Russian Government Research Articles

On ‘New Tuva’ Anti-war Movement

Abstract ‘New Tuva’ is a Tuvan anti-war movement that was created in the spring, 2022, after the Russian government started the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The movement consists of a decentralised group of activists and volunteers of Tuvan origin with an anti-war position and shared aim to prevent support of the war against Ukraine from Tuva in all forms of its manifestation. Their main activities include providing assistance to military personnel and those who might be mobilised in refusing to participate in the war and public awareness-building regarding the real situation in Ukraine, Tuva and statistics over Tuvans killed in the war etc. This study focuses on the context of the Tuvan republic, the activities of ‘New Tuva’, its influence on the Tuvan society within the region and what main obstacles and difficulties the movement faces in its work.

The Existential Prophecy of Fyodor Tyutchev's Historiosophical Thought

The article examines the historiosophical reflections of F. I. Tyutchev, presented in his treatises, letters, poems, and substantiates the idea that Tyutchev does not proclaim slogans of either Slavophil or Westernist doctrines, but creates an original imperial ideology. Tyutchev views Russia as an equal and integral part of Europe, linking the existence of the empire with the development of the European spirit in Russia. The main criterion for the existence of the empire is unity. If it does not exist, then the state as an empire cannot exist. Tyutchev treated Orthodoxy as a historiosophical category. He bases his concept of the historical process on the traditions of Eastern Christianity and the legacy of the Byzantine Empire. In the idea of an empire based on Christian principles, Tyutchev sees the best system of statehood. For Tyutchev, the Russian people and Orthodoxy play a major role in the transformation of the world. In the concept of state and power, the categories of Christian ethics are especially important for Tyutchev, which, in his opinion, were not really relevant for the upper strata of society and representatives of the Russian government. The poet calls power "godless", claiming that it does not come from God, but is based on its material power, without recognizing a higher Divine authority over itself. The reason for the "godlessness" of the authorities was the separation from the Russian people and their national traditions and the departure from the historical past of "Holy Russia". This, from Tyutchev's point of view, is the main existential problem of Russia. Tyutchev's concept of empire was not a reproduction of the realities of the political life of Russia in the XIX century, but was an attempt to answer how the state should be built. Tyutchev's ideal of the Russian state is based on a society united by a single Christian faith.

Samara society in the period of dual power

Based on archival documents, newspaper materials and economic statistics, the article analyzes the public mood of the inhabitants of the city of Samara in the period of 19911993. After 29 years since the dissolution of the Soviets of Peoples Deputies, an opportunity has been provided for a comprehensive study of the topic of local self-government. Such studies will make it possible to find the main patterns of the countrys development, as well as expand the methodologies of history. Topic of the history of local self-government is impossible without the use of interdisciplinary methods. In the work, in addition to historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, descriptive, the semiotic method was used, as well as the method of content analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the new formulation of the problem in the study of local self-government and the non-traditional solution of emerging issues of the relationship of the power of society. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive and comprehensive study of the problem of relations between the representative bodies of state power and the Samara society during the dual power period of 19911993. Dual power in practice consisted in the presence of two equal bodies of the vertical of power: the vertical of the Soviets, headed by the Supreme Soviet, the Congress of Peoples Deputies and R.I. Khasbulatov and the vertical of the institute of the presidency of the Russian Federation, which relied on the appointed heads of administrations. In the course of the study, some results were obtained: 1) a painful reaction in the public mood of the Samara society in 19911993 on economic reforms 2) the unsatisfactory state of the material and economic basis of the Samara region 3) the phenomenon of letter to the authorities of the daily life of Samara residents 4) the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach in the study of local self-government 5) ignoring or impossibility of direct interaction between the authorities and residents in 19911993. The conclusion, according to the results, is as follows: at the end of 1993, Russia failed to implement the system of local self-government, in which the inhabitants were disappointed, as well as the unwillingness to build a system of local authorities by the new Russian government.

Правовой режим пилотных зон трансграничной электронной торговли в КНР

China demonstrates significant progress in developing cross-border e-commerce, as well as involving SMEs into it. For this purpose, the PRC created pilot zones of cross-border e-commerce. Its residents enjoy measures of support. This article analyzes the legislation of the PRC, provincial and municipal governments regarding the promotion of cross-border e-commerce. It is concluded that the central government determines only strategic goals, while the development plans for a particular pilot zone are formulated at the provincial and municipal levels, while local governments determine an amount of funding and the procedure for providing support measures. The author systematizes and describes the support measures that are provided to residents of the pilot zones of crossborder e-commerce. It is concluded that for the development of e-commerce, the Russian Government should not only implement an experiment on the creation of bonded warehouses, but also apply the experience of the PRC in supporting e-commerce exports.

