Goods Andservices Research Articles

Регулирование цифровых платформ в России

Given the active formation and development of digital platforms in Russia, discussion of possible approaches has intensifiedand legislative changes have been initiated aimed at improving regulation in platform markets. The Ministry of EconomicDevelopment and Bank of Russia have published the Concept of Regulating Digital Platforms and Ecosystems and the report“Ecosystems: Approaches to Regulation,” respectively. The competition legislation has been supplemented, primarily withinthe framework of the Fifth Antimonopoly Package, along with regulations aimed at protecting consumer rights on digitalplatforms. The Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation (FAS Russia) and representatives of business participatedin developing tools for digital platforms’ self-regulation.The purpose of this article is to analyze approaches to regulation of digital platforms in Russia and to identify difficultiesin its development and opportunities for improvement. The study is based on the analysis of legislation and law enforcementpractice, scientific articles, and analytical reports. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors make conclusionsregarding possible future directions for regulatory developments and proposals for deepening international cooperation.The approach to protecting consumer rights on digital platforms in Russia combines the extension of previously existingnorms to the platform economy with the addition of some new norms relating to aggregators of information about goodsand services. Antimonopoly regulation follows the same approach, while, as part of the Fifth Antimonopoly Package, ruleshave been introduced aimed at eliminating illegal practices of dominant platforms and ecosystems.Based on the results of the analysis, the authors forecast further regulatory developments, which may relate to a widerange of aspects, from the unification of terminology and the introduction of new criteria for classifying platforms as dominantto the appointment of platforms’ contact points for communication with authorities and consumers and interdepartmentalcoordination. The authors recommend using the regulatory experience accumulated by both western jurisdictions andpartner countries, taking measures to promote Russian approaches at the international level, and intensifying cooperationon the regulation of digital platforms in multilateral formats, primarily in the BRICS group (including Brazil, Russia, India,China, South Africa, and others).

Acceptance of Goods and Services under the Contractual System: Regulation and Digitization Issues

It is relatively recently that the way goods and services (GS) are accepted in the contractual system has become a focal point of research. It was prompted by the changes to the contractual system law introduced mandatory e-certification since 1 January 2022. However, while the process of e-certification as enshrined now in the law on contractual relationships was in the limelight, the concept of e-acceptance, definitions of actual and documentary acceptance and other issues were largely left out. A study of how acceptance is regulated under the national law shows a lack of systemic approach to the e-certification procedure in the law on contractual relationships, a need to put in place an acceptance procedure and to ensure public and municipal customers’ satisfaction with the quality of goods and services they purchase. The paper provides an overview of research on specific aspects of GS acceptance in the contractual system and identifies its place in the process of contractual performance. It is proposed to have a special terminology in the effective contractual relationships law for defining GS acceptance based on its purpose and identifying structural elements. A new approach to contract execution regulating actual and documentary acceptance as part of e-certification needs to be adopted. With regard to digital solutions required for e-certification, technological aspects are discussed with a view to possible regulation. It is equally proposed to formalize e-certification in the contractual system as a possible model for applying the block chain technology for the public (municipal) procurement system. An analysis of digital processes that support e-certification in the contractual system suggests a need to provide a link between technological and legal aspects of e-certification. The author also proposes a number of block chain related issues to be discussed with relation to the e-certification system.

Theoretical and methodological principles of risk management in trade organisations

Traders play a key role in meeting the country's household demand for goods and services. Given that these organizations operate in a competitive environment, the success of their business depends on their ability to respond quickly and effectively to changes in the market situation. The increase in competitiveness is an incentive for business organizations to search for and implement innovative methods of organizational management. The challenges of managing a trading organization can vary significantly depending on the type of business, the specifics of the products, and the company's position in the market. The main characteristics of the training organizations have been identified and have been classified according to the type of activity. The peculiarities of the activities carried out by commercial organizations have been identified and a classification of the typical risks faced by these companies has been presented. In order to increase the efficiency of the business of such organizations, it is considered advisable to apply a project approach. The issues of project management and implementation in trading companies have been analyzed and outlined. The basic principles of managing project risks according to international project management standards, in particular P2M, ICB IPMA, PMBoK PMI, PRINCE2, ISO 21500 and AGILE, have been presented. The main project risks faced by the trade organizations have been identified. It was found that the same risks can accompany both projects and the organization’s operational activities. Thus, the operational risks of the organization overlap with the project risks. To reduce the time and increase the efficiency of resource management, it is deemed reasonable to develop and apply tools for the integrated management of project and operational risks of trading companies.

