Goodman Model Research Articles

Uniaxial ratcheting behavior of sintered nanosilver joint for electronic packaging

Uniaxial ratcheting behavior and the fatigue life of sintered nanosilver joint were investigated at room temperature. All tests were carried out under stress-controlled mode. Force–displacement data were recorded during the entire fatigue lifespan by a non-contact displacement detecting system. Effects of stress amplitude, mean stress, stress rate, and stress ratio on the uniaxial ratcheting behavior of the sintered nanosilver joint were discussed. Stress-life (S–N) curves of the sintered joints were also obtained. The Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) model, the Gerber model and the modified Goodman model, all of which took effect of mean stress into consideration, were compared for predicting the fatigue life of the sintered joint. Both the ratcheting strain and its rate increased with increasing stress amplitude or mean stress. The increase in stress amplitude and mean stress both reduced the fatigue life of the sintered joint, while the fatigue life prolonged with the increase in stress rate and stress ratio. The modified Goodman model predicted the fatigue life of the sintered joints well.

Reflective Equilibrium and Moral Consistency Reasoning

It is more than a half-century since Nelson Goodman [1955] applied what we call the Reflective Equilibrium model of justification to the problem of justifying induction, and more than three decades since Rawls [1971] and Daniels [1979] applied celebrated extensions of this model to the problem of justifying principles of social justice. The resulting Wide Reflective Equilibrium model (WRE) is generally thought to capture an acceptable way to reconcile inconsistency between an intuitively plausible general principle and an intuitively plausible judgment about a particular case. Recently a different model for reconciling moral inconsistency has emerged: Moral Consistency Reasoning [Campbell and Kumar 2012, 2013a; Kumar and Campbell 2012; Campbell 2009: 86–7; Campbell and Woodrow 2003; Wong 2002]. MCR applies when two moral judgments give opposing assessments of (what appear to be) relevantly similar particular cases. Though WRE and MCR are strikingly different, each arguably captures a rationally acceptable method for reconciling moral inconsistency. Moreover, as will be shown, they function in complementary ways. Are they parts of a more comprehensive model of moral reasoning in the face of inconsistency that would explain the attractions of each?This essay first spells out the relevant differences between the models and then formulates a more general model of moral reasoning in the face of inconsistency. §1 reviews the emergence of Goodman's model that he offers in the spirit of epistemology naturalized, almost a decade before Quine coined the term [1969a]. §2 analyses six salient features of WRE to be compared with six contrasting features of MCR in §3. §4 presents the general model.

Stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity of microfractured sandstone

SUMMARYA model for the stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity response of fractured rock mass is proposed based on experimental evidence of stress‐dependent fracture normal and shear stiffness. Previously proposed models and previous experimental studies on stress‐dependent fracture stiffness have been reviewed to provide a basis for the new model. Most of the existing stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity models are empirical, with model parameters that do not have clear physical meanings. To propose the new model, the rock mass is assumed to have randomly oriented microscopic fractures. In addition, the characteristic length of microfractures is assumed to be sufficiently short compared to the rock mass dimensions. The macroscopic stress‐dependent elastic wave velocity response is assumed to be attributed to the stress dependency of fracture stiffness. The stress‐dependent fracture normal stiffness is defined as a generalized power law function of effective normal stress, which is a modification of the Goodman's model. On the other hand, the stress dependency of fracture shear stiffness is modeled as a linear function of normal stress based on experimental data. Ultrasonic wave velocity responses of a dry core sample of Berea sandstone were tested at effective stresses ranging from 2 to 55 MPa. Visual observation of thin sections obtained from the Berea sandstone confirms that the assumptions made for microstructure of rock mass model are appropriate. It is shown that the model can describe the stress‐dependent ultrasonic wave velocity responses of dry Berea sandstone with a set of reasonable material parameter values. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Speckle statistical properties of Gaussian beam from a semi-rough target in the atmospheric turbulence

Based on extended Huygens–Fresnel principle and Goodman model for target surface, analytic expression is developed for the mutual coherent function (MCF) of a reflected Gaussian-beam from a semi-rough target in single-pass atmospheric turbulence. Then according to the MCF we derive expression about the mean intensity and average speckle size at the receiver. The analysis indicates that the mean intensity is closely related to the ratio of root mean square (rms) height to the lateral correlation length; in addition, the speckle size is associated with turbulence strength and roughness of target. Our results agree with well-known the limiting cases of perfectly smooth and Lambertian target.

