Google Web Search Research Articles

Bladder metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: retrospective analysis of 65 reported cases

This study was carried out to clarify the presentation, treatment options, and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastasis to the bladder in which we do not yet have a comprehensive understanding. A systematic Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Google, and Ichushi Web search was performed to identify articles describing RCC metastasis to the bladder. The final cohort included 65 patients. The majority (75%) experienced gross hematuria at the point of diagnosis of RCC. RCC metastasis to the bladder occurred both synchronously (23%) and metachronously (77%), and the median time for metachronous bladder metastasis following the diagnosis of RCC was 33 months. Of the 58 patients whose metastatic data were available, 36 (62%) had metastasis to the bladder only, while 22 (38%) had additional sites of metastasis. On pathology, clear cell carcinoma was the most common histology (92%) and all bladder tumors were consistent with RCC metastasis; the median tumor size was 2.1 cm, and two-thirds of cases were superficial (non-muscle invasive) disease. The 2-year cancer-specific survival rate in patients with solitary bladder metastasis was 71.1%, which was significantly higher than in patients with additional distant metastasis (25.8%, p = 0.007). Regarding the interval after the diagnosis of primary RCC, the 2-year cancer-specific survival rate in patients who experienced bladder metastasis after more than a 1 year follow-up was 58.4%, compared to 34.6% in their counterparts (p = 0.063). A curative resection may provide a good possibility of long-term survival, particularly in those with a solitary bladder metastasis and/or a long interval after nephrectomy.

Thinking inside the (black) box: Agenda setting, information seeking, and the marketplace of ideas in the 2012 presidential election

Scholarship on agenda setting and electoral politics often suffers from lack of access to data on deliberative processes, a shortcoming that often leads to inflexible theoretical outcomes. In this article, I assess the viability of a new data source—Google web search data—for use in social science research. Such data, when collected and applied appropriately, offer a unique lens through which information on patterns of information seeking can be drawn. I examine data on the final phase of the 2012 US presidential election and present findings along two lines. First, sensitivity tests demonstrate that web search information can proxy for public opinion. Second, testing of hypotheses finds that candidate presence on the campaign trail, although generally correlated with increased interest in political issue, is subject to media- and event-specific modifying effects. These findings underline this article’s principal contention that web search data are a viable resource for scholars of political communication.

Which Media Services do Students Use in Fact? Results of an International Empirical Survey

The dissemination of online information services into higher education has led to constant changes in students’ learning behaviour. Nowadays they use services like Google and Wikipedia most often not only during free time but also for studying. At the same time, traditional information media such as the textbook or the printed hand-out from the teacher still form basic pillars in their learning environment. To measure the whole variety of media, that are used for learning, an international long term Media Survey in Higher Education (“MESHED”) was set up by the authors. It aims to get detailed knowledge about how students use media for study from an international and a long term perspective. This knowledge shall be used to develop recommendations for university media strategy, make prognoses for future media trends in higher education and to figure out influences of external dimensions on the media usage. Beginning with a first survey carried out at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany in 2009, currently (October 2013) a total of 30 surveys in ten countries were, or currently are carried out. The survey uses a fully standardized questionnaire that measures the acceptance of 48 media services, such as Google search, library catalogues, printed books, e-books, printed journals, e-journals, e-learning-services, virtual class, Wikipedia, open educational resources, bibliographic software and more. It also measures adjacent areas, such as the learning behaviour, study success, media usage during free time, usage of IT hardware, education biography and sociodemographic factors. This paper focusses on the results of a survey that was conducted at the University of Barcelona (UB) between March and June 2012. There, about 1,000 samples were collected. The data showed an intense use of a broad variety of media among UB students. Though, not all media services were accepted equally: while especially some university external services, such as Google web search or Wikipedia were used by almost every student, other media, e.g. virtual learning services were used on a very low level. An exploration of hidden structures of media usage behaviour, using factor and cluster analysis revealed that especially text and text related media (books, eBooks, library catalogues) seem to have a positive effect on the learning success. A comparison of the Barcelona sample with the data of other countries showed some communalities, e.g. a high usage of Google and other external services. But there were also hints to cultural differences, such as an explicit maverick or non-social learning behaviour of Spanish students. This general tendency also appears in the media sector where they tend to use information media and, compared to students from other countries, use less social media. An additional survey in Canada/Ontario has been conducted in January-February 2013, and at the moment the third survey at the KIT is running. Especially some of the results from Canada show specific aspects, that might be interesting to be compared to the Spanish and German findings.