The Controlling Role of Da'wah Management in Teaching Activities at the Asshiddiqiyah Islamic School 6 Serpong

Service management is process management, namely the management that regulatesand controls service processes, so that the mechanism of service activities can run in anorderly, smooth, precise manner target and satisfy the party to be served. servicemanagement theory is very appropriate to be used in research which aims to know andunderstand how services at Islamic boarding school as-shiddiqiyah 6 serpong Collectingdata in this study using the methodobservations, interviews, and documentation, withdeductive analysis, sampling technique using porposive sampling. Data The primarysources in this study include the leader of the lodge, administrators,and 3 students whoexcel. And secondary data are books as well as several references that are relevant to theresearch title. Method of collecting data; interviews (interviews), observations anddocumentation. After the data is collected, data analysis is carried out using qualitativemethods. Research result; management Services at the Asshiddiqiyah Islamic BoardingSchool 6 Serpong include administrative services, goods and services services (services forproviding student needs, learning process services) teaching, health services, studenttelephone services).The results of this study are services in Islamic boarding schools asshiddiqiyah 6serpong in giving satisfaction done by the staffs are mature enough, as evidenced byAppearance neat employees, comfortable service place Sufficient facilities andinfrastructure, disciplined employees in performing services, employees who provide easeof serving students, good service accessquite good, Using tools in service. the reliability ofthe boarding school is sufficient well evidenced by the accuracy of employees in servingstudents, the standard of service in Islamic boarding schools Asshiddiqiyah 6 serpong isquite good, Expertise the ability of employees who are already good in using service tools. Guarantees provided by the cottage Asshiddiqiyah Islamic Boarding School 6Serpong are as follows, Guarantee in Administrative Services and services of goods andservices. empathy carried out by the Asshiddiqiyah Islamic boarding school 6 serpong isgood enough in prove it with good communication with students as well as providingcounseling guidance (BK) teachers with the goal is to solve problems faced by students.

THE BASIC PROBLEM OF ECONOMIC GROWTH CALCULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARTSAKH

In the understanding of modern economics, the main economic problems are caused not only by growth, but also by structural and institutional changes that affect the quality of life. It is no secret that economic development, as a complex long-term and multifactorial process, is based on economic growth, the latter is a quantitative increase in the production of goods and services, the term "economic development", in turn, includes such changes in economic conditions that for most members of society make them more comfortable. For about thirty years, Artsakh has built an independent, free, state anchored on democratic values, where a person is a real value, along with his freedom and preferences. Having gone through a difficult path of establishment, having a closed and degraded, impoverished economy with limited development opportunities, however, Artsakh recorded quite good indicators of economic growth, which were higher than the countries of the region. Since the beginning of 2020, the rate of economic growth has undergone unforeseen changes in Artsakh all over the world.

Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

The pioneering contributions of Goldsmith (1969), Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) regarding the relationship between financial development and economic growth has remained an important issue of debate in developing economies. The theoretical argument for linking financial development to growth is that a well-developed financial system performs several critical functions to enhance the efficiency of intermediation by reducing information, transaction, and monitoring costs. A modern financial system promotes investment by identifying and funding good business opportunities, mobilises savings, monitors the performance of managers, enables the trading, hedging, and diversification of risk, and facilitates the exchange of goods and services. These functions result in a more efficient allocation of resources, in a more rapid accumulation of physical and human capital, and in faster technological progress, which in turn feed economic growth [Creane, et al. (2004)].