Phenomenon of Movement in the Life and Culture of Nomadic Kazakhs across the Frontier Zone, Late 19th to Early 20th Century

Introduction. Nomads once maximally incorporated into nature and surrounding landscapes had tended to retain their identity through the pastoral way of life, way of thinking, and mentality. The gradual — though further accelerated — emergence of the new development logic set forth by the Russian Empire made the Kazakhs develop new adaptation mechanisms for survival and self-realization in the suggested circumstances. Goals. The article analyzes a variety of sources, works and studies characterizing existential specifics of nomadic economic patterns — to examine the shaping of new life strategies adopted by Kazakh nomads across the frontier zone in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The analyzed materials include those contained in Collection 175 of the State Archive of Orenburg Oblast, Interim Provisions on Governance in Steppe Areas of Orenburg and West Siberian Governorates-General, and Materials on Kirghiz Land Use published between 1896 and 1915. Besides, a number of Kazakh literary works that serve as unique historical sources have been considered. Results. The critical approach to different historical sources makes it possible to compare factual materials and reconstruct the transformation and changes in self-identity and outlooks of ex-nomads. At the turn of the 20th century, Kazakh elites were trying to answer the traditional questions of the intelligentsia: Who is to blame and what is to be done? Then and there it was urgent to decide on further prospects of life — whether to preserve nomadism or to seek for other forms of semi-nomadic life, or gradually get sedentarized at all. Conclusions. The Russian Government did not interfere with the nomads’ land use practices, and tended to solve land matters of exclusively plowmen’s communities. In these conditions, the nomadic Kazakhs were left to themselves. As a result, they had to develop new daily practices. Having lost their traditional lifestyle, the Kazakhs still succeeded in preserving their national distinctness in terms of language, oral folklore, genealogies, rituals, etc. The specificity of the frontier zone manifested itself in that Kazakh nomads were actively involved in daily life transformations and developed a habit of turning to local authorities for support (rather than relying on their own resources only) to defend lands from competing peasant immigrants.

Protected area planning to conserve biodiversity in an uncertain future.

Protected areas are a key instrument for conservation. Despite this, they are vulnerable to risks associated with weak governance, land-use intensification, and climate change. We used a novel hierarchical optimization approach to identify priority areas for expanding the global protected area system that explicitly accounted for such risks while maximizing protection of all known terrestrial vertebrate species. To incorporate risk categories, we built on the minimum set problem, where the objective is to reach species distribution protection targets while accounting for 1 constraint, such as land cost or area. We expanded this approach to include multiple objectives accounting for risk in the problem formulation by treating each risk layer as a separate objective in the problem formulation. Reducing exposure to these risks required expanding the area of the global protected area system by 1.6% while still meeting conservation targets. Incorporating risks from weak governance drove the greatest changes in spatial priorities for protection, and incorporating risks from climate change required the largest increase (2.52%) in global protected area. Conserving wide-ranging species required countries with relatively strong governance to protect more land when they bordered nations with comparatively weak governance. Our results underscore the need for cross-jurisdictional coordination and demonstrate how risk can be efficiently incorporated into conservation planning. Planeación de las áreas protegidas para conservar la biodiversidad en un futuro incierto.

The Concept of Formation of Intelligent Control Systems of Power Supply of Urban Networks

Modern capabilities of intelligent control systems are increasingly being used in areas previously considered the exclusive work of people — experts with relevant experience in a particular field. Machine learning capabilities in the field of electric power industry, obtaining forecasts based on the data of intelligent sensors of various purposes are not an exception. At present the Russian Government has adopted a program for the development of the manufacturing industry until the end of 2035: during this time manufacturing output should grow by 192 %. It is obvious that this program should also meet the requirements of the modern scientific concept of industrial revolution "Industry 4.0", when manufacturing enterprises and corporations begin to develop and apply subsystems and elements of "smart manufacturing", which help to build intelligent communications between individual tasks and operations during the entire life cycle of production, in accordance with the principles and methods of systems engineering. It is important to note that the issues of intelligent management in the subject-oriented area of electric power industry (in our case — energy saving), as the basis of any industrial production in modern conditions, require the development and implementation, first of all, of new solutions based on modern IT-technologies. It is known that energy intensity in Russia, according to the World Bank, is 3-4 times lower than in European countries. It is also known that in connection with the new provisions in the field of housing and communal services, aimed at improving economic efficiency in terms of electricity consumption, it becomes very important to ensure its accurate and operational accounting with the possibility of further forecasting of electricity consumption and the state of power grid facilities, which will allow specialized organizations and services, as well as the managing bodies in the shortest time to make a balanced specialized decisions This paper proposes the concept of intelligent control system to manage the process of condition monitoring based on data from intelligent sensors. The novelty of the concept is to consider a variant of solving the problem of integration of information systems associated with weakly structured subject-oriented information flows in the electric power industry enterprise by using methods of set theory and category theory.