Building a better PHR paradigm: Lessons from the discontinuation of Google Health™

The growing complexity and increasing volume of healthcare information is currently overwhelming many healthcare professionals and patients within the U.S. healthcare system. The federally mandated digitization of physician-generated electronic medical records (EMRs) may facilitate the expedited adoption of the patient-controlled personal health records (PHRs) as the majority of Americans want to be more involved in their own care. The world׳s greatest purveyor of information gathering and organization, Google Inc., attempted to facilitate a comprehensive PHR paradigm but the project was discontinued after experiencing limited success. PHR adoption rates among U.S. citizen-patients remain low. Most research offers a simplified, one-size-fits-all checklist of generalized PHR problems that need correction or compare Google׳s efforts to those of other companies. Unfortunately, low PHR implementation rates cannot be framed within, or assisted by, a widely cast call-to-action and a generic solution. In an effort to combine academic research and industry-based grey literature, this article explores various databases and search engines (i.e. EBSCO, JSTOR, Texas Tech University׳s OneSearchSM, Google Web Search, and Google Scholar), and relates a list of 22 potential deficiencies that may have contributed to the discontinuation of Google Health™. Findings are itemized and presented in an attempt to help refine healthcare communication and documentation protocols, and to reinvigorate the imagination of scholars, clinicians, and health informatics professionals.

Large scale arbitrary search with rendezvous search systems

As distributed systems are getting larger and more complex, search facilities for finding data and services within the system become crucial. Users expect search engines to deal with complex query languages like keyword search, SQL, or XPath. At the same time, application developers cannot be expected to come up with distributed versions of those query languages from scratch. Rendezvous search systems are a scalable solution to this problem. By separating the query processing from the network communication, existing libraries for query processing can be easily reused. Rendezvous search systems have been successfully deployed in data center environments like the Google web search engine and are a popular research area for arbitrary search in peer-to-peer environments. Due to the decentralized nature of peer-to-peer systems, a high degree of self-organization and self-optimization can be found in such solutions.

Social Media: A Review and Tutorial of Applications in Medicine and Health Care

BackgroundSocial media are dynamic and interactive computer-mediated communication tools that have high penetration rates in the general population in high-income and middle-income countries. However, in medicine and health care, a large number of stakeholders (eg, clinicians, administrators, professional colleges, academic institutions, ministries of health, among others) are unaware of social media’s relevance, potential applications in their day-to-day activities, as well as the inherent risks and how these may be attenuated and mitigated.ObjectiveWe conducted a narrative review with the aim to present case studies that illustrate how, where, and why social media are being used in the medical and health care sectors.MethodsUsing a critical-interpretivist framework, we used qualitative methods to synthesize the impact and illustrate, explain, and provide contextual knowledge of the applications and potential implementations of social media in medicine and health care. Both traditional (eg, peer-reviewed) and nontraditional (eg, policies, case studies, and social media content) sources were used, in addition to an environmental scan (using Google and Bing Web searches) of resources.ResultsWe reviewed, evaluated, and synthesized 76 articles, 44 websites, and 11 policies/reports. Results and case studies are presented according to 10 different categories of social media: (1) blogs (eg, WordPress), (2) microblogs (eg, Twitter), (3) social networking sites (eg, Facebook), (4) professional networking sites (eg, LinkedIn, Sermo), (5) thematic networking sites (eg, 23andMe), (6) wikis (eg, Wikipedia), (7) mashups (eg, HealthMap), (8) collaborative filtering sites (eg, Digg), (9) media sharing sites (eg, YouTube, Slideshare), and others (eg, SecondLife). Four recommendations are provided and explained for stakeholders wishing to engage with social media while attenuating risk: (1) maintain professionalism at all times, (2) be authentic, have fun, and do not be afraid, (3) ask for help, and (4) focus, grab attention, and engage.ConclusionsThe role of social media in the medical and health care sectors is far reaching, and many questions in terms of governance, ethics, professionalism, privacy, confidentiality, and information quality remain unanswered. By following the guidelines presented, professionals have a starting point to engage with social media in a safe and ethical manner. Future research will be required to understand the synergies between social media and evidence-based practice, as well as develop institutional policies that benefit patients, clinicians, public health practitioners, and industry alike.

