Government Of Nepal Research Articles

Reducing maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries: the Nepalese approach of helicopter retrieval

Ninety-four percent of global maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The UN has a goal of reducing maternal deaths to <70 per 100,000 live births by 2030, but progress is minimal. Maternal deaths in LMICs are associated with 3 delays in the care of women with obstetrical emergencies: 1) in the family of the woman realizing that her life is at risk, 2) in the transport of the woman to a hospital, and 3) in providing care after arrival at the hospital. These 3 delays function like links in a chain, and failure of any link leads to maternal death. LMICs have characteristics that make it likely that the chain will break. Women in LMICs frequently have low standing, and cultural beliefs often lead to delay in the recognition of obstetrical emergencies. LMICs are characterized by poor roads and long distances to hospitals leading to transport delays. Cultural and other factors also lead to treatment delays when a woman reaches a suitably-equipped and staffed hospital. Nepal has addressed these delays and reduced maternal mortality. Firstly, we have reported in the Journal the use of culturally acceptable approaches to improving the knowledge about antenatal care in remote villages. In the case of Nepal, singing songs related to maternal care proved to be a highly effective strategy. We now report that the government of Nepal has repurposed military helicopters to overcome the tyranny of poor roads to allow rapid transport of women with obstetrical emergencies to a small number of fully-equipped and staffed hospitals. As of June 2023, this service has successfully retrieved 625 women in four and half years. The Nepalese government has included questions on maternal mortality in the 2021 national census, followed by a verbal autopsy. These data indicate a fall in the maternal mortality ratio from 239 in 2016 to 151 in 2021. The efficiency of the triage service continues to improve, suggesting that maternal mortality will continue to fall. This may provide a model that can be implemented in other LMICs and highlights factors that may be responsible for recent increases in the US maternal mortality ratio.

Effect of Tax Revenue and Foreign Grants on Government Activities: A Study in Nepalese Perspective

This study aims to examine the impact of previous years’ government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants on determining Nepal's government activities or expenditures. The secondary data from used in the analysis. It includes 48 data points from 1974/75 to 2021/22, collected from the publication of Nepal Rastra Bank and economic surveys of Nepal. The descriptive and exploratory research designs are used in this study. Some statistical and econometric tools like descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and residual analysis are used in this study. The previous expenditure determines the present government activities. Tax revenue, foreign grants, and previous years’ government expenditures are individually and jointly significant in determining the government expenditure. One unit increase in tax revenue and foreign grants resulted in a 0.177 and 0.046 unit increase in government expenditure in Nepal, respectively. 86.5 percent variation in government activities is determined by the previous year's government expenditure, tax revenue, and foreign grants. The positive impact of tax revenue is more than foreign grants on spending government activities. So, the policymakers must prioritize measures that increase domestic tax revenue.

Local Governance Principles in Nepal in Relation to Kautilya's Saptanga Theory

Local governance is the decentralization and dispersed subordinate authority that delivers public services at the local level. The present governance policy is based on rich Eastern philosophical principles. Modern political theories and systems are developed or modified versions of classical theories. This paper explores the relevance of Kautilya's concept of Saptanga theory and the governance system in the local governments of Nepal. I have employed a qualitative approach as the methodology to achieve the objectives. Data and information have been collected from policy documents, research articles, and books relevant to the area of study. The analysis of the literature reveals that the Saptanga model is relevant to the principles of local governance in Nepal. The concept of an Absolute King forwarded by Kautilya having sovereign power resembles the concept and practice of an elected mayor at the local level. However, the Absolute King was assumed to have absolute power without having any controlling mechanism, but the elected local-level representatives are controlled by the constitution as the guiding principle. Despite the differences, the comparison of Local governance with the Saptanga theory of Kautilya encourages the local leaders to govern the local governance effectively and efficiently.

Government Capacity: Evidence from Nepal

Autonomous local governments are essential for maintaining stable economic and social development mechanisms and democratic regimes. The prime objective of the article is to examine the impact of pressure-capacity variables on local governance. Two sources of data, such as NPHC 2021 and LISA are used. Overall local government of Nepal has still weak performance as only 38 percent of total municipals have secured good ranking status. Based on PCP framework, total score of 10 composite indicators generated by LISA and some population management related characteristics (e.g., sex ratio, population density, literacy, household size, and two food coping strategy related variables) have been examined using multiple regression to understand interrelationship response and explanatory variables. The statistical analysis shows that there is a string relationship between pressure and capacity variables. Individually, three population related variables such as sex ratio, literacy and household size are positively correlated with total score of 10 indicators with low coefficient of determination. In addition to strengthening existing gender status, educational level and population growth, more socioeconomic and environment related variables as explanatory variables are necessary to link government capacity and its performance in Nepal.

