Government Of Spain Research Articles

«Esos hijos predilectos del liberalismo»: los Ayuntamientos constitucionales del Trienio Liberal

Los ayuntamientos constitucionales formados en España durante el Trienio Liberal, bajo la legislación gaditana, conforman un espacio significativo de la construcción del Estado en el ámbito local, a la vez que un escenario de poder al que ninguno de los actores políticos quiso renunciar. En el presente trabajo se da cuenta de esa experiencia, que se desarrolla entre la división de los liberales y la contrarrevolución. Se estudia la respuesta social a las novedades, y la actuación de las administraciones locales ante la legislación liberal, que afectaba a la geografía de los municipios y al uso de la tierra en las comunidades rurales. Se añade una aproximación a la nueva normativa de gobierno local de 1823 y las circunstancias en las que se desarrolló el debate de la que está considerada como la primera Ley de Régimen Local en España.

La postura de la Unión Europea frente al separatismo en Cataluña

Secessionist sentiments are more common for the European Union than for other world regions. This tendency takes place to a large extent because of a crisis in the European values and religious traditions, and new priorities. Catalonia, as well as the Basque Country, tries to hold a direct dialogue with Brussels bypassing Madrid, which is accompanied with numerous difficulties: a discontent and warnings on the part of the official government of Spain, the necessity for the European Union to take into consideration the position of its member-state and many others. Despite the fact that regions started to play a more significant role in the European Union agenda, it still continues to follow the policy of a cautious attitude towards the autonomy separatism. Moreover, the EU tries to limit capabilities of the further existence and development of autonomies as independent states by institutional means. In addition, after the separation, a state is not yet a member of the European Union – it has to create new currency, it faces some economic problems. Given all these factors, autonomies will think twice before organizing a referendum, which is also difficult to hold, because it contradicts the Constitution of Spain.

Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. Silvia A. Mitchell. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. xvi + 294 pp. $84.95.

Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. Silvia A. Mitchell. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. xvi + 294 pp. $84.95. - Volume 74 Issue 2

Queen, Mother, & Stateswoman. Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain by Silvia Z. Mitchell

Queen, Mother, & Stateswoman. Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain by Silvia Z. Mitchell

Queen, mother, and stateswoman. Mariana of Austria and the government of Spain. By Silvia Z. Mitchell. Pp. xvi + 293 incl. 10 ills and 1 chart. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. £67.95. 978 0 271 08339 1

Queen, mother, and stateswoman. Mariana of Austria and the government of Spain. By Silvia Z. Mitchell. Pp. xvi + 293 incl. 10 ills and 1 chart. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. £67.95. 978 0 271 08339 1 - Volume 72 Issue 1

Silvia Z. Mitchell. Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain.

S<scp>ilvia</scp> Z. M<scp>itchell</scp>. <i>Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain</i>.

Reseña de: Mitchell, Silvia Z., Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain

Reseña de: Mitchell, Silvia Z., Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019. xv + 293 pp. ISBN: 978-0-271-08339-1

The Nutritional Profile of Food Advertising for School-Aged Children via Television: A Longitudinal Approach.

The prevalence of childhood obesity continues to increase. Screen time, one of the most documented reasons for the obesogenic environment, enhances childhood obesity, since advertisements for unhealthy food products are still broadcast on channels for children. This is presently one of the main challenges for the government in Spain, since the current laws and obligations are not updated. This study aims to analyze food advertising aimed at children on Spanish television in 2013 and 2018 on children’s and general channels to test the effect of laws and obligations over time. In total, we viewed 512 h of the most viewed channels, two children’s and two general channels, during the week and on weekends during specific periods of 2013 and 2018. Food advertising was categorized as core, non-core, and other food advertisement (CFA, NCFA, and OFA, respectively) according to the nutritional profile. A total of 2935 adverts were analyzed, 1263 in 2013 and 1672 in 2018. A higher proportion of NCFAs were broadcast on children’s channels than in prior years, rising from 52.2% to 69.8% (p < 0.001). Nowadays, the risk of watching NCFAs on children’s channels compared to general channels turns out to be higher (Odds ratio > 2.5; p < 0.001), due to exposure to adverts for high-sugar and high-fat foods such as cakes, muffins, cookies, and fried and frozen meals rich in fat. In conclusion, the trends of nutritional profiles in food advertising on television are worsening over time, since the prevalence of NCFAs was higher in 2018 than in 2013. Currently, CFAs are not mainly broadcast on children’s channels, confirming high-risk exposure to non-core food advertising by watching them. Thus, food advertising laws and obligations should be adapted to increase compliance.