Empirical and mathematical formulation of the shear behavior of rock joints

In this paper, an empirical model based on an earlier model by Goodman and laboratory investigations of the shear behavior of limestone rock joints are presented. For developing such a model, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out on joint specimens under constant normal load (CNL). The model of shear behavior consists of two non-linear parts; the initial section includes the onset of shearing to the peak shear strength and the post-peak covering the behavior to the end of the shear test. Input data to the model include the peak and residual strength at the corresponding shear displacements. The proposed model shows very good agreement with the laboratory results and is capable of predicting the shear behavior of rock joints. Following the development of the empirical model, the investigations focused on the model by Saeb and Amadei (1992) and a mathematical model was proposed to consider both the shear and normal stiffness behavior of rock joints under constant normal stress and conditions. In this study, the proposed mathematical model was based on the aforesaid empirical model instead of the Goodman model. The capability of the proposed mathematical model to predict the behavior of rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions was assessed using the laboratory results reported by Seidel and Haberfield (2002a,b). The model showed good correlation with the experimental data.

Tra dinamiche territoriali e voto personale: le elezioni comunali 2012 a Palermo

The 2012 municipal election in Palermo produced an unexpected outcome. In the Sicilian city - for a long time a conservative stronghold- the center-right candidate, Massimo Costa did not succeed to reach the second ballot and the election was won by the former Major Leoluca Orlando, supported by a radical left coalition. Orlando prevailed with a sensational 72% of the vote share against the winner of the center-left primary elections, Fabrizio Ferrandelli.
 What happened in the 2012 Palermo municipal election? Did the Sicilian capital move suddenly toward the left? Which factors fostered this sharp and unpredictable electoral change that altered the long-time-established political landscape of the City?
 To answer these questions, this article analyzes the results of the 2012 municipal election in Palermo through an electoral geography approach and the use of a quantitative methodology with ecological data. In particular, the article makes use of both the territorial study of turnout and elections results and the voting ecological estimates generated with the traditional Goodman model.
 The empirical analysis shows that this election was strongly influenced by factors linked to the local context more than by authentically political ones. In other words, Palermo did not move toward the left. Moreover, the internal electoral segmentation of the City between central and peripheral neighborhoods persisted as the main determinant of the vote choice.

Estimating floating voters: a comparison between the ecological inference and the survey methods

There are two main approaches to estimating the proportion of the electorate who are floating voters: the survey method and the ecological estimate method. Both the methods have their advantages and their problems. The main difficulties with the survey method are the coverage of the sample and the problems introduced by reliance on the quality of memory of the subjects. Ecological estimates have different problems, the principal of which is known as the ecological fallacy. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the survey and ecological estimates of voter swing between two elections are significantly different. For this purpose I will consider the 2006 and 2008 Italian Parliamentary elections. Given the short temporal gap between these two elections, both the methods should give reliable estimates, as the shorter the time between the two elections, the fewer the problems which will be encountered by subjects recalling the party they voted for in the previous one, and the fewer the changes which will have taken place in the composition of the population between the two elections. The ecological data I will employ comprise all the votes cast in both of the elections under consideration (2006 and 2008), at the polling station level. In Italy there are about 60,000 polling stations, and I will analyse the data from these using the Goodman Model. The survey data has been provided by Italian National Election Studies (ITANES), and consists of a large representative sample, obtained by interviews conducted by CATI.