THE MEANING AND ROLE OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Creative industries represent one of the fastest growing sectors of the European economy. Hence ourinterest in this research problem, which is closely related to digitalization and its challenges. The purpose of theconducted research is to present the theoretical aspects of the creative industries in the EU, through a qualitativeanalysis of the meaning and role of these industries. There are different definitions of the creative industries thatvary depending on the perspective of the person addressing the topic. The UNCTAD definition is the most widelyaccepted because of its adaptability “Creative industries are cycles of creation, production and distribution of goodsand services that use creativity and intellectual capital as primary inputs; constitute a set of knowledge-basedactivities, focused but not limited to the arts, but potentially generating income from trade and intellectual propertyrights; encompassing tangible products and intangible intellectual or artistic services with creative content,economic value and market objectives". The creative industries have in recent years steadily gained importance -more than any other business sector - for the competitiveness of the European economy as a whole. They are alreadya leading sector for economic growth and job creation, even if their full potential is far from being realized.

Systems Decision Process - A Systematic Approach to Support Decisions on Defense Acquisitions in the Development of Complex Weapon Systems

Capability development is a complex process involving interactions between industrial suppliers of goods andservices with multiple government agencies often trying to balance competing objectives. The big dilemma is:how do governments acquire equipment, goods and services needed for their armed forces at a reasonable price,appropriate quality, and with a reasonable time frame? In this context, the development of new weapons systemsis a challenging process, which entails increasingly long development periods, the use of cutting-edgetechnologies in an environment of high uncertainty, requiring, for that reason, a decision-making supportprocess that adjusts to these specific requirements. Nowadays, decision-making is based on models used incertain decision-making instances, not considering the nature of the development programs above. Using asystems decision process (SDP) would allow a systemic and iterative, collaborative process and a value-baseddecision process that could be applied throughout the whole life cycle of this new weapons system.

Systems Decision Process - A Systematic Approach to Support Decisions on Defense Acquisitions in the Development of Complex Weapon Systems

Capability development is a complex process involving interactions between industrial suppliers of goods andservices with multiple government agencies often trying to balance competing objectives. The big dilemma is:how do governments acquire equipment, goods and services needed for their armed forces at a reasonable price,appropriate quality, and with a reasonable time frame? In this context, the development of new weapons systemsis a challenging process, which entails increasingly long development periods, the use of cutting-edgetechnologies in an environment of high uncertainty, requiring, for that reason, a decision-making supportprocess that adjusts to these specific requirements. Nowadays, decision-making is based on models used incertain decision-making instances, not considering the nature of the development programs above. Using asystems decision process (SDP) would allow a systemic and iterative, collaborative process and a value-baseddecision process that could be applied throughout the whole life cycle of this new weapons system.

Pricing strategy in strategic enterprise management

The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the pricing strategy that affects the effectiveness of enterprise management. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and specific methods, in particular: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling, systematization and generalization. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the substantiation of the pricing policy of the enterprise, which is formed within the general strategy of the enterprise and includes the pricing strategy and pricing tactics. The article defines that in general the company’s strategies are developed at four different organizational levels: corporate, business, functional and operational. It is determined that the pricing strategy should take into account the needs of consumers and ensure long-term satisfaction of these needs through the optimal combination of internal strategy of the enterprise and the parameters of the external environment in the long-term marketing strategy. It was found that the pricing policy is implemented through pricing strategies. The efficiency of the pricing policy of enterprises is studied, which largely depends on the principles used during its formation. Conclusions. Pricing is one of the most complex and responsible sections of management. Currently, a significant number of entrepreneurs do not fully possess the theoretical and practical knowledge of the complex pricing mechanism for goods and services. As a result, in the process of entrepreneurial activity serious miscalculations are allowed in substantiating the price level, which affects the final financial results, in some cases leads to significant losses and sometimes to bankruptcy of the enterprise. Key words: price, pricing, strategy, pricing strategy, pricing management, pricing principles.