Left atrial performance during exercise in endurance athletes: the impact of gender

Abstract Background High-intensity endurance training is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in male athletes while it seems to have a protective effect for the development of atrial arrhythmias in female athletes. Mechanisms underlying this fact are unknown but a differential atrial adaptation to exercise may be involved. Aim To evaluate left atrial (LA) performance during exercise in endurance athletes (EAs) of both sexes. Methods Highly-trained (&amp;gt;10 hours training/week) EAs performed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. LA evaluation was performed at rest and immediately after exercise. LA analysis consisted of standard and speckle-tracking assessment: atrial contractile, reservoir and conduction strain. Results 80 EAs (55% women, 34.8±5.8 years) were enrolled. Baseline LA size and functional parameters were similar in both sexes (Table 1). Compared to men, women achieved a higher predicted VO2max (Δchange+11.9%, p&amp;lt;0.01) but a similar increase of systolic blood pressure (Δ+63 vs +66%, p=0.58). Exercise induced a mild decrease in LA size but of similar amplitude for both sexes. LA strain parameters of EAs improved with exercise, but a significantly greater improvement in LA reservoir and conduit function was noted in women compared to men. In EAs with marked atrial remodelling (LA ≥35ml/m2), the same trend of greater improvement of LA reservoir and conduit function in women persisted. Conclusion In highly-trained EAs, premenopausal women have better LA function profile during exercise compared to men, even when the LA is significantly dilated. This discriminatory LA adaptation in female EAs could at least partly explain the dichotomous relationship between AF and exercise regarding sexes and warrants further studies to clarify the underlying mechanism. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Government of Spain - Plan Nacional I+D, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad

Digital Public Sphere and Geography: The Influence of Physical Location on Twitter’s Political Conversation

Social media has instituted new parameters for the political conversation in the digital public sphere. Previous research had identified several of these new phenomena: political polarisation, hate speech discourses, and fake news, among others. However, little attention has been paid to the users’ geographical location, specifically to the role location plays in political discussion on social media, and to its further implications in the digital public sphere. A priori, we might think that on the digital landscape geographical restrictions no longer condition political debate, allowing increasingly diverse users to participate in, and influence, the discussion. To analyse this, machine learning techniques were used to study Twitter’s political conversation about the negotiation process for the formation of the government in Spain that took place between 2015 and 2016. A big data sample of 127,3 million tweets associated with three Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia) was used. The results show that the geographical location of the users directly affects the political conversation on Twitter, despite the dissolution of the physical restrictions that the online environment favours. Demographics, cultural factors, and proximity to the centres of political power are factors conditioning the structure of digital political debate. These findings are a novel contribution to the design of more effective political campaigns and strategies, and provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the digital public sphere provided by Twitter.

Bibliometric analysis of the Cibermov database on cyber‐activism (2007‐2018)

AbstractWe carried out a bibliometric study on web activism, given their absence, for the period between 2007 and 2018, using as a source the Cibermov bibliographic database, created by the documentation service linked to the R&amp;D project Cyber‐activism, digital citizenship and new urban movements, funded by the Government of Spain, as a tool for its members.