Репресивна політика російського уряду щодо учасників рухів за відновлення державності Польщі (1830–1874 рр.)

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the Russian Empire legislation directed against the participants of the November (1830–1831) and January (1863–1864) uprisings, the Polish national liberation and oppositional movements of 1830–1874 in order to identify key points of the repressive policy of the Russian authorities towards the Poles. Acts of top-level authorities – laws – were extracted from the «Full Assembly of Laws of the Russian Empire»; acts of lower-level bodies – circulars – originated from the State Archives of the Mykolaiv Region, although other state archives of Ukraine can keep the same documents. The research methodology includes methods of archival heuristics and source criticism. The scientifi c novelty consists in the introduction into scientifi c circulation in the fi eld of research of the selected topic of such sources as circulars. The names of about two thousand participants of the November and January uprisings, the Poles and representatives of other nations opposed to the Russian government were restored on their basis. The appendices of this article include fragments of the list of these persons and the texts of general nature circulars. Conclusions. The research confi rms that the imperial government used the repressive machine at full power against the population of the territories annexed to the Russian Empire after the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the November uprising, the repressive measures were recorded in the top-level acts, which had the status of laws announced publicly. After the January uprising, the Russian Empire granted amnesty using public acts and implemented repressions covertly in sub-legal secret circulars. Using circulars, the imperial authorities organized the persecution of representatives of all strata of the population of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, regardless of region, nationality, or social status. The study of the circulars proves that the repression aff ected every family and every person, even children.

Институт адвокатуры в белорусско-литовских губерниях Российской империи (1772–1840 гг.)

Introducion. The purpose of this study is to reveal the main aspects of the advocacy institution functioning in the Belarusian-Lithuanian provinces in 1772–1840. The investigation will make it possible to eliminate appropriate gaps in historiography and provide to take a broader view on the judicial and legal system of the Russian Empire at the time at all. Methods and Materials. The study is based on fundamental theoretical and methodological principles: historicism, objectivity, systemic and value approaches. Analysis. After the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had become part of the Russian Empire, local regulations in civil proceedings were preserved here. In this regard, lawyers took part in civil trials. This was a distinctive feature of the local judicial system in comparison with the general imperial one. The institution of advocacy was abolished in Belarusian-Lithuanian provinces together with implementation of the Russian model of the judiciary and proceedings here (in 1831 – in Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces, in 1840 – in the Minsk, Grodno and Wilno provinces). Results. The activity of lawyers was regulated by the norms of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of 1588, the orders of the Seimas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also by several laws which were issued by the Russian government. The legal profession in the Belarusian-Lithuanian provinces was quite highly paid and prestigious in public perception. Though the Russian authorities’ opinion on the advocacy was generally negative.

Co‐temporality and Sovremennost': Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

Co‐temporality and <i>Sovremennost'</i>: Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

Speech Strategies of Defamation (Based upon Experience of Forensic Linguists)

The article considers the repertoire of direct and indirect speech tactics applied to implement strategy of defamation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation employed to defend Russian Federation’s interests and its citizens’ interests, support international piece and safety; defamation of Russian government authorities executing defense of Russian Federation’s interests and its citizens’ interests. The material of research – video files, pictures, screenshots of the social nets, containing the signs of defamation. The method of discourse analysis, semantic analysis, motivation and target analysis are used in the research. The typical set of speech tactics of defamation strategy was revealed. The set is a certain basis for a linguist to qualify utterances as defamatory.

