Governance Gaps Research Articles

Identifying gaps in health system governance to eliminate informal patient payments

Abstract Background Informal patient payments continue to exist in many European countries. These payments might take various forms but can be broadly defined as any payments in addition to formal fees determined by the terms of entitlement. Poor health system governance is considered one of the main factors contributing to their presence, although different aspects of governance might be relevant in each country. The aim of this study was to develop an assessment instrument to help identify gaps in health system governance that contribute to informal patient payments. Methods The study has been performed in 2022-2023 in three stages. In the first step, relying on the TAPIC framework and available literature on informal patient payments, we developed a list of questions for each domain of governance: Transparency, Accountability, Participation, Integrity, Capacity. In the second step, the questionnaire was assessed by external experts to ensure it covers the full range of relevant aspects. We then applied the instrument to three European countries, i.e. Denmark, Greece, and Poland, where informal payments differ in scale. Results The developed instrument includes 22 questions in the five TAPIC domains. They particularly refer to the role of governance in eliminating underlying reasons for informal patient payments (poor quality of health care) and effective penalization of these payments. The application of the instrument showed that in two countries where informal payments are more common, i.e. Greece and Poland, quality and waiting time guarantees are poorly defined, monitored, and incentivized, while existing mechanisms only penalize payments proven to be bribes. Conclusions There is a broad range of health system governance aspects that can be directly or indirectly linked to informal patient payments. The proposed instrument can facilitate the development of long- and short-term policies to eliminate informal payments in European countries. Key messages • Policy makers need to take greater account of the role of governance in ensuring health care quality to eliminate informal patient payments. • The lack of mechanisms to penalize all types of informal payments may contribute to the commonness of these payments in Europe.

Mental health support for healthcare workers: what is it about governance and policy implementation

Abstract Background We adopt a health system and governance perspective to address the mental health needs of healthcare workers, considering the nature of interventions and the levels and actors involved in governance. The aim is to move the debate forward by identifying governance gaps hampering the implementation of health workforce policies and exploring strategies to effectively increase mental health support. Methods A qualitative comparative methodology is applied based on a case study design utilising a multi-level intersectoral governance matrix. The assessment matrix comprises four key categories: health policy and data, social policy and psycho-social conditions, organisation of work, and job and professional conditions. We conducted a rapid assessment of healthcare workforce developments in the European context, drawing on secondary sources and country experts. The country sample comprises Germany, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Results Awareness of mental health threats among healthcare workers increased, but policy discourse is driven by service delivery and labour market demands. The attention to healthcare workers’ needs is stronger on the international level especially supported by WHO action, and weakest at national/regional levels. Although organisations and professions demonstrate varying degrees of activity, their efforts are scattered and lack sustainability. Similar challenges were identified across healthcare systems, including limited action, disconnected actors, missing coordination, and a lack of attention to governance gaps and system weaknesses. Conclusions There are similar problems across countries. Mental health policy is driven by labour market needs and ignores research evidence and the individual needs. Successful mental health policy implementation needs multi-level governance and coherent coordination mechanisms, and generally greater attention to the ‘human side’ of the healthcare workforce. Speakers/Panelists Sara Alidina Central Administration of the Health System, Lisbon, Portugal Tomas Zapata WHO/Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

4.Q. Scientific session: Global landscapes of healthcare worker migration: advancing effective and equitable solutions