Estimation of Above-Ground Forest Biomass in Nepal by the Use of Airborne LiDAR, and Forest Inventory Data

Forests play a significant role in sequestering carbon and regulating the global carbon and energy cycles. Accurately estimating forest biomass is crucial for understanding carbon stock and sequestration, forest degradation, and climate change mitigation. This study was conducted to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) and compare the accuracy of the AGB estimating models using LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data and forest inventory data in the central Terai region of Nepal. Airborne LiDAR data were collected in 2021 and made available by Nepal Ban Nigam Limited, Government of Nepal. Thirty-two metrics derived from the laser-scanned LiDAR point cloud data were used as predictor variables (independent variables), while the AGB calculated from field data at the plot level served as the response variable (dependent variable). The predictor variables in this study were LiDAR-based height and canopy metrics. Two statistical methods, the stepwise linear regression (LR) and the random forest (RF) models, were used to estimate forest AGB. The output was an accurate map of AGB for each model. The RF method demonstrated better precision compared to the stepwise LR model, as the R2 metric increased from 0.65 to 0.85, while the RMSE values decreased correspondingly from 105.88 to 60.9 ton/ha. The estimated AGB density varies from 0 to 446 ton/ha among the sample plots. This study revealed that the height-based LiDAR metrics, such as height percentile or maximum height, can accurately and precisely predict AGB quantities in tropical forests. Consequently, we confidently assert that substantial potential exists to monitor AGB levels in forests effectively by employing airborne LiDAR technology in combination with field inventory data.

Method Validation and Measurement Uncertainty Estimation for Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Tomato by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Method validation is an essential technique for ensuring the reliability and accuracy of an analytical method. This study aimed to optimize and validate a fast, reliable, and accurate method for quantitatively determining pesticide residues of diverse chemical classes in the tomato matrix. Various method performance characteristics were tested and compared with predefined criteria. Twenty-six different pesticides of diverse chemical classes were selected based on their use in tomato cultivation and the availability of reference materials. The pesticide residues in tomato samples were extracted with the QuEChERS technique with some modifications, followed by injection into an LC-MS/MS system operating in an optimized method. The validated method demonstrated reasonable specificity, as there were no interferences from matrix components at the retention times of pesticides. The calibration curves for all pesticides exhibited excellent linearities, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99. No significant matrix effect was observed for all pesticides in tomatoes, as the values fell within the range of ±20%. All pesticides were quantified successfully at a concentration of 5 μg/kg except for carbaryl, with an average recovery of more than 70% and a relative standard deviation of less than 20%. Similarly, measurement uncertainties were also estimated based on the validation data, and the values were found below the default limit of 50%. Subsequently, the validated method was applied to analyze 52 locally collected tomato samples. Study findings revealed that only four of the studied pesticides were detected in these samples, and their concentrations were below the maximum residue limits (500 µg/kg each for carbendazim, imidacloprid, and metalaxyl) established for tomatoes by the Government of Nepal and the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Resistance and Legal Regulation of Ayurveda Medicine in Nepal- Need of Modernization in Contemporary Practices: Multi-perspective Review

Background: Decolonizing knowledge is considered as one of defining attitude in any disciplines in modern century. There are literature produced, analyzed and used by white with their method and is phenomenally became part of most of knowledge generated in different part of world. This is same case for a wide resistance for global recognition of Ayurveda as an equal and significant discipline and associated medicines as in compare to others. Hence, the objective of this article is to see the legal recognition of Ayurveda medicine in Nepal in new strcture of the government. Materilas and Methods: This paper is prepared based on primary and secondary soruces of authorities. The doctrinal research method is used for accomplishing the paper. The laws, policies, rules, diectives and also commentarties on primary sources are used as refernces. The nature of data reflected in the paper is more qualitative. Results and Discussion: The government of Nepal must give more protection in forms of promulgating the laws and adequate legal infrastructure for the Ayurveda medicine. The state and local government considering their constitutional obligation also require to act promptly for the purpose of legal assurance of practices of it. Conclusion: The continuous tension between the Allopathy also called western medicine and Traditional system of medicines including Ayurveda is the medical science which is not only limited to the disciplinary subject rather has an overarching impact and narrowly construed in a colonial landscape even in non-colonial setup. The nature of laws and policies, the government of Nepal has adopted as compare to the other field of medical science for legal recognition of Ayurveda. This paper has also justified; whether affirmed recognition to Ayurveda medicine in Nepal is a product of continue resistance of individuals.