Socio-cultural risks of "big user data" of Russian citizens

The subject of the article is the current socio-cultural risks of Russian citizens as users of computer and telecommunication technologies and Internet communications. The object of the study is the consequences of digital transformation, such as the advantages and threats of automating the generation, collection and analysis of "big user data". The relevance of the topic is due to the adoption by the Russian Government of the "Concept of formation and development of the culture of information security of citizens of the Russian Federation" on December 22, 2022. Socio-cultural risks and threats, including traditional values and identity, associated with being in a "digital" environment and user actions are considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of threats to Russian citizens from the "electronic totalitarianism" of unfriendly countries and global corporate digital platforms, as well as the possibilities of counteraction. The novelty of the study of socio-cultural risks of information security in the application of the profile system-dynamic culturological approach, evolutionary and structural-functional methods. Taking into account the rapid changes in the landscape of socio-cultural digital risks in recent years, the research materials were Russian scientific publications in the journals of the list of HAC (categories K1, K2) and foreign ones in the international database Scopus (quartiles Q1, Q2) 2021&amp;#8722;2023, "critical" for the formation of modern digital threats. A special contribution is the use of developments obtained in the course of research of scientific and practical communications in the information security of the financial sector, conducted under the guidance of the author in 2010-2023. The results of the study are conclusions about the need to take into account the balance of advantages and threats of "digitalization", the management of socio-cultural risks of "big user data" in the interests of Russian citizens. The main conclusion is to determine the decisive role in the development and improvement of the general civil culture of information security not only of the professional activities of state bodies and specialized organizations, but also of all citizens.

Stalin’s Creation &amp; Jackson’s Contribution

Interest in the Nuremberg trials is booming once again. Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg—by Francine Hirsch, Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison—is about the Soviet role in the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg. The book has acquired new relevance since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 in violation of international law. Strikingly, not only have the Ukrainian government, and some Western politicians and scholars of international law floated the idea of a new Nuremberg Tribunal, Russian Duma members have as well. Writing recently in Time magazine, Hirsch argued that indicting Vladimir Putin and leading Russian politicians for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression would require the creation of an ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal or Special Tribunal. Such an indictment, however, should not have a political character, Hirsch points out, but such a trial would offer the possibility of creating a “complete historical record.” A “Nuremberg 2.0” organized by the Russian government would be a “dark alternative” in Hirsch’s eyes. She writes in Time magazine: “This would inevitably be a Soviet-style show trial—a kangaroo court that would degrade international law and could taint the meaning of Nuremberg forever.”1 This viewpoint—that the Soviet Union was fixed on political show trials much as the Putin government may be today—is reflected in Hirsch’s book. However, Hirsch also suggests that international criminal trials always have a political character or partisan interest that must be considered ambivalently: in a positive light, because there is a didactic goal in coming to terms with the past through criminal proceedings; and in a negative light, because impartiality is questionable if the crimes of only one warring party are tried.

From continuity to change: Soviet and Russian government attitudes on climate change (1989–2009)

This article studies successive Soviet and Russian government positions on climate change between the late 1980s and the Putin era. It thereby bridges a gap between expanding research on both the role of the Soviet Union in climate change science and diplomacy and on Russian climate change policy after the turn of the millennium. While far-reaching late Soviet plans for decisive participation in the groundbreaking Rio Earth Summit contrasted with the lack of priority accorded to it by Russia during a period of political and economic turmoil, this article argues that there was, before and after 1991, a remarkable continuity of real concern in government about anthropogenic climate change and its negative consequences, not least for the Soviet Union and Russia. This continuity of concern took form in 1989 and lasted for a decade. In contrast to the misleading picture presented to outside observers, notably by the highly visible Yuri Izrael’ and some of the Russian delegations at international climate conferences in the 1990s, a neglect of anthropogenic climate change and its dangers for Russia took hold in the Russian government only after Vladimir Putin came to power. A renewed official recognition of the dangers of anthropogenic climate change materialized only with the 2009 Climate Doctrine. However, until recently this recognition remained half-hearted in comparison with the clear government positions of the late 1980s and the 1990s.

IMPACT OF SANCTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES

The purpose of this study is to assess the prospects for the functioning of the Russian economy in the context of the imposed sanctions based on a generalization of international experience. Materials and methods. The main methods were a comparative analysis of the development of countries under sanctions restrictions and a retrospective analysis of the formation of oil and gas revenues in the Russian Federation. Results. Using the example of Iran, it has been established that a high share of oil and gas budget revenues and a favorable oil price environment allows maintaining the existing economic model, however, the tightening of sanctions is gradually having a more negative impact on the welfare of the population in Iran, as well as on the state of the country's budget. The paper also examines the measures taken by the Bank of Russia in 2022 in order to ensure the stability of the country's financial system; it was found that the impact of sanctions was largely delayed due to the focus of the European Union on the priority satisfaction of its own energy needs. Conclusions. The main result of the study is the position that in assessing the effect of sanctions on the development of oil-producing countries, it is necessary to assess the equivalence between import and export restrictions in order to further assess the private effects on the welfare of the population and budget losses. The stabilization of the exchange rate allows the Russian government to lock in inflation expectations for the moment and support consumption, but this comes at the expense of financial suppression of domestic development instruments. The consequences of such decisions in the medium term may be the fall of the ruble and further weakening of the ability to finance public spending.

