Artificial Intelligence Governance Research Articles

The Brussels Side-Effect: How the AI Act Can Reduce the Global Reach of EU Policy

Abstract Over the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have become embedded in various domains of social life, prompting legislative efforts at both national and international levels. In the European Union (EU), this drive for legislation has been reflected in various legal instruments, notably the proposed AI Act, which is expected to become a global standard through the “Brussels Effect.” This Article argues that while the AI Act will likely produce a Brussels Effect of its own, such an outcome will be accompanied by a side effect that undermines the EU’s ambition to spread legislative text and values in AI governance. Since the AI Act follows EU product safety legislation, its provisions supply limited protection to some of the values the EU policy intends to protect, such as the protection of fundamental rights. These shortcomings are compounded by the EU’s active efforts to shape alternative instruments, such as the Council of Europe’s proposed convention on AI along the lines of the AI Act. As a result, the diffusion of the AI Act as a global standard will have consequences for the EU policy agenda on AI and the conceptualization of the Brussels Effect.

Global Digital Compact: A Mechanism for the Governance of Online Discriminatory and Misleading Content Generation

With the continuous development of artificial intelligence (AI), algorithmic discrimination and discriminatory and misleading content (DMC) generated by AI have given rise to many negative effects in cyberspace, such as racial and gender discrimination, misinformation, and so on. The growing concern in society over AI governance urgently necessitates the establishment of an effective mechanism to supervise and govern AI-generated DMC. In this article, the discriminatory and misleading contents of AIGC (Artificial Intelligence Generated Content) were extracted according to Text Classification Model and then classified by Naive Bayesian algorithm. The results showed that under the Global Digital Compact (GDC), countries differed in their degrees of discrimination related to race, gender, religion, and age. The racial discrimination accounted for the highest proportion in the United States, with a score of 0.15; that in Britain and France took up a share of 0.06 and 0.07, respectively; and merely 0.03 in Germany. Discriminatory content of racial discrimination (M1) and gender discrimination (M2) in science and technology industry was relatively low, accounting for 0.05 and 0.08, respectively. Analyzing data within the Global Digital Compact (GDC) illuminates the disparities and trends in DMC generation across various countries, cities, industries, and individual users. This analysis provides valuable references for subsequent research and problem-solving initiatives under the compact. Furthermore, GDC plays a pivotal role in addressing issues related to AI-generated DMC, contributing significantly to the creation of a secure, reliable, and equitable cyberspace.

Evaluating if Ghana's Health Institutions and Facilities Act 2011 (Act 829) Sufficiently Addresses Medical Negligence Risks from Integration of Artificial Intelligence Systems

With artificial intelligence (AI) integrated increasingly to enhance personalized diagnosis and data-driven treatment recommendations, this analysis examines the legal sufficiency of Ghana’s Health Institutions and Facilities Act 2011 (Act 829) to address medical negligence risks from reliance on AI systems in clinical settings. The CREAC framework structures evaluating gaps where existing health regulations may lack clarity for emerging issues of accountability. Explanation contextualizes the probabilistic nature of AI inferences and how general principles of medical negligence could have ambiguous application currently if erroneous AI contributions result in patient harm. Application to a hypothetical scenario assesses if adequate protections for appropriate integration exist across developers, systems, healthcare facilities, and practitioners under applicable interpretations of existing laws. Finding liability rules insufficient absent targeted AI governance, conclusions recommend amending Act 829 in key areas to codify expectations for responsible innovation and prevent ambiguity in liability.
 This work carries scientific novelty as one of the first structured jurisdictional analyses internationally of healthcare AI accountability gaps through a legal lens. Practical significance lies in setting the stage for strengthening protections in Ghana through proposed statutory reforms that reduce uncertainty around this crucial area for quality care. The method and recommendations offer a model for modernizing medical negligence law and AI policy amidst ongoing digitization in healthcare worldwide.

Who is responsible? US Public perceptions of AI governance through the lenses of trust and ethics.