Abstract Background Healthcare workforce migration not only increased in numbers, the mobility flows and migration patterns are also changing and becoming more diverse. The labour market push-and-pull factors and related risks of ‘brain-drain’ are still relevant and many countries, especially in the western world, heavily rely on foreign-born and foreign-trained healthcare workers to mitigate shortages and respond to the healthcare workforce crisis. However, this migration pattern increasingly co-exists with other patterns, blurring the categories of hosting and sending countries. For instance, some low- and middle-income countries have created the export of skilled healthcare workers as business model, others invest in healthcare worker education without advancing national labour market capacities. There is also an increase in crisis migration caused by wars, climate change, and other conflicts, yet these refugee healthcare workers are often excluded from the formal labour market. These examples illustrate that health policy across countries largely failed to respond to the changing global landscapes of migration and to govern education, recruitment and retention more effectively. The healthcare workforce debate is primarily driven by health labour market needs, while health policy and human rights remain marginal. There is also a lack of comprehensive data and research, that would allow for evidence-based decision-making. Ineffective policy and existing governance gaps exacerbate the global healthcare workforce crisis, increase stress and workload of the healthcare workers, and often ignore worker and human rights. Objectives This workshop looks beyond labour market push-pull factors and highlights the complexity of healthcare worker migration. It makes the diverse needs, stakeholder interests, and institutional frameworks visible that shape mobility patterns of healthcare worker, seeking to identify capacity for more effective governance and good-practice examples. The following major questions will be discussed, among others: What data and research are needed to better understand the global migration landscapes? What can we learn from cross-country knowledge exchange and good practice experiences? How can public health advance more equitable and effective education, recruitment and retention policy, and what role could global contracts and international organisations play? The interactive discussion will be facilitated by a commentary on global capacity building for equitable healthcare worker migration and the action taken by WHO. The presenters and the audience will advance knowledge exchange and critically explore novel solutions to the healthcare workforce crisis that are more sensitive to the needs of both individual migrant healthcare workers and less well-resourced countries, in the global South as well as within Europe. Key messages • Increasingly divers patterns of healthcare worker migration call for novel governance approaches that align labour markets, health policy needs, and human rights. • More effective, equitable and ‘humanised’ governance of healthcare worker migration needs a global public health and human rights approach.

Institutional and Regulatory Compliance Gaps in Natural Resource Governance: Empirical Evidence and Lessons from the Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry

Institutional governance has traditionally been frequently undermined by developing countries, but this behaviour has immensely impacted economic growth and development outcome with long term implications. More fundamentally, the Nigeria oil and gas industry governance are beset with various challenges including regulatory compliance, monitoring capacity, enforcement mechanism, politics and very frequently plagued with blame games. Consequently, the study conducted primary and secondary data to problematized gaps in institutional governance from the standpoint of development discourse to establish a convergence of evidences within the context of the quality of state institutions that unarguably reflects the Nigeria scenario. Institutional and regulatory compliance gaps permeate the gamut of the oil and gas industry so resolutely in the global South like Nigeria, orchestrated by the political elites who are so perverse, rent seeking, inept and greed driven with no clear sense of patriotism compare to the global North like Norway that is more effective and nationalistic. The findings of the study highlight weaknesses in policy framework, corrupt practices, poor contract management, compromised professional integrity, inadequate funding, poor contract management and systemic gap in revenue management as a consequence of gaps in natural resources governance in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. It explains this on the basis of existing mechanisms and empirical evidences. These evidently exemplify that Nigeria has struggled for several decades from lethargic institutional and regulatory compliance capacity as the presence of oil and gas does not translate or appear to systematically support development outcome in many developing countries.

Minilateralism and global governance: effectiveness of hybrid models

ABSTRACT The liberal world order is showing signs of disarray: two recent catastrophes in adjoining parts of the world (the Middle East and South Caucasus) have opened the fissures of the international governance gap; and the continuing ramifications of COVID-19 have already paralysed the world. On top of this post-pandemic disquietude, multiple conflicts this year are either in danger of precipitating or wars have already re-ignited over long-standing continuing conflicts, highlighting the failure of international governance institutions, including the UN system. In recent years, one of the central responses to the multilateral failures at multiple levels has been for states to form ‘narrower’ and ‘more flexible’ frameworks called ‘minilaterals’. Thus minilateralism has been contrasted through the lens of receding multilateralism, which has been a long-standing hallmark of the American-led liberal international order. This paper examines how far global governance would be dependent on minilateralism by exploring this growing trend in the Indo-Pacific and explores how minilateralism models can enhance international governance structures. This paper also attempts to analyse whether minilateralism is a product of regional fragmentation, or whether it can reinvigorate the comatose multilateralism. Then this paper posits that minilateralism helps rejig the chaotic multipolar order and thus re-invent global governance.