Dominant Meaning Method for Intelligent Topic-Based Information Agent towards More Flexible MOOCs

The use of agent technology in a dynamic environment is rapidly growing as one of the powerful technologies and the need to provide the benefits of the Intelligent Information Agent technique to massive open online courses, is very important from various aspects including the rapid growing of MOOCs environments, and the focusing more on static information than on updated information. One of the main problems in such environment is updating the information to the needs of the student who interacts at each moment. Using such technology can ensure more flexible information, lower waste time and hence higher earnings in learning. This paper presents Intelligent Topic-Based Information Agent to offer an updated knowledge including various types of resource for students. Using dominant meaning method, the agent searches the Internet, controls the metadata coming from the Internet, filters and shows them into a categorized content lists. There are two experiments conducted on the Intelligent Topic-Based Information Agent: one measures the improvement in the retrieval effectiveness and the other measures the impact of the agent on the learning. The experiment results indicate that our methodology to expand the query yields a considerable improvement in the retrieval effectiveness in all categories of Google Web Search API. On the other hand, there is a positive impact on the performance of learning session.

Relative High Interest in Acne on the Internet: A Web-Based Comparison Using Google Trends

Dear Editor: Acne is one of the most common skin diseases and usually affects younger people; it significantly impacts quality of life1. Many people worldwide use the internet to search for health information, especially adolescents, who prefer the internet as their primary source of health information2. Therefore, there is potential demand for internet-based information about acne. Accordingly, we designed a web-based study using Google Trends (http://www.google.com/trends/) to compare relative search volumes using keywords for acne and other diseases including psoriasis, and diabetes. The languages of the keywords were English and Spanish, which are representative languages of regions where Google is the most popular search engine. The keywords for acne were pimple, pimples, zit, zits, grano, and granos. The keywords for eczema were eczema, eccema, dermatitis, and cutitis. The keywords for alopecia were alopecia, hair loss, baldness, calvicie, and calvez. The keyword for psoriasis was psoriasis. The keywords for were diabetes and glucosuria. The relative averages of the search volume of each disease and monthly relative search volumes worldwide from January 2004 to May 2013 are shown in Fig. 1. The relative search volume of acne was greater than that of other dermatologic diseases and has increased gradually since 2008. However, the relative average search volume of acne was less than that of diabetes, but in recent years, its search volume has exceeded that of diabetes. As shown in Fig. 2, in past 90 days, the relative average of search volume of acne was greater than that of diabetes. Line graphs followed a periodic trend in weekly intervals. On weekends, the search volume of acne peaked while that of showed a lower peak. Google Trends provides the relative volume and geographic distribution of Google Web searches; these data are convenient, accessible, representative of large populations, and can be used in various medical fields3,4,5. The present results show that acne is relatively more searched for than other dermatologic diseases. As acne occurs mostly in young people, who use the internet as a primary source of health information, it might be more searched for on the internet than other dermatologic diseases. The search volume of acne has increased gradually since 2008. Furthermore, in recent years, acne has become more searched for than diabetes. This increasing trend may be attributable to the impact of the widespread use of smart phones by young people. Young people are relatively busy on weekdays and like to search for health information on the internet. Therefore, unlike diabetes, the search volume of acne may peak during weekends. A limitation of this report is that only Google Trends was used to compare relative search volumes on the internet despite the existence of other search engines. Although there is strong interest in acne, a substantial amount of myths, incorrect information, and unconventional home remedies are present on the internet6. Accordingly, dermatologists should be aware of the strong interest in acne on the internet and try to supply accurate information online as well as in clinics. Fig. 1 Worldwide search volumes of typical dermatologic disease and on Google Trends from January 2004 to May 2013. Line graphs show monthly relative search volumes by disease, and bar graphs show the relative average search volume by disease. Fig. 2 Worldwide search volumes of acne and on Google Trends during the past 90 days. Line graphs show the relative search volume of each disease, and bar graphs show the relative average search volume of each disease. Bars on the line graph indicate ...

Web search volume as a predictor of academic fame: An exploration of Google trends

Searches conducted on web search engines reflect the interests of users and society. Google Trends, which provides information about the queries searched by users of the Google web search engine, is a rich data source from which a wealth of information can be mined. We investigated the possibility of using web search volume data from Google Trends to predict academic fame. As queries are language‐dependent, we studied universities from two countries with different languages, the United States and Spain. We found a significant correlation between the search volume of a university name and the university's academic reputation or fame. We also examined the effect of some Google Trends features, namely, limiting the search to a specific country or topic category on the search volume data. Finally, we examined the effect of university sizes on the correlations found to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the relationships.