DERBENT IN THE ECONOMIC PLANS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1722-1735 (ON THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN OF PETER I)

The article examines the measures of the Russian government for the economic modernization of the city of Derbent based on the analysis of documents and special historical literature. Derbent, thanks to the measures of the Russian administration, became not only the administrative and political, but also the economic center of the North-Eastern Caucasus in 1722-1735. It is emphasized that through the efforts of the Russian authorities in the period under review, a state-owned palace farm was created in Derbent, providing supplies of wine, grapes, fruits, vegetables, etc. to the imperial court. It is stated that the work carried out by the Russian government on the reconstruction of the commercial harbor in Derbent has further intensified commercial shipping on the Caspian Sea. Derbent has entered the sphere of international transit trade on the western coast of the Caspian Sea. It is concluded that, despite the inconsistency of individual projects, the comprehensive measures of the Russian authorities for the economic modernization of Derbent as a whole have yielded tangible results.

Nationalistic Propaganda as a Strategy for Patriotic Upbringing in Russian Education

This article outlines the radical transformation of educational policies in Russia since 2020, displaying the timing of the individual stages of the rooting of state propaganda in schools, the militarization of school education, and the spread of neo-nationalist ideology among schoolchildren aged 6 to 19. This paper aims to raise awareness of the extreme instrumentalization of historical narratives for state propaganda goals in national education. It also intends to illustrate the extent of the militarization of education and the destructive nature of any propaganda during one’s upbringing. Emphasis will be given to the actions made by the Russian government to develop the whole complex of state-build patriotism, which is about militarization, neo-nationalistic propaganda and rewritten history.

Liberal spaces in an illiberal regime: environmental NGOs, state sovereignty and the struggle for nature

ABSTRACT In the post-Soviet period, Russian environmental activists, supported by transnational networks, have contested the Russian government’s environmental policies. Invoking international norms and rules and advocating for the public's, Russian environmentalists in effect have struggled with the state over sovereignty. Transnational discourses, resources and collaborations have promoted a liberal model of environmental governance. However, the Russian political context has grown increasingly illiberal and exclusionary. Based on qualitative fieldwork and analysis of state documents and data, we examine this struggle in periods of constructing and transforming networks that span the global–local interplay where struggles over the non-human world take place.

Problems of Credit Financing Arms Supplies to Russia from Japan during World War I

The relevance of the topic is related to the fact that currently, within the conditions of a special military operation in Ukraine, the problem of mobilizing the economy to meet the military needs is becoming of key importance. At the same time, close study of the history of lending for military and technical cooperation between Russia and other countries and the practices of their legal registration will help avoid a number of mistakes made during the First World War by the Russian authorities when managing the economy in a military conflict. Russian researchers have studied in sufficient detail various aspects of the Russian economy performance during the WWI. They described the scale of measures taken by the government bodies in the financial and industrial sphere and assessed the results of the Russian government's activities in the socio-economic sphere at large. However, the deterioration of the general socio-economic situation in the country was, apart from the causes identified by the researchers, also due to ineffective measures taken by the government within the then existing credit and financial system, including in its relatively narrow segment such as lending for import transactions. The purpose of this paper is to identify the shortcomings of the Japanese arms supply credit system to Russia during the WWI. The authors conclude that the Russian Empire credited import operations for the purchase of weapons and military equipment at the expense of its allies, primarily the financial and credit institutions of the British Empire, which gave rise to a bureaucratic mechanism that was not always successful in organizing imports from third countries, including Japan. An attempt to negotiate with the Japanese authorities for a direct loan to the Russian government resulted in failure.

«ДИСЦИПЛИНИРОВАННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ СТРОЮ И ГИМНАСТИКЕ» В РОССИЙСКИХ ШКОЛАХ КАК ПРЕДМЕТ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ НАКАНУНЕ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

This article discusses some of the features of the formation of the student movement called «poteshnykh». Its creation was primarily conditioned by the needs of military-patriotic education aimed at solving the problems dictated by Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The events that took place in the Far East demonstrated the current requirements for army manning and triggered the initiative of the Ministry of War, which was supported by Nicholas II. At the same time, the Russian government, faced with the revolutionary upheavals of 1905-1907, was wary of the creation of youth organizations without the necessary control. In the opinion of the governors, and later the Council of Ministers, such youth structures could be used for revolutionary purposes. During World War I the «poteshnykh» movement, aimed more at participation in parades than at the development of youth initiative in serious training for future military service, was gradually phased out.