Large language models (LLMs): Risks and policy implications

"Although statistical language modeling has been a fairly active area of academic research in artificial intelligence (AI) since the 1980s, the recent explosion of both technological innovation and public attention around LLMs has dramatically changed the space of applications for this work. The unprecedented scale of these new models carries with it emergent capabilities—particularly in the form of generative models—that have made the technology generalizable to a broad range of use cases and accessible to the general public. Yet these rapidly developing features also pose novel risks, ranging from environmental impacts and copyright violations to misinformation and hate speech. Traditional regulatory frameworks are not well-equipped to match either the rapid pace of innovation or the ability of LLMs to transcend the jurisdictions of individual governing bodies. Thus far, the governance gap has been filled by soft law frameworks such as private company standards, voluntary codes of conduct, and design guides from non-regulatory standard-setting organizations. Still, there is rising demand to solidify these soft guidelines into hard law. In addition to offering a historical overview of LLMs and highlighting some of the most pressing concerns involving LLMs today, we discuss legislative attempts to address these concerns and outline potential complicating factors."

Unlocking sustainable groundwater governance in secondary cities: Lessons from the assessment of groundwater vulnerability in a Coastal City of India

Groundwater contamination and vulnerability in urbanised areas have emerged as pressing environmental concerns that require urgent and sustained attention. Certain land use practices, such as agriculture, urban development, and industrial activities, can introduce pollutants into the groundwater system and degrade its quality and represent a significant threat to rapidly growing cities that requires robust intervention and management strategies. This paper investigates the groundwater vulnerability of a coastal city, Kozhikode, located in South India. A GIS-based mapping of the groundwater vulnerability of the region was performed using the DRASTICA model, which is an adapted version of the conventional DRASTIC model. In addition, an ethnographic study was also conducted to assess the groundwater governance of the city and to suggest suitable management strategies. The study revealed that the main urban clusters in Kozhikode City (29.2 %) are highly vulnerable to groundwater contamination indicating the impact of anthropogenic activities in this areas. 41.78% of the area showed a moderate level of vulnerability. The low-vulnerable zone occupies a less populated and highland area of the city, covering an area of 28.9 %. The study utilised the concentration of nitrates in the groundwater of the study area as a validation tool for the results obtained. Furthermore, the investigation identified governance gaps within the city, including ineffective implementation of laws and regulations, low levels of awareness, lack of institutional capacity and inadequate monitoring practices, all contributing to groundwater vulnerability. To address these challenges, the study suggests that effective groundwater management requires a multifaceted approach, involving both technical and socioeconomic and cultural aspects. This can be achieved through collaborative efforts, policy revisions, community engagement, and effective enforcement, which will strive the fastest growing city toward the sustainable management of its groundwater resources.

A missing link? The role of international organizations in climate-related planned relocation

ABSTRACT Planned relocation of communities to less hazardous sites is a complex process anticipated to become more prevalent as climate change accelerates. In many parts of the world, communities and national governments planning internal relocations rely on support from International Organizations (IOs) for decision-making and implementation processes. This IO assistance – ranging from policy guidelines to technical assessments, monitoring and evaluation to finance – varies widely based on diverse national and local contexts. Despite challenges including embedded power dynamics, many IOs are becoming more involved with planned relocation processes and therefore, a greater understanding of IO involvement in planned relocations to date is needed. Our analysis highlights an emergent gap in international climate mobility governance: while climate-related displacement and migration fall under existing IO mandates, there is no obvious institutional home for internal planned relocation. Current support from IOs to nationally and locally led planned relocation processes remains ad hoc and siloed, leading to gaps in international accountability and coordination, including a lack of human rights-based standards for IO engagement. In this article, we outline potential institutional arrangements dedicated to internal planned relocation and assess tradeoffs between pathways. Addressing this ‘missing link’ in institutional arrangements for internal planned relocation at the international level is essential to promote greater coordination and accountability between key stakeholders as planned relocation becomes more common in a changing climate.

Brokering Political Corporate Social Responsibility: Production Network Intervention Programmes in Post‐Reform Myanmar's Garment Industry

ABSTRACTPolitical corporate social responsibility (CSR) research focuses on how companies leverage their CSR efforts to improve public goods provision in countries where public governance is lacking. Previous studies, due to their limited analytical scope, have not thoroughly examined the dynamic nature of these governance gaps. Another missing puzzle is how certain actors in these countries, through their regular operations, independently facilitate political CSR opportunities – such as production network intervention (PNI) programmes. Positioning PNI programmes as brokers of political CSR, we investigate four such programmes in the Myanmar's garment industry during the early years of the country's reform. We conduct neo‐Gramscian analysis to examine how these programmes attempted to establish cultural and ideological leadership over CSR discourse and practice in the industry. We analyse the manufacturers’ responses to this contestation, which evolved with the introduction of a minimum wage, and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this study.