The governance of artificial intelligence (AI) is an urgent challenge that requires actions from three interdependent stakeholders: individual citizens, technology corporations, and governments. We conducted an online survey (N = 525) of US adults to examine their beliefs about the governance responsibility of these stakeholders as a function of trust and AI ethics. Different dimensions of trust and different ethical concerns were associated with beliefs in governance responsibility of the three stakeholders. Specifically, belief in the governance responsibility of the government was associated with ethical concerns about AI, whereas belief in governance responsibility of corporations was related to both ethical concerns and trust in AI. Belief in governance responsibility of individuals was related to human-centered values of trust in AI and fairness. Overall, the findings point to the need for an interdependent framework in which citizens, corporations, and governments share governance responsibilities, guided by trust and ethics as the guardrails.

Legal and Ethical Conundrums in the AI Era: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

The article embarks on an investigative journey into the complex legal and ethical landscape shaped by the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The research problem centres on the urgent need to understand and address the gap between evolving AI technologies and the existing legal and ethical frameworks. This gap poses significant challenges to societal norms, legal systems, and ethical principles, warranting a comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis.
 
 The research objectives are twofold: firstly, to dissect the legal implications AI poses to existing regulatory structures, and secondly, to explore the ethical dilemmas emanating from AI's pervasive influence across various societal sectors. The study employs an eclectic research method, integrating doctrinal analysis with a qualitative examination of case studies and existing literature across disciplines like law, ethics, technology, and sociology. This approach facilitates a holistic understanding of the AI era's legal and ethical intricacies.
 
 The key findings of this research underscore a dissonance between rapid technological advancements in AI and the slower evolution of legal and ethical norms. This disjunction leads to legal loopholes and ethical ambiguities in AI governance, privacy, accountability, and human rights. Furthermore, the study identifies a pressing need for adaptive legal frameworks and ethical guidelines that can keep pace with AI's transformative impact.
 
 Implications of these findings are profound for both theory and practice. Theoretically, the article contributes to an enriched understanding of the intersection between law, ethics, and technology. Practically, it offers actionable insights for policymakers, technologists, and ethicists to collaboratively formulate responsive legal and ethical strategies. These strategies are essential for safeguarding societal values while embracing technological progress, ensuring AI's development is both legally sound and ethically responsible.

Governance of artificial intelligence and data in Australasian higher education: A snapshot of policy and practice

Governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly urgent in higher education institutions for its impact on the quality and equity of education. Earlier in 2023, AI usage conversations across the sector appeared to predominantly focus on the other AI, Academic Integrity. Just like the technology has advanced in the past eight months since the first ACODE (Australasian Council of Open Digital Education) whitepaper on this topic this year, so too has the practice of using AI. In October 2023, ACODE conducted a survey to get an understanding of AI policy and practice in member institutions. The results show there is a mixed view whether guidelines and policies are in place with respect to the governance of AI and data which suggests the sector needs to continue these conversations for some time to come. Furthermore, ethical application of AI is emerging through experimental activities and pilots of proof of concepts, suggesting that case studies and recommendations for practice could be developed in 2024 to further assure quality and equity in education.

Global health in the age of AI: Safeguarding humanity through collaboration and action.

This opinion article discusses the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on global health, addressing its potential risks and benefits to the field. It suggests that, given the existential risks of AI development, the global health community must contribute to AI-related advances, ensuring health equity and the wellbeing of vulnerable populations. Through transdisciplinary collaborations, robust AI governance, and an emphasis on equity, strategies are proposed to harness the potential of AI to reduce health inequalities and improve wellbeing at global and local levels.

Comparative regionalism cases of artificial intelligence governance in education: the Caribbean Community and the European Union

ABSTRACT This article is a comparative examination of how the European Union’s (EU) emerging Artificial Intelligence (AI) regulatory framework can provide guidance for the development of AI governance despite being perceived as an imposition on other regions such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The Caribbean stands at an intersection of technological evolution, confronting the essential challenges of navigating AI’s expansion with an ethos of inclusivity, equity, and prudent oversight. The article focuses on the EU-CARICOM relationship by analysing both the policy rhetoric (espoused by the EU) and the policy responses (in the CARICOM). It aims to uncover the convergences, divergences and tensions arising in this dyad stemming from the relationship between a primary global player asserting its role in AI development in education and its external partners still dependent on its assistance.