Digital tools in trade marketing

The purpose of the article is to explore modern digital tools in the system of business communications and business models of trade marketing. The research methodology is based on the use of a systematic approach, as well as methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison and scientific generalization. The scientific novelty is to generalize the features of the development of digital tools in the system of trade marketing. Conclusions. It was found that the main consequences of the digital economy in many countries and in Ukraine are: raising consumer awareness of goods and services, their desire for professional advice, increasing sales of goods via the Internet, spreading e-commerce, interchangeability of goods and brands. A significant increase in the role of trade marketing in ensuring the effectiveness of sales policy of companies was justified. The importance of customer and distributor orientation in ensuring the success of the formation of demand for products and its strategic importance in ensuring the success of the company in modern conditions has been confirmed. The approaches of scientists to define the essence of trade marketing were generalized, the actual definition of this term was proposed.Business communication systems (b2b) and business models (b2c) in e-commerce have been systematized. It was found that the use of digital tools to ensure the effectiveness of trade marketing provides an increase in the effectiveness of marketing research, expanding the possibilities of business communications, personalizing the consumer, providing a variety of models of interaction with consumers. Key words: consumer behavior, trade marketing, digital economy, digitalization, e-commerce.

El sector forestal de México de cara al siglo XXI

The Mexican forestry sector is result of adverse effects which have impacted the forestry ecosystems along decades. The presentnatural resource condition present reflects significant problems in the three components of sustainability, economic, social andenvironmental. From the Economic perspective, the volume of wood harvest has practically remained static along the two lastdecades. As a result, the international trade deficit of wood products has been increasing significantly. The contribution of theforestry sector to the gross national product (PIB) remains below 1 %. From the social perspective, poverty and margination in ruralarea continues with no expectation of possible solution in the near future. The nation confronts an uncertain future, relative to theadverse impact of climate change, increasing degradation and contamination of terrestrial y marine ecosystems, biodiversity lossand forest communities poverty. From de the Economic Outlook, Mexico faces a growing demand of Forest derived goods andservices. The exposed problem poses the urgent need of a thorough planning for the conservation, use and sustainable managementof forest resources under a long run perspective. For the future supply of goods and services provided by the natural resource, amarket prospective is needed, starting from the estimated future Forest ecosystem supply and demand for the three Sustainableconditions. Relevant aspects to consider for future planning are: Sustainable Forest management from watersheds; promotion tocommunity development; commercial Forest plantations as supplement of natural Forests; support to the productive and valuechain, establishment of dendroenergy Forest plantations, Effective territorial use planning and adequate and effective governance.

Intellectual property in the field of information and communication technologies

Keywords: IT, computer program, copyright, creative industry
 The article discusses the main issues regarding IP-protection in the sphere of information (information and communication) technologies — one of thelargest creative industries in Ukraine. Development and capitalization of informationtechnologies are impossible without proper legal protection of intellectual propertybecause the basis of the creative industry is the creation of creative products — goodsand services created/provided by cultural (artistic) and/or creative expression andhave high added value and are objects of intellectual property rights, which determinesthe relevance of this study.It is noted that basic types of economic activity that belong to the creative industriesare defined at the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and areaimed at creating and distributing intellectual property rights to already createdcopies (or copies) of software. It is assumed that the tax legislation of Ukraine stipulatesthat certain business transactions for the “publication” of software must be carriedout based on contracts for the supply of software and not based on contracts forthe transfer of intellectual property rights.A brief description of copyright objects in the field of information technology andthe possibilities of their legal protection, namely a computer program, databases, andwebsite, is given. It is noted that the website may combine different intellectual propertyrights.The issue of intellectual property rights distribution on the object created in connectionwith the implementation of the employment agreement (contract) and on theobject created by the order is investigated. It is concluded that the law of Ukraine.“On Stimulating the Development of the Digital Economy in Ukraine” eliminated theconflict between the Civil Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On Copyright andRelated Rights” on the distribution of property copyrights on official works. The currentapproach to the distribution of economic copyright rights is harmonized with Europeanstandards.