Bridging governance gaps: politically connected boards, gender diversity and the ESG performance puzzle in Iberian companies

Bridging governance gaps: politically connected boards, gender diversity and the ESG performance puzzle in Iberian companies

Arc of avoidance: An analytical framework for analysing mining companies’ actions in the global South

Given the relationship between mineral extraction and conflict, human rights violations, and environmental degradation, there is an urgent need to examine how to mitigate harm in a more mineral intensive future. Thus far the literature has focused on two areas, the governance gaps present in the global governance of multinationals and the private governance scholarship which examines the rule-making power of mining firms. This paper argues that this story of mining firms' power is incomplete. Mining MNCs not only make rules, they also actively avoid regulations put in place to temper their impact on communities. To address this, the paper develops a chronological ‘arc of avoidance’, detailing the methods by which mining firms evade their fiscal and legal obligations to host communities. These methods include negotiation of tax concessions, tax avoidance, closing avenues of redress, and abandonment of mines without recourse. Using the case study of Paladin Energy, the paper confirms the power of large MNCs over governments and citizens of the Global South. It demonstrates that mining MNCs engage in avoidance tactics throughout the life of a mine, and that their power over host states does not weaken once investment has been made. Such tactics lead to entrenched negative outcomes for mining communities in the Global South. The findings reveal the full extent to which firms accrue the benefits and avoid the consequences of mineral extraction throughout the production process, and are of particular significance as we shift to extracting the resources required for the uptake of renewable energy.

Governance gaps and accountability traps in renewables extractivism

AbstractThe global uptake of renewable technology is both a dramatic and insufficient contribution to achieving a 1.5–2° world. However, urgently decarbonizing energy use and systems by shifting to renewables relies on intensifying global supply chains, beginning with the extraction of “critical” minerals, an industry that has a long history of generating significant social and ecological harms. This paper examines the nature of transnational governance initiatives that have emerged to regulate what has been called “renewables extractivism.” We develop a novel database of 44 transnational initiatives for governing minerals for onshore wind, solar PV, and lithium‐ion batteries, which are driving renewable energy uptake. The database reveals “governance gaps” that refer to an absence of rules for many critical minerals and “accountability traps” where actors are held responsible for processes, standards, and sanctions that reflect their own normative logics, rather than the needs of affected communities and ecosystems. Current initiatives are designed in a way that measures, evaluates, and (very rarely) sanctions governance outcomes primarily in relation to supply chain security and energy access, as opposed to mitigating the social and environmental harms of resource extraction. The result is a transnational governance architecture that operates primarily (and systematically) with minimal scrutiny, transparency, and accountability. For stakeholders directly affected by the latest mining boom cycle, the absence of effective and legitimate accountability mechanisms reinforces a pattern of uneven development that shifts the most destructive forms of extraction to the social and ecological margins of the global commodity frontier.

Policy evaluation and performance assessment for sustainable urbanization: a study of selected city corporations in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is going through an unprecedented period of urban growth, and its cities are having to deal with rising service, housing, and infrastructural needs. It is critical to comprehend how urban government promotes sustainable development as the nation struggles with the intricacies of urbanization. This study aims to investigate how urban governance impacts sustainable urbanization at the city corporation level in Bangladesh, focusing on Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Agenda, which is “sustainable cities and communities.” The study selected Rajshahi and Gazipur City Corporations as case studies and employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and descriptive statistics methods to gather data from primary and secondary sources. The findings of the study reveal gaps in urban governance, highlighting inconsistencies between the expectations of stakeholders and the reality on the ground. Stakeholders express high expectations for housing access, infrastructure development, disaster management, transportation, and environmental sustainability, but the current state falls short in several areas. Further, the study proposes several recommendations to enhance urban governance, including fostering participatory approaches, ensuring sufficient budget allocation for infrastructure development, addressing housing challenges, enhancing women’s safety in transportation, and strengthening disaster management systems.