So close yet so far: intergovernmental tensions in Spain

ABSTRACT Much has been said about recurrent conflicts between the government of Spain and the executives of autonomous communities. Drawing on mixed methods, this research explores some of the deterrents of the centre–periphery quarrels in Spain. This investigation operationalizes intergovernmental tensions through a quantitative data set based on several litigations between regional and central executives in Spain before the Constitutional Court from 1980 to 2014, as well as a series of 30 in-depth interviews. It demonstrates that the organization of sectorial conferences, the signing of cooperation agreements and periods of party congruence help prevent the rise of intergovernmental contestation.

Gestão do conhecimento em bibliotecas universitárias: estudo bibliométrico na base de dados Web of Science no período de 1945 a 2018

Realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico sobre os trabalhos publicados na temática Gestão do Conhecimento em Bibliotecas Universitárias (BU) no período de 2002 a 2020 na base de dados Web of Science. A metodologia na aplicação da análise bibliométrica usando o modelo de Marschner, Ávila e Sommer (2016) com adaptações. Fez-se uma revisão de literatura sobre a temática, se constatando que só existe o estudo de Bem e Reinisch (2014) que faz análise bibliométrica sobre GC em BU. Foram recuperados 48 trabalhos, dos quais foram analisados somente 33. Foram considerados somente aqueles pertencentes a área de Ciência da Informação e Biblioteconomia. Os resultados apontaram os anos mais produtivos entre 2017 e 2019. Os tipos de documentos são: artigos, early access e trabalhos em eventos, dos quais os artigos constituem a maior parte. O periódico com maior quantitativo de publicações é o Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. Os autores mais produtivos são: Ugwu, De Bem, Ekere e Rossi. As instituições que possuem mais publicações são: Universidade da África do Sul, Universidade da Nigéria e Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Os países que detêm um quantitativo maior de publicações são: África do Sul, Índia, Nigéria, Brasil, Paquistão e Espanha. As agências financiadoras são: Delta State University, ICSSR New Delhi, Ministry of Science and Innovation of The Government of Spain e University of Zululand. A produção científica na base é publicada nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, mas a principal língua é a inglesa. Conclui-se que os estudos sobre Gestão do Conhecimento em Bibliotecas Universitárias estão crescendo gradativamente e são recentes na base Web of Science.&#x0D;

Integrated Approaches in Support of Taxonomic Identification of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Vector Surveillance in Spain.

The pandemic of Zika virus in 2016 and other arboviruses prompted La Rioja Government in Spain to implement an entomological surveillance program of mosquitoes (Diptera; Culicidae) in the region of La Rioja. The morphological identification was supported by genetic analysis using the COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and the ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) genes. In total, we identified 24 species arranged in 6 genera: Aedes (7 species), Anopheles (4 species), Coquillettidia (1 species), Culex (7 species), Culiseta (4 species), and Uranotaenia (1 species). Aedes sticticus and Aedes geniculatus are newly reported for La Rioja region. In total, 465 COI sequences were analyzed for Culicinae and Anophelinae and 54 ITS2 sequences for Anophelinae; all individuals identified as the same species clustered together in the Neighbor Joining trees. The levels of sequence divergence based on COI ranged between 0% and 2.62%, while the interspecific genetic divergence ranged from 3.05% to 20.07%. Within the genus Culiseta, certain specimens of Culiseta annulata, Culiseta litorea, and Culiseta subochrea were morphologically misidentified due to variation in the main diagnostic characters. The interspecific genetic divergence based on the ITS2 ranged from 0% to 2.98%. An accurate identification of mosquito vectors is the first step to establish a vector surveillance program for preventing pathogen transmission.

Mitchell, Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain (Pennsylvania State Press, 2019)

Mitchell, Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain (Pennsylvania State Press, 2019)

Ministers, Gender and Political Appointments

AbstractThis study examines whether the sex of the selector matters for advancing women's inclusion in politics and how the political context shapes selectors’ preferences and behaviour. It focuses on an under-researched area – the political appointments ministers make in their ministerial departments – and thus sheds light on the conditions under which women access appointed office. It analyses six governments in Spain between 1996 and 2018, using a mixed methods approach that includes statistical analyses of political appointments and interviews with former ministers. It finds that women ministers, as individuals, did not appoint more women than men ministers did at any time. However, women's presence is highly relevant. In more gender-balanced political contexts, men and women ministers appointed more women. Moreover, the context changed, in part because critical political actors pushed for it. This imbued a new political sphere, subcabinet-appointed offices, with representational significance.