The Formation and Implementation of Ethical Norms for Artificial Intelligence in the Soil of the Rule of Law - Focusing on AI Governance

Abstract In the context of today’s fast-reading development of artificial intelligence (AI), the governance model supported by AI technology has become the focus of global attention. This study focuses on the AI governance model based on ethical norms in the construction of the rule of law, with the aim of providing research support for effective AI governance. In this paper, the ethical core and mechanism of AI governance in the soil of the rule of law are studied under the premise of the rule of law, and a risk governance identification model based on the DEMATEL-ISM model is constructed to analyze the risk factors of AI governance. Then, the ethical norms of AI governance are analyzed in depth, and the path of improving the ethical norms of AI governance is explored through the fsQCA method, and the AI ethical norms guidelines are constructed under the basic guideline of adhering to human-centeredness. Finally, the implementation of AI governance ethical norms is carried out, and under AI governance, the average correct rate of event classification and processing accuracy is above 85%, 207 resolved events are added every month, and the cumulative number of resolved events is increased by 2,486. At the same time, the risk factor risk can be seen, proving that the governance model under the participation of AI can effectively improve the efficiency of governance to promote the development and application of AI governance model provides a certain theoretical basis and reference value.

Navigating the Ethical Frontier: Governance Strategies in Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review

Artificial intelligence has evolved since its debut in 1950, resulting in widespread usage across a variety of sectors. This increased dependence on AI has highlighted ethical issues, emphasizing the importance of strong governance to enable responsible research and deployment. This review investigates the ethical issues and governance options surrounding artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on its influence on community security in the United Arab Emirates. Additionally, it investigates AI ethics, compatibility, and intricacy in the setting of community security using a comprehensive review of 10 studies. The findings emphasize the need to resolve privacy issues and the impact of government regulations and laws on AI governance. The review underlines how important it is to create tailored governance structures that maintain ethical norms in AI applications both inside and outside of the United Arab Emirates and strike an appropriate balance between innovation and security. To guarantee that AI technology benefits society while limiting possible threats, it is crucial that we actively tackle these ethical and governance problems as AI continues to evolve.

The role of AI integration and governance standards: Enhancing financial reporting quality in Islamic banking

The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on improving the quality of financial reporting in the Islamic banking industry. The study is conducted within the theoretical framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The study utilized Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the data collected from a sample of 364 professionals working in the field of Islamic banking. The results of our study suggest that Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence are important factors in predicting individuals' Behavioural Intention to use Artificial Intelligence (AI). Additionally, the presence of Facilitating Conditions further enhances the impact of these factors on individuals' actual Use Behaviour. Significantly, it was shown that Use Behaviour played a significant role in determining the perceived quality of financial reporting. Nevertheless, the study did not find empirical evidence to demonstrate the direct influence of Behavioural Intention on Financial Reporting Quality. This implies that the actual implementation of Artificial Intelligence is required to fully realize its advantages. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) into governance frameworks presents a potentially advantageous pathway for Islamic banks to uphold Shariah principles, while concurrently bolstering accountability and fostering ethical banking practices.

AI for peace: mitigating the risks and enhancing opportunities

Abstract This article focuses on measuring the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the peace and security agenda, taking stock of recent initiatives and progress in this area. While there is a keen awareness of the fact that AI can be weaponized to become a tool of power politics and military competition, there is comparatively less systematic attention paid to what technology can do for peace. While it is important to address risk mitigation, equal space should be given to thinking about how to harness the peace potential of AI on a large scale. This study follows a series of publications that aim to assess the impact of technological innovation on peace, also referred to as PeaceTech, Global PeaceTech, peace innovation, or digital peacebuilding. The first section provides an overview of the debate on the impact of AI on peace and conflict. The second section examines conceptual frameworks and measures of the impact of AI on peace and conflict. The third section looks at the risks to peace and conflict posed by the use of AI and possible governance measures to mitigate them. The fourth section provides examples of AI-enabled initiatives that are having a positive impact on peace, providing a compass for public and private investment. The conclusion offers policy recommendations to advance the AI for peace agenda.