A Typology of National Park Co-management Agreements in the Era of Reconciliation in Canada

Parks Canada, in response to commitments undertaken towards reconciliation, has signaled its readiness to reassess the participation of Indigenous peoples in the co-management of national parks, national park reserves, and national marine conservation areas (NMCAs). However, the effectiveness of co-management, as the established framework underpinning these and other longstanding partnerships between the state and Indigenous groups, has been disputed, based on an uneven track record in meeting the needs, interests, and aspirations of Indigenous communities. This paper explores the potential of co-management to facilitate reconciliation within national parks, reserves and NMCAs by developing a typology of various types of co-management agreements. Addressing a critical knowledge gap in co-management governance, we provide a comprehensive review of 23 negotiated co-management agreements involving the state and Indigenous groups in a national park context. The resulting typology categorizes these agreements according to contextual factors and governance arrangements, offering insights into the feasibility of shared governance approaches with Parks Canada. Moreover, it identifies the strengths and weaknesses of co-management agreements in fulfilling reconciliation commitments. Our findings indicate that, although Parks Canada has implemented innovative approaches to co-management and shown a willingness to support Indigenous-led conservation efforts, true shared governance with Indigenous groups, as defined by international standards, is limited by the Canadian government's evident reluctance to amend the foundational legislation to effectively share authority in national parks.

Managing Urban Environment: Assessing the Role of Planning and Governance in Controlling Urbanization in the City of Amman, Jordan

The aim of this paper is to explore gaps in the spatial planning and governance systems that affect the ability of local authorities to manage urbanization in Amman, the capital of Jordan. A qualitative method using in-depth interviews with top managers was adopted to understand urbanization challenges and their relationship with spatial planning and governance systems. Findings reveal that spatial planning and governance systems are unable to manage urbanization effectively. Several planning gaps, such as the inability of the spatial planning system to align with the socio-economic context, the lack of policy instruments that provide practical solutions to urbanization challenges, the mismatch between planning and natural resources, the inefficiency of the land subdivision system, the ineffectiveness of urban growth boundary policy, and the poor performance of the public transportation system, have contributed to this lack of inability. The findings reveal a number of governance gaps, such as lack of coordination and overlapping roles between public authorities, centralization, lack of public participation, and insufficient information, have hindered the ability of public authorities to manage urbanization efficiently. To enhance the urban environment, this study provides important insights for policymakers to improve the overall performance of spatial planning and governance.

Exploring Gaps and Strategies: A Pilot Interview for Enhancing Disaster Risk Governance in Malaysia through Integrated Climate Change Adaptation for Resilience in the Future

Global climate change has led to a surge in climate-related disasters. Effectively managing these crises requires adopting disaster risk reduction strategies that account for climate change's profound impact. This article explores gaps in Malaysia's disaster risk reduction governance and climate change adaptation through literature review and preliminary interview. It highlights critical shortcomings which are outdated policies, challenges in multiple disciplinary collaboration and data sharing, and a lack of a robust strategic plan. While these findings are not exhaustive, they open the opportunity and emphasize the pressing need for further research. Future studies should focus on uncovering networks among actors, policies, and practices in Malaysia to develop a governance framework for a safer and more sustainable future amid evolving climate challenges. This requires thorough examination of the overlaps and distinctions in both fields, paving the way for a governance strategy aligned with the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals, and Sendai Framework.

Maritime Freight Carbon Emission in the U.S. using AIS data from 2018 to 2022

Global maritime emissions, a 3% contributor to greenhouse gases, anticipate a surge of 90–130% by 2050. Regulatory challenges persist due to international governance gaps. Legislative strides, including the EU Emission Trading System, highlight global efforts. In the U.S., despite legislative commitment, consensus hurdles impede cross-regional carbon management. Prevailing top-down emissions estimation methods warrant scrutiny. This paper unveils U.S. maritime emissions intricacies, focusing on carbon accounting, transfer, and compensation for cargo and tanker vessels. Leveraging AIS data (2018–2022), an activity-based/bottom-up approach navigates emissions calculations, aiming to reshape understanding and foster strategic reductions. The study bridges gaps in U.S. maritime emission research, promising insights into transfer and compensation dynamics. By concentrating on high-impact vessel types, it contributes to emissions mitigation strategies, steering towards a sustainable U.S. maritime future.

Navigating agricultural nonpoint source pollution governance: A social network analysis of best management practices in central Pennsylvania.