Factors influencing the purchasing ability of consumers during the coronavirus pandemic

The aim of the study is to assess various factors affecting consumers when purchasing goods andservices during COVID-19. In today’s constantly changing and highly unpredictable corporate environment,companies and enterprises need to develop a high degree of understanding of the dynamics ofpurchasing behavior and the skills of their customers in order to predict various changes. The studyalso attempted to get consumer opinion on online marketing. a quantitative research methodology wasapplied to collect the opinions of 300 consumers from Almaty and Kostanay regions using a three-partquestionnaire using a reliability test to validate the questionnaire. Based on the current pandemic situation,the authors of this paper initiated a study to examine the dynamics that influenced consumer buyingbehavior in the second quarter of 2020. The selected hypotheses were tested using the Pearson chisquaretest. It is shown that purchasing power is largely influenced by the factors of prices for goods andservices, while other factors such as promotion, salespeople, processes, physical environment have anominal influence on the purchasing behavior of consumers. COVID-19 is the main reason for choosingonline marketing to buy products and services. The results of this study can be useful for both domestic and foreign marketers working in our republic in order to successfully promote products and servicesamong consumers.Key words: purchasing power, consumers, couder-richardson test (kr-20), internet marketing, factors,prices.

Features of management information systems and technologies in the organization of the automated accounting and analytical process at the enterprise

The article substantiates the role of information systems and technologies in the management of accounting and analytical process at the enterprise. The advantages and disadvantages of using informationsystems and technologies have been listed. It has been determined that the observance of the quality of information support is possible under the condition of observance of the principles of systematization, complexity, scientificity, reliability, expediency, efficiency, priority, transparency and target direction. Applied programs of domestic and foreign accounting experience have been given. An assessment of the use of computers at the enterprise and the use of the Internet in Ukraine have been carried out. After analyzing the useof the Internet, it was determined that since 2010 to the present, the share is growing accordingly. And theInternet is mostly used to send or receive e-mails (70,65%-98,84%), receive information about goods andservices (44,52%-89,22), make banking operations (81,53% -97,65%). A study of the number of companiesthat used computers by industry found that the largest number of companies are manufacturing and wholesale and retail ones.

Avances y desafíos del Sistema Multilateral del Comercio en materia de Comercio Electrónico

When talking about electronic commerce, it is important to emphasize on how the use of the internet has become part of our daily culture and a necessityfor today’s societies, thus generating development in economies around the world and serving as a means of rapprochement between companies andconsumers that, although performed remotely, does not neglect closeness to the customer, creating comfort and access to a greater quantity of goods andservices. With its extensive growth and diversification, we find ourselves with the question of whether as member countries of the World Trade Organization(WTO), we can promote a flow of electronic commerce and its constant evolution, being one of the main tasks in which this organization can create or promote a legal framework where the access to this commercial channel allows equitable accessibility to more goods and services. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for this issue to be considered a priority and, despite the challenges it entails, as nations of the world we should enter into negotiations so electronic commerce and its benefits are not diminished by a framework that does not suit its characteristics, but rather tries to adapt to the versatility and evolution of new technologies.

Transition to the knowledge and high technology economy in pandemic conditions: experience in Russia

The economy of knowledge and high technology has become one of the priority areas of innovativedevelopment of countries. A similar benchmark was set for the Russian government. However,global challenges have challenged its implementation. The purpose of the article is to assess the stateof the scientific sphere of Russia on the basis of statistical analysis, to highlight promising areas of itsdevelopment. An analysis of the development of the R & D sector revealed a number of problems: thelow share of the industry in the country’s GDP, the outflow of specialists abroad, the insufficient levelof business inclusion in scientific developments and, as a result, the low degree of commercializationof scientific developments. At the same time, the pandemic of 2019 became an impulse for thedevelopment of Russian science. In the context of the pandemic, Russia can take a strong positionon the world stage to diagnose and combat it, as well as supply other promising non-resource goodsand services to the world community in key sectors of modern science. These areas can become asolid basis for creating scientific international consortia and entering the world arena of Russian enterprises,which means accelerating the process of transition to the economy of knowledge and newtechnologies.Keywords: economics of knowledge and new technologies, state of scientific sphere, directionsof development, pandemic.