Managing climate change challenges to water security: Community water governance in Ethiopia and Nepal

AbstractClimate change poses a threat to water security where both current and future generations are concerned, with its accompanying impacts set to be greater in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). As a result, questions pertaining to climate change adaption in LMICs are receiving increased attention from academics and policymakers alike. It is broadly accepted that top‐down approaches to developing resilience to climate change challenges have been shown to be limited and that concerted efforts need to be made to engage local communities in advancing adaptive strategies. Based on the above, we make two main arguments: (1) while there has been a shift towards acknowledging the importance of community‐driven data in generating a broader and deeper understanding of climate change, far better use could be made of local knowledge and (2) efforts at community‐based solutions to problems of resilience are currently limited by issues of capacity, specifically linked to the need for further education and training, and improved representation with respect to gender, class and caste (as well as financial support). To illustrate these arguments, we present evidence provided by rural communities located in two countries affected heavily by climate change: Ethiopia and Nepal.

Incentive for Ecosystem Services: Governance and Policy Coherence in Nepal

Incentive for Ecosystem Services: Governance and Policy Coherence in Nepal

Enhancing local governance in Nepal through federalism: A study of key elements

Federalism and local governance are mutually inclusive and complementary at times but they are different concepts. It involves multiple aspects such as national, political, legislative, institutional, and fiscal dimensions. Federal processes have the potential to influence and shape local governance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the elements of federalism that can improve local governance in Nepal. A descriptive and analytical research design was employed to collect data from 384 respondents via a questionnaire for analysis. While the elements of federalism for enhancing local governance were found to be satisfactory, the study highlights the inadequacies in its implementation. The findings provide valuable insights into Nepal's federalism policy and offer guidelines to policymakers for improving local governance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for appropriate policies, robust communication, and information systems to support the federalism process from the federal government.

Good Governance and Economic Growth in Nepal: A Critical Appraisal

The paper seeks to examine the connections between good governance and economic growth in the context of Nepal. In doing so, it attempts to examine Nepal’s existing level of good governance and how it affects economic growth, identify the dificulties Nepal has in promoting good governance, and make recommendations for enhancing good governance and fostering economic growth in Nepal. This paper concludes that Nepal has long grappled with challenges of corruption and weak institutions, which have hampered its ability to thrive economically. One of the biggest challenges to good governance in Nepal is corruption. Corruption can take many forms, including bribery, nepotism, and embezzlement. It can distort the market and discourage investment, leading to slower economic growth. Another challenge to good governance in Nepal is political instability. Despite these obstacles, the paper further concludes that Nepal has improved recently in terms of lowering poverty and increasing access to services, as well as by taking steps to promote the expansion of the private sector. In addition, the paper suggests some measures to cope with corruption and take initiatives for the good governance. By investigating the interplay between good governance and economic growth in the context of Nepal, this study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge base and inform evidence-based policy decisions.

An Empirical Analysis on Present Status of E-waste Management Awareness in Chitwan District, Nepal

The study aims to assess the current status of E-waste management awareness in Chitwan District. The electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest growing waste rivulets in the world. The increasing “market penetration” in developing countries, “replacement market” in developed countries and “high obsolescence rate” make e-waste as one of the fastest growing waste streams. Environmental issues and trade associated with e-waste at local, national and international level have driven many countries to introduce interventions. It has become an urgent need of the hour to know the awareness level of e-waste management at Chitwan. The exploratory and descriptive survey research method have been adopted in the study. The responses have been taken from the people of Chitwan using convenient sampling method. The survey research design has been used in the study. The 5-point Likert scale has been used to measure the awareness of e-waste management in Chitwan district. The study concluded that e-waste management awareness is mainly important because a few electronic and industrial elements are difficult to dispose of or recycle. When it comes to e-waste, it is important for people to be aware of the increasing threat and secure disposal and their impacts on socio-economic values as well as health and environment. A growing amount of e-waste is not considered to be products that have stopped working or become obsolete. Technological advances are coming at us at such a dizzying speed that a lot of electronic devices that still work fine are the ones considered obsolete. The main finding of this study is that the respondents consider e-waste management as an eco-friendly practice. Government of Nepal does not have adequate managing policies regarding e-waste. The study has been focused to understand the e-waste recycling status in Nepal and the concept of 3R’S (reduce, reuse and recycle) should be implemented as soon as possible.