Artificial Intelligence Policymaking: An Agenda for Sociological Research

Sociological research on artificial intelligence (AI) is flourishing: sociologists of inequality are examining new and concerning effects of AI on American society, and computational sociologists are developing novel ways to use AI in research. The authors advocate for a third form of sociological engagement with AI: research on how AI can be publicly governed to advance equity in American society. The authors orient sociologists to the rapidly evolving AI policy landscape by defining AI and by contrasting two leading approaches to AI governance: a safety-based and an equity-based approach. The authors argue that the safety-based approach is the predominant one but is inadequate. They suggest that sociologists can shift AI policymaking to prioritize equity by examining corporate political power in AI policy debates and by organizing research around four sociological questions centered on equity and public engagement. The authors conclude with recommendations for supporting and coordinating policy-oriented research on AI in sociology.

Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in the human era involves a multidimensional perspective that encompasses technological, ethical, social, and economic considerations

The artificial intelligence (AI) device is powered by an advanced Snapdragon platform from Qualcomm Technologies and boasts a range of sensors that enable contextual and ambient compute interactions. The Humane AI Pin offers a plethora of features that enhance our daily lives, including Contextual AI: The device can understand and respond to our natural language commands, allowing us to control music, make calls, send texts, and set reminders with ease. Ambient Awareness: The AI Pin's sensors provide real-time information about our surroundings, enabling it to adjust audio volume, provide notifications, and translate languages in context. Seamless Integration: The device eliminates the need for a smartphone, allowing us to interact with AI without the need to constantly look at a screen. Establishing robust frameworks for AI governance, promoting transparency, and prioritizing ethical considerations will be essential in harnessing the full potential of AI while minimizing its risks. Ultimately, a multidimensional perspective is crucial to charting a course for AI that aligns with human values, fosters responsible innovation, and enhances the overall well-being of society in the human era.

Corporate Governance of Sustainable Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Strategic Communication (SC) and Digital Marketing (DM): United Arab Emirates Guidelines

Artificial intelligence has become a major element in corporates' strategic plans, and its technologies have been linked to strategic communication techniques for public relations and digital marketing communications. The current study aimed to monitor Governance of Sustainable Artificial Intelligence (AI)in Strategic Communication (SC) and Digital Marketing (DM).
 The research initially involved secondary research where qualitative data was collected to design research questions related to the governance of sustainable AI as a frame for strategic communication and digital marketing. The mixed method of data collection adapted using a textual discourse analysis form to collect data and determine organizational governance priorities for responsible artificial intelligence in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
 The results indicated the responsible use and sustainability of artificial intelligence and its impact on the organization's strategic communication and emphasize the corporates efforts to protect users from electronic fraud based on (AI)techniques to detect hacks, frauds, and misleading messages.
 The findings recommended reliance on robots to manage social media platforms, crisis communication, public relations and digital advertising, and detecting machine production of fake content.

When Artificial Intelligence Fails

Diverse initiatives promote the responsible development, deployment and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI incident databases have emerged as a valuable and timely learning resource and tool in AI governance. This article assesses the value of such databases and outlines how this value can be enhanced. It reviews four databases: the AI Incident Database, the AI, Algorithmic, and Automation Incidents and Controversies Repository, the AI Incident Tracker and Where in the World Is AI. The article provides a descriptive analysis of these databases, examines their objectives, and locates them within the landscape of initiatives that advance responsible AI. It reflects on their primary objective, i.e. learning from mistakes to avoid them in the future, and explores how they might benefit diverse stakeholders. The article supports the broader uptake of these databases and recommends four key actions to enhance their value.

Regulating for trust: Can law establish trust in artificial intelligence?