Whare-map

Modern "warehouse scale computers" (WSCs) continue to be embraced as homogeneous computing platforms. However, due to frequent machine replacements and upgrades, modern WSCs are in fact composed of diverse commodity microarchitectures and machine configurations. Yet, current WSCs are architected with the assumption of homogeneity, leaving a potentially significant performance opportunity unexplored. In this paper, we expose and quantify the performance impact of the "homogeneity assumption" for modern production WSCs using industry-strength large-scale web-service workloads. In addition, we argue for, and evaluate the benefits of, a heterogeneity-aware WSC using commercial web-service production workloads including Google's web-search. We also identify key factors impacting the available performance opportunity when exploiting heterogeneity and introduce a new metric, opportunity factor , to quantify an application's sensitivity to the heterogeneity in a given WSC. To exploit heterogeneity in "homogeneous" WSCs, we propose " Whare-Map ," the W SC H eterogeneity Aw are Map per that leverages already in-place continuous profiling subsystems found in production environments. When employing " Whare-Map ", we observe a cluster-wide performance improvement of 15% on average over heterogeneity--oblivious job placement and up to an 80% improvement for web-service applications that are particularly sensitive to heterogeneity.

Trainer-to-student ratios for teaching psychomotor skills in health care fields, as applied to osteopathic manipulative medicine.

The hallmark of osteopathic medical education is the inclusion of hands-on instruction in osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM), which includes palpatory diagnosis and osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT). This OMM training typically involves a primary instructor presenting theory and techniques with step-by-step demonstrations to a large group of first- and second-year osteopathic medical students. Additional instructors, referred to as table trainers, assist the primary instructor by supervising the students as they practice the presented techniques. To the authors' knowledge, there is no currently accepted standard for a table trainer-to-student ratio in OMM skills laboratories within osteopathic medical schools in the United States. However, through a Google Web search and PubMed literature review, the authors identified published trainer-to-student ratios used in other health care skills training curricula. Psychomotor skills training courses in health care fields typically have a table trainer-to-student ratio of 1 trainer to 8 or fewer students. On the basis of these findings and psychomotor skills learning theory, the authors conclude that this ratio is likely sufficient for OMM skills training.

Ruminations about making a theoretical contribution

A Google web search (2011) offered the following definitions of theory: A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained A set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based An idea used to account for a situation or justify a course of action A collection of propositions to illustrate the principles of a subject. Further exploration within these definitions offered elaborations as to what constitutes a “scientific” theory: A theory that explains scientific observations; “scientific theories must be falsifiable” An explanation or idea accepted by a substantial number of scientists A hypothesis that is widely accepted by the scientific community An explanation of why and how a specific natural phenomenon occurs. A statement that postulates ordered relationships among natural phenomena A scientific theory is an explanation or model used to account for observations or experimental results characterizing an observed phenomenon. Within the management/business discipline, illustrative definitions of theory abound. For example, theory has been viewed as “An ordered set of assertions about a generic behavior or structure assumed to hold throughout a significantly broad range of specific instances” (Sutherland 1975, p. 9) “A systematically related set of statements, including some lawlike generalizations, that is empirically testable” (Rudner 1966, p. 10) “A statement of relationships between units observed or approximated in the empirical world” (Bacharach 1989, p. 498) “A collection of assertions, both verbal and symbolic, that identifies what variables are important and for what reasons, specifies how they are interrelated and why, and identifies the conditions under which they should be related or not related” (Campbell 1990, p. 65) Hambrick (2007, p. 1346) posited that “theories help us organize our thoughts, generate coherent explanations, and improve our predictions.” Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan (2007, p. 1281) provided summary statements from a wide variety of researchers: “Theory allows scientists to understand and predict outcomes of interest, even if only probabilistically,” “Theory also allows scientists to describe and explain a process or sequence of events,” “Theory prevents scholars from being dazzled by the complexity of the empirical world by providing a linguistic tool for organizing it,” “Theory acts as an educational device that can raise consciousness about a specific set of concepts,” and “Theory is the basic aim of science.” Yet, while the definitions appear straightforward and essentially say the same thing using different words and the importance of theory is inarguable, researchers continue to remain confused as to how to create and communicate a strong theory contribution (Freese 1980). For example, according to Sutton and Staw (1995, p. 371), “There is lack of agreement about whether a model and a theory can be distinguished, whether a typology is properly labeled a theory or not, whether the strength of a theory depends on how interesting it is, and whether falsifiability is a prerequisite for the very existence of theory.” Thus, rather than coalesce on a definition of theory, it is likely more beneficial to highlight the contributions of prominent theorists in an effort to provide the characteristics of good theory and the process of building good theory. The Academy of Management Review published several articles in 1989 that focused on criteria and methods for building good theory. We will draw from these and other articles in an effort to summarize what has been offered over time in terms of theoretical development.

