closely related to the terrain gradient and the level of economic development of Fengjie County with an overall contraction while local enhancement. (2) The spatial coupling between CHAI and landscape pattern in Fengjie County shows four types: Coordination type, antagonism type, gradually coordinated type, gradually antagonistic type. (3) The important impact factors of the coupling between CHAI and landscape pattern are distance to county administrative center, distance to the town government, and landform, etc., which reflects socio-economic factors were the main factors in the evolution of the regional social ecosystem. (4) There are diverse and special coupling responses between human activity intensity and landscape patterns in the hinterland of TGRA. In general, the hinterland of TGRA has achieved a win-win situation for the ecology and economy through partial disharmony in exchange for overall coordination. Moreover, the research results reveal the uniqueness of China's mountainous landscape pattern in response to human activities in recent years.

State-scalar politics of rural land reform in China: The case of Wujin district

China’s central government has been devoted to advancing its dualistic land administration system, such as by designating pilot areas to explore rural land circulation and marketization. Given the increasingly liberalized rural land development practices at localities, this paper aims to explore the variations between policy-making by the central government and implementation at the local scale in the context of interactive politics. A case study of Wujin District, located in the economically developed Yangtze River delta, was examined to unfold the local policy implementation process as intertwined with scalar politics, rural land politics, and the experimentation features of China’s reform. Conducted qualitatively, crucial policy actors were interviewed across multiple administrative levels ranging from the province, prefecture, county, and township governments to village collectives. It was found that within China’s hierarchical land administration, decentralized policy experimentation encouraged by the central government was compromised by the scalar politics and local governmental power structure when implemented on the ground (i.e., the city-county struggles and the resultant incomplete authorities of the primary policy actor). The findings highlight that central policy design and the autonomy of local governments during the policy-making process should be coordinated by embracing scalar complexity.

Kinship Ties to Government Staff and Local Political Trust: Evidence from Rural China

Drawing on the Rural Socioeconomic Survey in China, we for the first time present descriptive information about Chinese citizens’ kinship ties to local government staff in rural areas, where around 40 percent of the respondents have at least one close relative in the family working in the local government. On average, such kinship ties have a significant but negative correlation with both the trust in staff of local township and county governments, and the trust in staff of judicial, legislative, and public security agencies. This negative effect, however, is not linearly additive with the number of kinship ties. Taken together, these findings lend support to the negative association between local kinship embeddedness and confidence in local official staff, highlighting a relational approach to understanding political trust in Chinese society.

Economic Responsibility Audit Transformation and Development of Township Party and Government Leading Cadres – Problems and Countermeasures

With the implementation of a series of policies to support rural development, such as the national rural revitalization strategy and poverty alleviation, the economic responsibility audit of township party and government leading cadres has been given new responsibilities and missions. However, some grass-roots audit institutions are faced with practical difficulties such as the solidification of audit thinking, slow progress of audit informatization construction, and large gap of grass-roots audit resources. The only way to overcome the difficulties is to explore the transformation of the economic responsibility audit and countermeasures of the township party and government leading cadres by tracing the source and adapting measures according to the difficulties.

Riding to Learn, Learning to Ride: Early School-busing in Connecticut, 1900–1945

Riding to Learn, Learning to Ride: Early School-busing in Connecticut, 1900–1945

Fiscalitat municipal sobre productes alimentaris a Castelló d’Empúries (1350–1365)

During the 14th century, Catalan towns, together with those in the rest of the Crown of Aragon, issued enormous quantities of long-term debt, which took the form of sales of perpetual and lifelong annuities ("censals morts" and "violaris"), in order to finance their numerous economic needs of different types. As a consequence of the growing issuing of debt instruments, town governments had to build a fiscal system of increasing complexity to satisfy the rising annual interests. The system was based on a set of indirect taxes over commerce and the consumption of certain food and manufactured products. Castelló d’Empúries was not an exception and the town engaged and consolidated long-term debt between approximately 1350 and 1375. This article analyses the evolution of the taxes on food that the town government of Castelló was administering during this period (yield, tariffs and exempt groups), applied on wine and grapes, meat, cereal milling, bread, oil, fish and pigs. On these grounds, the article assesses whether the increasing town debt resulted in a growing tax pressure on its inhabitants, and offers an overview of the main food types that were commercialised in Castelló during the 14th century.

Restricting the Sale of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Flavors.