Origins of Stereoselectivities in Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Allylborations and Propargylations of Aldehydes

The chiral BINOL-phosphoric acid catalyzed allylboration and propargylation reactions are studied with density functional theory (B3LYP and B3LYP-D3). Two different models were recently proposed for these reactions by Goodman and our group, respectively. In Goodman's model for allylborations, the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudoaxial oxygen. By contrast, our model for propargylations predicts that the catalyst interacts with the boronate pseudoequatorial oxygen. In both models, the phosphoric acid stabilizes the transition state by forming a strong hydrogen bond with the oxygen of the boronate and is oriented by a formyl hydrogen bond (Goodman model) and by other electrostatic attractions in our model. Both of these models have now been reinvestigated for both allylborations and propargylations. For the most effective catalyst for these reactions, the lowest energy transition state corresponds to Goodman's axial model, while the best transition state leading to the minor enantiomer involves the equatorial model. The high enantioselectivity observed with only the bulkiest catalyst arises from the steric interactions between the substrates and the bulky groups on the catalyst, and the resulting necessity for distortion of the catalyst in the disfavored transition state.

Elettori in movimento nelle comunali 2011 a Milano, Torino e Napoli

In 2011 Italian local elections we observed high electoral mobility: in Milan, for example, the center-left gained his first-time victory in the Berlusconi era, while in Naples there was a significant split voting in the first round and a huge turnaround between the first and the second ballot. A general research question emerged: are the shifts in the results understandable trough a left-right axis (political nature hypothesis of these elections) or were there cross-cutting mechanisms (local nature hypothesis of the elections with a strong role of personal aspects)?To answer the question we analyze the voting ecological estimates in the three biggest cities involved in 2011 elections: Milan, Naples and Turin. For every matrix we generated the estimates both applying the traditional Goodman model (for the whole city and splitting by district) and the hierarchical multinomial-dirichlet model developed by Rosen, Jiang, King and Taner.The most important result of our study is the strong political polarization of the vote in the two northern cities and a great importance of the local factors in Naples, where only a dominant role of the candidates can make sense of the detected shifts in voting behaviour.

The Radical Status Factor (RSF): a novel metric to characterize skin products

A scale of skin treatments is analysed, which bases on the detection of UV-generated free radicals in pig skin. Physiological and anatomical similarities between man and pig made this animal a good model for man in many research areas. The determination of the Radical Status (free radical response) offers the possibility to see in an early stage the effect of exterior and interior influences. The detection of the skin's response after a normalized radical generation by defined UV dose combined with the application of external and internal influences enables a comprehensive and easy classification of skin products and therapies. The effect of substances, especially, applied topically on the skin, like it is usual in cosmetics and pharmacy, can be classified. The relevance of the RSF method is demonstrated with the application of numerous different treatments on the skin.

Application of the Modified Goodman Model in Soil Nailing

AbstractSoil nailing is an in situ soil reinforcement technique used for enhancing the stability of slopes, retaining walls, and excavations. Nails work predominantly in tension, but may also work in bending and/or shear under certain circumstances. To accurately simulate the interaction mechanism between soil mass and nails, it is necessary to study the behavior of their contact interface. The Goodman element is one of the interface elements used extensively in geotechnical contact problems. However, larger normal stiffness values are needed in the application of the Goodman element, which often leads to larger numerical error. In this paper, the Goodman element model was modified by adding two rotational degrees of freedom. Then, a finite-element program was written based on the modified Goodman element model and was applied in analyzing a foundation pit. Compared with the actual monitoring results, it shows that the modified Goodman element model developed in this paper is reasonable and feasible.

Metabolomics Reveals Relationship between Plasma Inositols and Birth Weight: Possible Markers for Fetal Programming of Type 2 Diabetes

Epidemiological studies in man and with experimental animal models have shown that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting in low birth weight is associated with higher risk of programming welfare diseases in later life. In the pig, severe IUGR occurs naturally and contribute substantially to a large intralitter variation in birth weight and may therefore be a good model for man. In the present paper the natural form of IUGR in pigs was studied close to term by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-)based metabolomics. The NMR-based investigations revealed different metabolic profiles of plasma samples from low-birth weight (LW) and high-birth weight (HW) piglets, respectively, and differences were assigned to levels of glucose and myo-inositol. Further studies by GC-MS revealed that LW piglets had a significant higher concentration of myoinositol and D-chiro-inositol in plasma compared to larger littermates. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol have been coupled with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adults, and the present paper therefore suggests that IUGR is related to impaired glucose metabolism during fetal development, which may cause type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man?