Use of Google Insights for Search to Track Seasonal and Geographic Kidney Stone Incidence in the United States

To determine whether Internet search volume for kidney stones has seasonal and geographic distributions similar to known kidney stone incidence. Google Insights for Search analyzes a portion of Google web searches from all Google domains to compute how many searches are performed for a given term relative to the total number of searches done over a specific time interval and geographic region. Selected terms related to kidney stones were examined to determine which most closely tracked kidney stone incidence. Google Insights for Search data were correlated with hospital admissions for the emergent treatment of nephrolithiasis found through the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Ambient temperature in Seattle and New York were compared with search volume for these regions to display qualitative relationships. The term "kidney stones" had the highest seasonal correlation of terms examined (r = .81, P = .0014). Google Insights for Search output and national Inpatient Sample admissions also correlated when regions were compared (r = .90, P = .005). Qualitative relationships between ambient temperatures and kidney stone search volume do exist. Internet search volume activity for kidney stones correlates with temporal and regional kidney stone insurance claims data. In the future, with improved modeling of search detection algorithms and increased Internet usage, search volume has the potential to serve as a surrogate for kidney stone incidence.

Information on the available sources of the history of the formation of the collection of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LRAS) from 1714 to 1736

Additional information obtained by means of the Rambler, Yandex, and Google web search engines is added to the data on the collection formation of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1714 to 1736, which was published in LRAS Chronicles, vol. 1. The significance of the private libraries that formed the basis for the formation of the collection of BAN until 1737 is characterized. Printed and electronic scientific publications, which may serve as information sources on this topic, are presented.

Personal Web searching in the age of semantic capitalism: Diagnosing the mechanisms of personalisation

Web search engines have become indispensable tools for finding information online effectively. As the range of information, context and users of Internet searches has grown, the relationship between the search query, search interest and user has become more tenuous. Not all users are seeking the same information, even if they use the same query term. Thus, the quality of search results has, at least potentially, been decreasing. Search engines have begun to respond to this problem by trying to personalise search in order to deliver more relevant results to the users. A query is now evaluated in the context of a user’s search history and other data compiled into a personal profile and associated with statistical groups. This, at least, is the promise stated by the search engines themselves. This paper tries to assess the current reality of the personalisation of search results. We analyse the mechanisms of personalisation in the case of Google web search by empirically testing three commonly held assumptions about what personalisation does. To do this, we developed new digital methods which are explained here. The findings suggest that Google personal search does not fully provide the much-touted benefits for its search users. More likely, it seems to serve the interest of advertisers in providing more relevant audiences to them.

Offloading Cognition onto the Web

Neuropsychology and neuroimaging studies have confirmed what we all knew already from introspection: some of our know-how is conscious, but most of it is not. Learning, skill, knowledge, and memory all come in two forms: explicit, in which we are aware of-and can hence describe in words-how we are able to do something, and implicit, in which we are unaware of how we are doing something. Most cognitive science is devoted to discovering the implicit mechanisms underlying our cognitive competence and making them explicit. Conscious introspection does not reveal what they are. The explanatory goal of cognitive science is to reverse-engineer what it takes to pass the Turing Test. That is, once we can successfully design a system that is capable of doing whatever any normal person can do, indistinguishably from any person, to any person, then we have a candidate explanation of how the human brain does it. In modeling human cognitive capacity, we must consider what to build into our candidate mechanism and what to offload onto external cognitive technology, such as Google Web searches. Word meanings can be internally represented in two ways: sensorimotor and verbal. In this work we tested conjunctive and disjunctive Google searches for target terms that have their own Wikipedia entries, using either the target terms themselves or the three words that had the highest co occurrence frequency with the target words in WordNet. We found that the highly co-occurring words were surprisingly ineffective in retrieving the target word and there was no significant correlation with age of acquisition or concreteness. This raises some questions about the similarity between human associative memory and Google-based associative search.