Rule by women: the incorporation of women into Spanish local government (1924–1975)

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the way in which women gained access to local government in Spain between 1924, when they were first appointed as councillors and mayors, and 1975, when dictator Francisco Franco died. The Spanish case involves a political history that includes two dictatorships separated by a republic and a civil war. Most female representatives were not chosen by ballot, but gained access to local governments by other means, such as governmental appointment, the replication of the national balance of power at the local level, corporative elections and the like. In sum, the variegated ways in which women became local councillors and mayors under the different political regimes, and the way in which they performed, must be interpreted in light of the construction of citizenship in twentieth-century Spain.

Medidas de contención de la violencia de género durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Crises, emergencies and times of unrest have been linked to increased interpersonal violence, including violence against women. Following the declaration of alarm status and quarantine, different measures have been implemented to mitigate the possible effect of gender violence (Contingency Plan against Gender-Based Violence in Coronavirus Crisis or Royal Decree Law on Emergency Measures). This document reviews the measures adopted so far by the government of Spain, the autonomous governments and the initiatives formulated in different countries. In the absence of concrete economic measures to date, and the scenario of economic uncertainty, we conclude that it is not possible to prevent gender-based violence in a comprehensive way, without considering the increase in unemployment, temporary and instability employment, economic dependency or the overload of household chores and reproductive tasks, among other elements that facilitate it.

Buen gobierno local y rendición de cuentas en España

La rendición de cuentas es una de las exigencias fundamentales dentro de los parámetros generales del buen gobierno y de la transparencia. El sector público local en España ofrece un caso de estudio especialmente interesante, por la amplitud de la muestra a analizar y por los cambios normativos de los últimos años. Para ello, se examina el buen gobierno en la normativa española, con especial atención al sector público local y al grado efectivo de cumplimiento del deber de rendición de cuentas ante las instituciones de control externo. La metodología empleada combina la técnica jurídica y politológica con el análisis de los principales indicadores del ciclo presupuestario. La principal conclusión señala el bajo grado de cumplimiento de las obligaciones legales en los municipios españoles. Las causas son múltiples y variadas, algunas de las cuales está tratando de combatir la reciente legislación de transparencia y buen gobierno, tanto estatal como autonómica. En el sector público local se precisa una mayor claridad en las normas y procedimientos internos que permitan cumplir con mayor eficacia las exigencias legales, adaptándose en particular al tamaño de cada administración concernida, dada la atomización municipal. La difusión y la comunicación de los resultados es otra variable fundamental para impulsar el cumplimiento de estas obligaciones. En última instancia, antes graves y reiterados incumplimientos, podrían ser eficaces las medidas coercitivas y las sanciones.

Mainstreaming gender and sustainability jointly: a case study from a local government in Spain

ABSTRACTAfter the approval of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, mainstreaming has regained attention as a key strategy to advance towards sustainable development (SD). Taking into account the multidimensionality of this societal aspiration and the indivisible nature of the agenda, the United Nations has developed a strategy encompassing mainstreaming, acceleration and policy support (the UN MAPS strategy). Both, SD as well as gender equality and women empowerment, crucial conditions for peaceful, inclusive and prosperous societies, have been subject to mainstreaming. Critics have considered it a weak strategy while other voices praise its potentiality for fostering change. This article analyses a particular case where gender and sustainability have been jointly mainstreamed by the Municipality of Ansoáin, in Navarra (Spain). The study enquires about the role of mainstreaming strategies in forging systemic changes. The findings are encouraging. There seem to be no blueprints but complex processes of policy-making and implementation at multi-level governance, where leadership, financial support and, in particular, combined gender strategies (mainstreaming and positive actions) with a transformational approach has been crucial in caring for people and the environment simultaneously.