The consequences of early-life nutritional programming in man and other mammalian species have been studied chiefly at the metabolic level. Very few studies, if any, have been performed in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as the target organ, but extensive GIT studies are needed since the GIT plays a key role in nutrient supply and has an impact on functions of the entire organism. The possible deleterious effects of nutritional programming at the metabolic level were discovered following epidemiological studies in human subjects, and confirmed in animal models. Investigating the impact of programming on GIT structure and function would need appropriate animal models due to ethical restrictions in the use of human subjects. The aim of the present review is to discuss the use of pigs as an animal model as a compromise between ethically acceptable animal studies and the requirement of data which can be interpolated to the human situation. In nutritional programming studies, rodents are the most frequently used model for man, but GIT development and digestive function in rodents are considerably different from those in man. In that aspect, the pig GIT is much closer to the human than that of rodents. The swine species is closely comparable with man in many nutritional and digestive aspects, and thus provides ample opportunity to be used in investigations on the consequences of nutritional programming for the GIT. In particular, the 'sow-piglets' dyad could be a useful tool to simulate the 'human mother-infant' dyad in studies which examine short-, middle- and long-term effects and is suggested as the reference model.

The Effects of Food on the Dissolution of Poorly Soluble Drugs in Human and in Model Small Intestinal Fluids

This study was conducted to determine the effect of food on drug solubility and dissolution rate in simulated and real human intestinal fluids (HIF). Dissolution rate obtained via the rotating disk method and saturation solubility studies were carried out in fed and fasted state HIF, fed dog (DIF), and simulated (FeSSIF) intestinal fluid for six aprotic low solubility drugs. The intestinal fluids were characterized with respect to physical-chemical characteristics and contents. Fed HIF provided a 3.5- to 30-times higher solubility compared to fasted HIF and FeSSIF, whereas fed DIF corresponded well (difference of less than 30%) to fed HIF. The increased solubility of food could mainly be attributed to dietary lipids and bile acids. The dissolution rate was also 2 to 7 times higher in fed HIF than fasted HIF. This was well predicted by both DIF and FeSSIF (difference of less than 30%). Intestinal solubility is higher in fed state compared to fasted state. However, the dissolution rate does not increase to the same extent. Dog seems to be a good model for man with respect to dissolution in the small intestine after intake of a meal, whereas FeSSIF is a poorer means of determining intestinal saturation solubility in the fed state.

A new numerical method for dem¿block and particle model

As pointed out in Jing and Hudson’s 2002 review paper on numerical methods in rock mechanics, the distinct element method (DEM) is one of the important numerical methods for simulating the mechanical properties of rock masses. Many researchers have paid attention to block deformation and failure in DEM. The updated DEM can be classified into two types: one is the particle model; and the other is the block model. This paper describes the development of a new numerical model, the block and particle model (BPM), to simulate both continuous and discontinuous deformations of rock masses. Both elastic deformation and failure of blocks can be described in this model. The model assumes that a rock mass consists of blocks and each block is formed by particles arranged in a specific way (see Fig. 1), thus formulating a combination of a block model and a particle model. In this model, blocks and particles are connected by springs. Between blocks, there are three springs for adjacent particles: one is a uniaxial spring and the other two are transverse springs. One block has 25 particles. One of the particles is in the center of the cube and the other 24 particles lie in the midpoint between the face center and the four corner points. Spring groups connect these particles. This paper also describes the development of the forces in a block and between blocks and their spring stiffness. The rigidity coefficient of springs between blocks generates the mechanical characteristics of joints in the rock mass. They can be obtained by material tests or wave methods by means of the Goodman model. The rigidity coefficient of springs between particles depends on the characteristics of deformation and failure of a block. The block is cubic and uniform deformation is studied in this model. We assume that the displacement of each particle in a cube block is equal to the displacement of the same position point of the elastic block under the same and known loading; thus, nine equilibrium equations are obtained for each particle. Solving these equations, nine rigidity coefficients can be determined. These coefficients are the function for elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Furthermore, a new failure criterion is suggested for the block failure. This model is verified by an example of rock masses under uniaxial loading. It is shown that numerical results agree well with theoretical ones and laboratory tests, not only for the deformation process but also for the failure process.