AbstractThe current political and regulatory discourse frequently references the term “trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI).” In Europe, the attempts to ensure trustworthy AI started already with the High‐Level Expert Group Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI and have now merged into the regulatory discourse on the EU AI Act. Around the globe, policymakers are actively pursuing initiatives—as the US Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI, or the Bletchley Declaration on AI showcase—based on the premise that the right regulatory strategy can shape trust in AI. To analyze the validity of this premise, we propose to consider the broader literature on trust in automation. On this basis, we constructed a framework to analyze 16 factors that impact trust in AI and automation more broadly. We analyze the interplay between these factors and disentangle them to determine the impact regulation can have on each. The article thus provides policymakers and legal scholars with a foundation to gauge different regulatory strategies, notably by differentiating between those strategies where regulation is more likely to also influence trust on AI (e.g., regulating the types of tasks that AI may fulfill) and those where its influence on trust is more limited (e.g., measures that increase awareness of complacency and automation biases). Our analysis underscores the critical role of nuanced regulation in shaping the human‐automation relationship and offers a targeted approach to policymakers to debate how to streamline regulatory efforts for future AI governance.

The Transformative Potential of AI in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

The transformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping diverse domains of medicine. Recent progress, catalyzed by computing advancements, has seen commensurate adoption of AI technologies within obstetrics and gynaecology. We explore the use and potential of AI in three focus areas: predictive modelling for pregnancy complications, Deep learning-based image interpretation for precise diagnoses, and large language models enabling intelligent health care assistants. We also provide recommendations for the ethical implementation, governance of AI, and promote research into AI explainability, which are crucial for responsible AI integration and deployment. AI promises a revolutionary era of personalized health care in obstetrics and gynaecology.

Artificial Intelligence Governance and China’s Experience under the Community of Common Destiny for Mankind Concept

In recent years artificial intelligence (AI), backed by big data and the Internet, hasbeen rapidly developing and determining the future direction of the world’s scienceand technology development. Although artificial intelligence is beneficial to the scientific and technological revolution and industrial modernization of mankind, it hasalso brought new risks. People pay more and more attention to the potential risks ofartificial intelligence that should be effectively managed. Artificial intelligence risksare characterized by the diversity of technological threats, the similarity of AI risksfaced by different countries and the high complexity of governance, something thatrequires concerted efforts by all countries. It is necessary to carry out the development of artificial intelligence in the country from the perspective of the commoninterests of mankind, ensure the safety and manageability of artificial intelligence,and strengthen international cooperation. At present Western countries advocatethe concept of technological hegemony and technological monopoly, and developing countries have little opportunity to express their opinions on the governance ofartificial intelligence, and China’s Community of the Common Destiny for MankindConcept is necessary for the governance of artificial intelligence. Based on that concept, the paper explores China’s new practices and proposals for the domestic andinternational AI governance. In response to the problem of overuse and misuse ofnew technologies, China proposes to establish an artificial intelligence governancesystem that includes joint management by various actors, open and transparent regulation, comprehensive consultations, and the development of effective evidence-based laws, so as to promote the beneficial development of artificial intelligence inthe future and contribute to the deepening of AI governance based on the Chineseproposal.

The influence of China in AI governance through standardisation

Artificial intelligence systems (AIS) are subject to technical standardisation. Technical standards are primarily developed within standard developing organisations (SDOs) traditionally operating under consensus-based, community- and largely industry-driven processes. Governments are increasingly interested in technical standards’ development, accentuating the political dimension of standardisation. This article explores the contribution of technical standardisation to the governance of artificial intelligence (AI) and asks whose views are being implemented in the development of non-state rules for AI. The article, based on empirical research, focuses on the changing governance structure of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Overall, the discussion offers an overview of the existing geopolitics in AI-related standardisation and contributes to the scholarship on AI and digital governance by exploring the role of technical standardisation as a tool in AI governance. The research finds an increasing Chinese representation in international standardisation and argues that the political use of standardisation can lead to China establishing its own vision of digital governance. Consequently, the article suggest that China is using participation in recognised SDOs to legitimate its vision for digital governance calling for a re-examination of standardisation considering its implications for democracy and the protection of human rights.