The relevance of hierarchical learning theory of Gagne in Nepal

After the eldest and the only central Tribhuvan University (TU) in Nepal, there are rest sixteen universities out of which some are regional and some other are related to particular stream of higher study. Reportedly in media and from different sources, TU alone is the faith of around eighty percent student of Nepalese students. Despite having science &amp; technical, humanity &amp; social sciences, management, law, agriculture and so on like opportunities of the studies in the Nepalese universities, now-a-days, a trend is in Nepal in the higher education level that the students prefer to go abroad. This is a big question mark on the learning pattern and the content of teaching for the stake holders and the government of Nepal. This research article tries to discuss on the relevant possible learning theory and some current different perspectives of higher education in Nepal from textbook and media sources giving focus on TU, thus, following the qualitative method. This study will help us an opportunity to discuss different learning theories among academic people in Nepal for qualitative teaching to cater the problems of Nepalese learners.

The Status of Foreign Labor Migration in Jhapa District

This paper describes the labor migration of Shivasatakshi Municipality of Jhapa District. The main objective of this research study is to examine the foreign labor migration from Nepal to Gulf countries including Malaysia. Information was collected through 136 respondents and respondents' households' information and sample selection has been based on a systematic sampling method. The highest percentage of foreign labor migrants (23.53%) was found in the age group of 25-29 years. 55.88 percent of the respondents are married. About 44.12 percent of foreign labor migrants went to Malaysia due to unemployment. About 58.09 percent of respondents went for factory labor work. Hill Brahmin/Chhetri occupies the highest percentage. The Hill Brahmin/Chhetri respondents are 32.36 percent in first position and Tarai Janajati respondents are 26.47 percent in the research area. Most of the Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people are involved in the agriculture sector and lack employment opportunities and services in other sectors. Moreover, this community is migrated from hills and holds less percentage of agricultural land in the research area. Due to unemployment and insufficient agricultural land, most Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati migrate to Gulf countries. Selection for Gulf countries as destinations by Hill Brahmin/Chhetri and Tarai Janajati people in the research area due to the low-privilege households and lack of skills in this manpower. The Government of Nepal should guarantee/ manage safer and better foreign labor migration. Foreign labor migration sends a large amount of remittance to Nepal, but they do not utilize it properly.

Hospital based one-stop crisis management centre at patan academy of health sciences: New avenues for the mental health professionals

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a public health concern with high rates of mental disorders. One Stop Crisis Management Centre (OCMC) was established in 2010 in different hospitals throughout the nation for the management of gender-based violence (GBV) against women by the Government of Nepal. With establishment of OCMC throughout the nation to tackle and manage these GBV, the role of mental health professionals has been highlighted in many ways. OCMC is full of opportunities and challenges to improve mental health issues of patients with GBV as well as define and recognize the roles and responsibilities of mental health experts.

An Overview of Financial Inclusion in Nepal

This article provides an overview of financial inclusion in Nepal, which refers to the availability of financial services and products to individuals and businesses, particularly those in disadvantaged and low-income regions. The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive research. The documents which were published by the government were analyzed. Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and the Ministry of Finance were primary sources of information. These reports contained valuable insights into financial inclusion, economic growth indicators, and program outcomes. Microfinance institutions have been instrumental in advancing financial inclusion in Nepal, offering financial services to low-income people and small enterprises that would not otherwise have access to the official banking system. There is a positive association between financial inclusion and economic growth in Nepal, as access to credit and the use of formal financial services have contributed to short- and long-term economic growth. Similarly, financial inclusion has a positive impact on the economy by increasing the savings rate, broadening credit availability, lowering income inequality, supporting financial stability, and encouraging the expansion of the digital economy. The government of Nepal has implemented various initiatives to encourage financial inclusion, including expanding credit availability, promoting financial stability, and encouraging the growth of the digital economy. Overall, financial inclusion is seen as a crucial component of economic progress and is expected to become even more important as Nepal continues to develop.