Quality of malaria information provided on Internet travel operator websites

Over the past 20 years, there has been a steady growth in the number of reported cases of malaria in the UK. With increasing Internet flight sales over recent years, online travel operator websites may be the only place many travellers could conceivably receive pre-travel malaria prevention advice. 29 Travel operator websites which allow for online flight purchases to malarious areas from the UK, identified using a Google(®) web search and the website of the International Air Transport Association, were assessed for the existence, accuracy and accessibility of malaria prevention advice available through internal and external website links. Eight (28%) websites provided malaria prevention information on their own pages. Five (17%) websites contained country specific malaria information relevant to the requested destination, including variation of malaria risk within that country and accurate destination specific chemoprophylaxis advice. No malaria information was available, either on internal or external links, on 8 (28%) websites. On average, it took 2.4 additional mouse clicks to access malaria information during the online flight booking process. Six of the 29 websites (21%) allowed for access to information with only 1 click. Malaria prevention information on online travel operator websites is most often absent or inadequate. Even on websites where such information is of good quality, it can be difficult to access. The travel industry should introduce and enforce guidelines for the malaria information provided by online travel operators.

Learning Context-Sensitive Shape Similarity by Graph Transduction

Shape similarity and shape retrieval are very important topics in computer vision. The recent progress in this domain has been mostly driven by designing smart shape descriptors for providing better similarity measure between pairs of shapes. In this paper, we provide a new perspective to this problem by considering the existing shapes as a group, and study their similarity measures to the query shape in a graph structure. Our method is general and can be built on top of any existing shape similarity measure. For a given similarity measure, a new similarity is learned through graph transduction. The new similarity is learned iteratively so that the neighbors of a given shape influence its final similarity to the query. The basic idea here is related to PageRank ranking, which forms a foundation of Google Web search. The presented experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach yields significant improvements over the state-of-art shape matching algorithms. We obtained a retrieval rate of 91.61 percent on the MPEG-7 data set, which is the highest ever reported in the literature. Moreover, the learned similarity by the proposed method also achieves promising improvements on both shape classification and shape clustering.

Exploring young children's web searching and technoliteracy

PurposeThis paper aims to report findings from an exploratory study investigating the web interactions and technoliteracy of children in the early childhood years. Previous research has studied aspects of older children's technoliteracy and web searching; however, few studies have analyzed web search data from children younger than six years of age.Design/methodology/approachThe study explored the Google web searching and technoliteracy of young children who are enrolled in a “preparatory classroom” or kindergarten (the year before young children begin compulsory schooling in Queensland, Australia). Young children were video‐ and audio‐taped while conducting Google web searches in the classroom. The data were qualitatively analysed to understand the young children's web search behaviour.FindingsThe findings show that young children engage in complex web searches, including keyword searching and browsing, query formulation and reformulation, relevance judgments, successive searches, information multitasking and collaborative behaviours. The study results provide significant initial insights into young children's web searching and technoliteracy.Practical implicationsThe use of web search engines by young children is an important research area with implications for educators and web technologies developers.Originality/valueThis is the first study of young children's interaction with a web search engine.

Rodzina Google w służbie tłumacza. Wyszukiwanie terminologii z pomocą Internetu

Any specialised translation between languages requires knowledge of specific terminology. A variety of terminology sources can be found on the Internet, namely term banks, specialised dictionaries and glossaries. However, on many occasions they seem to be insufficient when it comes to the latest vocabulary related with the domains which utilize modern information technologies. The research shows that efficient use of search tools retrieves relevant equivalents of, at least, popular terms in the target language or defi nitions of concepts (when equivalents are not available) directly from the Internet viewed as an infinite term database itself. Beginning with the definition of terminology, the paper discusses the use of several Google search tools for retrieving specialised vocabulary, definitions of concepts and parallel texts. By applying examples from such fields as library and information science, it gives a detailed characteristics of various terminology search strategies with the use of a general search engine Google Web Search, a web directory Google Directory and specialised search engines Google Scholar and Book Search. Th e following methods are discussed: using a search engine as a bilingual dictionary, search operator define: phrase searches with Boolean operators or a verb, searching and browsing a web directory, advanced search for the retrieval of parallel texts and various search options. The results show that all the examined tools prove to be useful in terminology search for specialised translation.