Electronic nicotine delivery system use contributes to the epidemic of youth vaping. Regulations to curtail or prohibit the sale of flavored nicotine products aim to disrupt initiation of child nicotine use by reducing access to enticing nicotine flavorings. A total of 6 states and >300 localities have restricted or banned flavored nicotine product sales. In this case study, we outline the use of a localized town-based strategy, which offered 2 potential bills to incrementally restrict or prohibit sale of flavored vape products when county or state legislation was not politically feasible. Over the course of 18 months, these bills reduced the number of municipalities where these products could be sold or advertised until county, city, and statewide bans were effectively in place, ultimately making the passage of a bill in the statehouse palatable. Strong partnerships with officials who had expertise in local town government, local American Academy of Pediatrics chapter physician champions, and a diverse coalition were instrumental in motivating smaller governments, which often pass legislation faster than larger legislatures, to create child-protective tobacco policies.

Review on Awareness and Practices in Malaysia Land-Use Planning on Municipal Solid Waste Management

In 2016, almost 95% of the collected waste were taken to about 156 treatment disposal facilities that are distributed throughout Peninsular Malaysia, yet municipal solid waste (MSW) open dumping is common wherever land is available. Previous studies show that the land-use activities influenced the waste generation. The issue of non-compliance such as illegal change of land-use zoning and conflicts in development plans are among others that affect environmental sustainability. Hence, this paper focuses on how land-use planners include MSW management (MSWM) in their development planning. As a case study, the research considers 30 government town planners and 30 registered town planning consultants with the Malaysian Institute of Planners. A close-ended questionnaire method was adopted in this research. To design the questions, three aspects were considered: technical, management, and behaviour and the questions were structured based on literature review, books, and personal experience of the people involved. This research further identifies the issue concerning the reasons for the lack of involvement of land-use planners to include MSWM. Results show that land-use planners are aware of the regulations, national plans, and policies regarding MSWM in Malaysia but lack actions in their planning due to several reasons, such as inadequate expertise and insufficient funding. The findings in this research are expected to provide useful guidelines for policy makers.

Border town authorities and the multilevel politics of the ‘transit migrant’ emergency

ABSTRACT The article takes the approach of multilevel politics to analyse the way the presence of illegalized ‘transit migrants’ is dealt with within the urban space of Ventimiglia – a medium-sized city located south of the French–Italian border – by the town government and its mayor after heightened French border controls. It focuses on the period between 2015 and 2019. Within the unneutral and criminalizing framing of ‘transit migration’, border towns have narrow room for political manoeuvre, and yet they can be seen as the contentious scene of migration policies and politics. Presented and justified as a pragmatic compromise between the migrants’ humanitarian needs and the inhabitants’ claims for security and decorum, Ventimiglia’s municipal policy of encampment was built on cooperation, conflict and contestation with both higher tier authorities and grassroots civil society, thus showing an intricate system of multilevel politics. Followed by widespread discontent which partially translated into electoral disavowal, the town government’s actions eventually reinforced the framing of ‘transit migration’ policies as emergency measures and strengthened the migrants’ invisibility and precariousness in the urban space. This ethnography-based case study thus provides greater understanding of the particularities of local and multilevel migration politics in border towns and how these contribute to shape and enhance the exclusionary border regime.

Managing city-scale slow-onset disasters: Learning from Cape Town's 2015–2018 drought disaster planning

Disaster planning for slow-onset city-wide shocks will be become increasingly necessary, particularly as cities face increasingly severe climate hazards. This paper provides unique insight into the disaster planning and management that was undertaken by the City of Cape Town government in response to its most severe hydrological drought on record. It describes how risk was understood and why decisions were made on key elements of the plan, including trigger points, risk prioritisation and mitigation, and the location and design of points of distribution of water rations for the public. Reflecting upon the authors’ experience and interviews with senior City officials who worked on the drought disaster planning and response, the paper extracts five key lessons learnt that have since been applied during the COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the need for cross-functional planning and response skills, (ii) the need for integrated, up-to-date and scale-appropriate data; (iii) the importance of scenario-based simulations, communication and rapid costing to enable the rapid scaling-up of a response; (iv) the value of being able to use outsourced expert capacity effectively; and (v) the application of previously used disaster management and planning experience to build resilience in cities. These lessons, captured in a visual framework, help reflect on capabilities required for responding to future city-scale disasters. The paper provides an informative case study for other cities and risk managers, and will be particularly useful for global South contexts that face drought and other slow-onset disasters, most recently illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pemanfaatan Tanah Kas Desa Tatung Kecamatan Balong Kabupaten Ponorogo Dengan Sistem Lelang Tanah

Town resources can be as Town depository lands, standard land, town markets, creature markets, boat moorings, town structures, fish barters, farming item barters, town claimed woods, town springs, public showers, and different resources having a place with the Town people group. Town land is town possessed land that can be utilized for town pay and for the government assistance of the town local area. This examination was directed to perceive how the utilization of town depository lands and the interaction of land closeout in Tatung Town, Balong Ponorogo Region. Questions that emerge in this investigation are the manner by which the Tatung Town Government, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule oversees town depository grounds and how the land sell off measure in Tatung Town Balong Region, Ponorogo Rule. This examination utilized a subjective graphic exploration strategy. The land closeout framework in Tatung Town, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule can improve the way of life of the Town people group where with the town depository land sell off framework, individuals who don't have farming area can oversee land, yet the sale interaction has not been done such that right and open so lawful issues don't emerge later on and there is no maltreatment of force and authority by the town government, so in the town of Tatung there is a requirement for socialization and heading to the local area and town government in regards to the right land sell off measure.