The Chesapeake Bay watershed is representative of governance challenges relating to agricultural nonpoint source pollution and, more generally, of sustainable resources governance in complex multi-actor settings. We assess information flows around Best Management Practices (BMPs) undertaken by dairy farmers in central Pennsylvania, a subregion of the watershed. We apply a mixed-method approach, combining Social Network Analysis, the analysis of BMP-messaging (i.e. information source, flow, and their influences), and qualitative content analysis of stakeholders' interviews. Key strategic actors were identified through network centrality measures such as degree of node, betweenness centrality, and clustering coefficient. The perceived influence/credibility (by farmers) of BMP-messages and their source, allowed for the identification of strategic entry points for BMP-messages diffusion. Finally, the inductive coding process of stakeholders' interviews revealed major hindrances and opportunities for BMPs adoption. We demonstrate how improved targeting of policy interventions for BMPs uptake may be achieved, by better distributing entry-points across stakeholders. Our results reveal governance gaps and opportunities, on which we draw to provide insights for better tailored policy interventions. We propose strategies to optimize the coverage of policy mixes and the dissemination of BMP-messages by building on network diversity and actors' complementarities, and by targeting intervention towards specific BMPs and actors. We suggest that (i) conservation incentives could target supply chain actors as conservation intermediaries; (ii) compliance-control of manure management planning could be conducted by accredited private certifiers; (iii) policy should focus on incentivizing inter-farmers interaction (e.g. farmers' mobility, training, knowledge-exchange, and engagement in multi-stakeholders collaboration) via financial or non-pecuniary compensation; (iv) collective incentives could help better coordinate conservation efforts at the landscape or (sub-)watershed scale; (v) all relevant stakeholders (including farmers) should be concerted and included in the discussion, proposition, co-design and decision process of policy, in order to take their respective interests and responsibilities into account.

The Study of Exploring the Policy of Seed Management Systems (PSMS)

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze the Kurdistan Region's seed system development. Also, to examine why and how the formal seed system has been prioritized over other alternatives (farmers’ and community-based seed systems). It further illustrates how the growing seed systems development debate generates challenges for policymakers and governments using the KRG case. Seed sector development policies have been formulated and implemented. The reason is to motivate the new seed policy bill and new agenda for future farmer seed production, with the different actors’ interests influencing seed policy formulation and implementation. The study was conducted from February to June 2023. Primary data for this study were gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs), which were defined as gatherings of individuals with similar experiences or backgrounds to investigate a specific topic of interest. The extensive utilization method used by qualitative researchers to examine qualitative data is a thematic analysis, which typically consists of descriptive information. These themes encompass various aspects related to seed, including seed origin and seed transparency, sustainable agriculture and food security, cooperation with stakeholders, regulation, and the governance gap.

Towards synergy: network facility development, whole process carbon reduction and pollution reduction, and regional disparities.

The in-depth implementation of the "Broadband China Strategy" is of great significance in promoting the synergistic governance of urban carbon reduction and pollution reduction. In this paper, based on the "Broadband China" pilot program implemented in China in 2014 as a quasi-natural experiment, the coupled synergy model is used to measure the carbon and pollution reduction synergy index based on the balanced panel data of 277 prefectural-level cities and above in China from 2006 to 2020, and the staggered and synthetic DID methods are applied to investigate the impact of the Broadband China strategy on carbon and pollution reduction synergy and its mechanism. strategy on carbon and pollution reduction synergy and its mechanism. The conclusions of the study show that (1) the Broadband China strategy significantly improves the synergistic governance of carbon reduction and pollution reduction. (2) The mechanism results show that Broadband China mainly realizes carbon and pollution synergistic governance by promoting source control and process innovation but does not have an effective mediating role in end-of-pipe treatment. (3) The results of heterogeneity analysis show that Broadband China weakens the traditional geographic advantage, narrows the carbon pollution synergistic governance gap at the national and regional levels, and significantly improves the regional carbon reduction and pollution reduction governance level. This paper examines the micro-mechanism of the Broadband China strategy on carbon pollution synergistic governance from the whole process of production activities, which provides a new perspective for the study of carbon pollution synergistic governance, and provides an empirical basis for carbon pollution synergistic governance in China.