Factors Affecting Farmers’ Access to Agricultural Subsidy in Makwanpur and Dhading Districts of Nepal

The government of Nepal has been providing high priority to subsidy programs to support farmers and boost the national economy. Increasing access to and effectiveness of the subsidy program is important to enhance growth of agricultural sector. However, there has always been a concern about access to and effectiveness of the subsidy programs to address the problem of farmers in Nepal. This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting farmers' access to the agricultural subsidy. For this, a multi-stage sampling method was employed, and altogether 120 commercial vegetable growers from Dhading and Makwanpur districts of Nepal were selected using simple random technique. Descriptive statistical tools and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Out of the total sampled households, 55.83% had accessed at least one agricultural subsidy program, and the highest number of sampled households (39.17%) received the subsidy for agricultural tools. The result of binary logistic regression revealed that factors like ethnicity, membership in agricultural groups or co-operatives, farm visit by extension agents, and participation in agricultural training were significantly (p&lt;0.01) influencing farmers' access to agricultural subsidy. Hence, the farmers are suggested to operate through agricultural groups or co-operatives, and the concerned authorities and policymakers should emphasize agricultural extension services and agricultural subsidy simultaneously for synergistic effects. SAARC J. Agric., 21(2): 263-276 (2023)

The Rivalry between India and China for Political Influence in Nepal

Nepal is geographically situated between India and China's economically prosperous and politically influential nations. As a result, the interests of Nepal's neighbouring countries have influenced its political landscape. Thus, the paper attempts to analyse how India and China destabilise democracy in Nepal by relating historical, political, economic, and cultural factors because they are connected. Furthermore, it examines how India and China have affected Nepal's democracy through the political parties, the government, and the Constitution. China and India have a geostrategic rivalry, and then they engage in Nepal to create political polarisation, which weakens democratic institutions. It fuels instability in Nepal because it has cultural and political ties and generates more government instability. Therefore, research explores the complex connection of Nepal with China and India and their impact on democratic stability. The study concludes that Nepal's government, civil society, and regional actors should mitigate the adverse effects of external political intervention and foster a stable democratic environment in Nepal. This study used a qualitative technique, incorporating a literature review and document analysis, to examine reports, policy documents, and media items. The analysis of thematically gathered data reveals discernible patterns and trends in the influence of China and India on the volatility of Nepal's democratic system.

Revenue Relation with VAT in Nepal Government Budget Structure

Taxes are major fiscal policy instruments and important government policy tools have an important role in increasing the rate of capital formation and thereby a high rate of economic growth can be achieved. Globalization, privatization and liberalization have brought the huge change in the country budget and economic environment. The budget management of government is one of the important tasks which play very important role in the nation and international environment which influence the technology and changing business environment has posed many challenges before management. This study aims to find out the Nepal government budget status in economic sectors. Descriptive research has been conducted using annual report of economic survey of ministry of finance. Descriptive analysis suggested that is strong relationship between revenue and expenditure management of Nepal government budget. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between revenue and expenditure in the study made over the period 2073/74 to 2077/78 taken as a sample year in this research study among the various fiscal years of Nepal government budget. The statistical methods of trend analysis and descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and hypothesis test were used to analyze the study outcomes.&#x0D; The results of the study indicated the revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions of Nepal government budget. This research articles report sources of revenue and structure of budget heads of Nepalese economic sector. It also reflects the whole revenue and expenditure positions of Nepal government and effective implementation of revenue estimation to manage deficits conditions. The revenue, expenditure and deficits conditions policy and strategies would also helps to manage deficits conditions by research studying.

Appraisal of the Occupation and Wage Status of Brick Factory Workers in Chandragiri Municipality, Kathmandu

The brick factories are manufacturing industries which apply labour intensive techniques. Workers in a large number have been involved in the brick factories but their occupation and wage status is unknown. The authorized government agencies have shown less concern to this aspect of the workers. To this backdrop, the present study was conducted to investigate the occupational load and wage status of the workers in brick factories. The study made use of descriptive research design, collecting primary data. The data were collected adopting interview and observation techniques. The analysis of data revealed that the brick factories involved under-aged workers and provided low wages. They have employed unskilled workforces on part time basis for long periods of time in low wages as compared minimum wage announced by Nepal Government and International Labour Organization (ILO). For instance, they provided only Rs. 330 per day for carrying the load of 1000 bricks. About ninety seven percent of labors were involved as part-time job holders working only six months in a year and only three percent of labors were found working as full-time job holders.