Changing Outlook on Harnessing Biodiversity Values – A Special Focus on Indian Himalaya

The Himalaya, as provider of goods and range of ecosystem services, is vitalfor sustaining life of millions of people in uplands and billions in lowlands.Indian National Action Plan on Climate Change has recognized the regionvital for ecological security of the country. However, growing demand forbio-resources, combined with inadequate appreciation for values of goodsand services provided by Himalayan biodiversity, has led to the unsustainableuse of these resources, leading to environmental degradation in the region.The paper also looks into the scenario as to how recent pandemic of COVID19 has brought increased focus of people on bio-resources of the region.More importantly it has suggested conservation and sustainable utilizationof biodiversity to ensure for sustaining the continuous flow of ecosystemservices and goods. Biodiversity in the region provides several opportunities,however, under changing scenario, we need to think afresh and differently onpossibilities of finding better and optimal livelihood options, and the issuesof conservation in the region. In this context, larger focus on conservationeducation has been stressed as a way forward. This paper attempts to builda case for the biodiversity in Indian Himalayan Region through a SWOT assessment. Certain cases have been elaborated wherein the outlook haschanged to harness the values.

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT EFFICIENCY AND COMPETTIIVENESS OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED GOODS BY AUTOSTERILE EAST AFRICA, KENYA

Absrtact This study investigated the influence of business environment efficiency on competitiveness of locally manufactured goods by Autosterile East Africa, Kenya. This study used case study design. This study sampled 69 respondents, including 8 top level employees, 22 middle level employees and 39 lower level employees in Autosterile East Africa. Census sampling was used to select the respondents. Secondary data was obtained from the Autosterile East Africa publications that touches on determinants of competitiveness. Questionnaires used in the survey formed the primary data and was analyzed by use of Statistical Packages for Social Science version 23. Linear regression analysis was done to test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The study findings led to the conclusion that business environment efficiency have a positive relationship with competitiveness of locally manufactured goods. The findings revealed that business environment efficiency is significant determinant of competitiveness of locally manufactured goods. It was found out that the demand for goods and services and political stability influences competition of goods and services. The regulations dictate the competition among companies and supply of goods and services controls a firm's competitive advantage. Keywords: Business environment efficiency, competitiveness, Locally manufactured goods, Autosterile East Africa.

Online Shopping Tendency and Customer Trust in Nigerian Service Sector

Conventional shopping affords the customer the convenience of not losing their monies tohackers and scammers and carrying out a transaction in a familiar shop environment,irrespective of the shop location. The unprecedented development in telecommunication/Information Communications Technology (ICT) has made direct purchase and sale of goodsand services possible worldwide using the Internet, an online shopping website in Nigeria. Forexample, many customers and prospects engage in multi-billion Naira transactions daily inJumia.com.ng and konga.com. The essence of trust in this platform becomes inevitable, basedon the virtual nature of all transactions. This study aims to examine the effect of customer trustand purchase decisions on online shopping in Nigeria. The study clarifies that internet hoppingcould flourish easily where there is less risk factor, proof of effective service quality delivery,and unbridled evidence of trust in the service providers' ability to deliver. The descriptivemethodology was adopted for the study, and 277 questionnaires were administered torespondents, mainly online customers of jumia.com.ng. Correlation analysis was used toanalyze the underlying variables of the study. The results revealed that there is a positiveinterrelationship between online shopping and trust in Nigerian. The study concludes that onlineservice providers need to entrench trust amongst customers and exclude all risk factors thatcould be inimical to the growth and development of online hopping in Nigeria