Pemanfaatan Tanah Kas Desa Tatung Kecamatan Balong Kabupaten Ponorogo Dengan Sistem Lelang Tanah

Town resources can be as Town depository lands, standard land, town markets, creature markets, boat moorings, town structures, fish barters, farming item barters, town claimed woods, town springs, public showers, and different resources having a place with the Town people group. Town land is town possessed land that can be utilized for town pay and for the government assistance of the town local area. This examination was directed to perceive how the utilization of town depository lands and the interaction of land closeout in Tatung Town, Balong Ponorogo Region. Questions that emerge in this investigation are the manner by which the Tatung Town Government, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule oversees town depository grounds and how the land sell off measure in Tatung Town Balong Region, Ponorogo Rule. This examination utilized a subjective graphic exploration strategy. The land closeout framework in Tatung Town, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule can improve the way of life of the Town people group where with the town depository land sell off framework, individuals who don't have farming area can oversee land, yet the sale interaction has not been done such that right and open so lawful issues don't emerge later on and there is no maltreatment of force and authority by the town government, so in the town of Tatung there is a requirement for socialization and heading to the local area and town government in regards to the right land sell off measure.

Tourism-led Commodification of Place and Rural Transformation Development: A Case Study of Xixinan Village, Huangshan, China

Rural commodification with rural transformation development is a potential research agenda for rural geography. Based on semi-structured interviews in five times fieldwork in Xixinan Village, Huangshan, China, this article examines how the township government as an actor with entrepreneurialism promotes the commodification of place in rural areas and its impact on rural transformation development. It was found that the township government has drawn economic returns from different subjects of tourism entrepreneurs, tourists, and lifestyle immigrants by the efforts of commodifying real estate, creative tourism experience, and nature. Rural transformation development is accompanied by rural commodification, showing rural gentrification, expansion of employment opportunities for women, and the readjustment of the social structure of the family in the demographic structure. Rural tourism and rural creative industries have developed, complementing the single agricultural structure, constituting a mutual intersection and integration among these three industries. Regarding social and cultural values, rural commodification promoted the awareness of place in protecting ancient buildings and indigenous culture, but it also brought a sense of deprivation for community and contested rurality among different groups. The development state of rural transformation is constantly changing, and the new challenges arising from it to the rural revitalization of China, in this case, are also identified. The contribution of this article is to expand the analytical dimension of the commodification of place in rural areas and examine the state entrepreneurism associated with it. It also contributes to improving the understanding of the current development state of rural transformation in China.

Japan’s International Standards of Waste Recycling Treatment: Disseminating the Osaki System in Depok and Bali

This research explains the importance of approach and coordination from the Osaki Town government on waste recycling management of Osaki System to the community residents and companies, for changing their mindset on responsibilities and duties. This was done since the beginning when Osaki system was created until it becomes a sustainable system in daily life. The important key aspects on implementing the Osaki system are good cooperation and bond of trust shared among the government, community residents and companies. Osaki Town has achieved no.1 in the highest rate of waste resource recycling for 12 consecutive years in all of Japan. The system has made Osaki Town to become a SDGs system model in Japan, after receiving SDGs award from the Japanese government in December 2019. The Osaki System has succeeded to solve problems on reducing the volume of waste in landfill site. Being a sustainable waste resource recycling system and a model not only in Japan but also abroad, Osaki Town then disseminates the Osaki System in Indonesia which has the same problems, such as approach and cooperation between the government and the residents, reduce the waste volume in landfill areas by separate waste method for recycling and low cost management.

Local benevolent property development entrepreneurs in small town regeneration

Derived from a wider study of place-based economic, social, cultural and environmental regeneration initiatives in small regional New Zealand towns, and reflecting on international research that emphasises the importance of long-term collaborative effort, effective governance and locally-based leadership in regional regeneration, this paper examines the ways locally-based benevolent property development entrepreneurs are attempting to contribute to their regional town-centres. The experience of towns in mid and South Canterbury in the South Island of New Zealand, where national and global commercial property developers are reluctant to invest, are used as case studies. We discuss how property-led town-centre regeneration in small regional towns in New Zealand such as these may best be characterised. This work is then used to outline a policy agenda that would help local government and allied stakeholders to engage more effectively and cooperatively with local property developers. This work has relevance for an international audience interested in the town-centre regeneration challenges faced by the residents and local governments of small regional towns in neo-liberal polities.