Static and Dynamic Percolations in Relation to the Ionic Conduction and the Electrochromic Effect in Glasses

An attempt is made to determine theoretically the critical concentration for a phase transition, i.e., the static-percolation threshold, in glasses. The estimates obtained in the framework of the structural Goodman model are in good agreement with experimental data on the electronic and ionic conductivities. The percolation processes are investigated in a planar system based on a WO3 film. It is demonstrated that stationary percolation in the film structure is of little importance, whereas dynamic percolation, namely, the fractal displacement of the region with purely protonic conduction by the electrochromic coloration region, manifests itself in the porous medium.

The Percolation Concept of Glass Structure in Relation to the Electrochromic Effect

The electrochromic effect is studied in glasses of the WO3–P2O5–Li2O system. It is found that there is a critical WO3 concentration (x c ∼ 0.15) below which the electrochromic effect is not observed. In the framework of the percolation theory, the critical concentration that corresponds to the threshold of the formation of a continuous electron-conducting network is too small to be appropriate for the network with an octahedral structure. This concentration can be explained in terms of the structural model of closely packed spheres, which is very similar to the structural Goodman model. The Goodman model offers a satisfactory explanation of both the formation of infinite (V–O–V or Bi–O–Bi) chains and a manifestation of the electrochromic effect at a low metal (V or Bi) oxide content of 1 mol %.

Investigating the role of context in learning to read: a direct test of Goodman's model.

The much discussed 'whole language' or 'real books' approach to children's reading is based on a theory which makes two quite separate predictions: (1) that children will read difficult words more successfully in context than in isolation, and (2) that contextual experience of words will lead to greater improvements in word reading than isolated experience of words. We report a study which tests both predictions and supports the first but not the second.

System as metaphor in the psychology and biology of shame.

Biological theories of brain and psychological theories of mind are two systems of explanation that seem related to one another. The nature of the relationship is problematic and constitutes the age-old mind-body problem. The most prominent solutions currently are variations of materialism. While psychological theories can be consistent with materialism, there remains a difficulty in comprehending nonphysical (social, psychological) causes of physical effects. This difficulty is an obstacle to integration in psychiatry, where we routinely assume that illnesses that include or depend on biological dysfunction are caused multifactorially by causal agents such as perceived parental warmth, parental loss, stressful life events, genetics, and personality (Hammen et al. 1992; Kendler et al. 1993). Unity theory adopts the stance that neurobiological theories and psychological theories are essentially disparate explanations of the same psychobiological events; thus the relationship of mind to brain is one of shared reference (Goodman 1991; Maunder 1995). In Goodman's model the gap between biological and psychological systems is not bridgeable. Different conceptual categories refer to the same referents but cannot interact with each other. Stepping into the breach, systems theory has been presented as offering a language that can bridge the gap between psychological and biological theories of causation (Schwartz 1981; Weiner 1989). Thus, there is a controversy about the applicability of systems theory for integration in psychiatry.

Cross-Level Inference.

In the last few years, new disputes have erupted over the use of group averages from census areas or voting districts to draw inferences about individual social behaviour. Social scientists, policy analysts and historians often have little choice about using this kind of data, but statistical analysis of them is fraught with pitfalls. The recent debates have led to a new menu of choices for the applied researcher. This volume explains why older methods like ecological regression so often fail, and it examines the promising new techniques for cross-level inference. Experts in statistical analysis of aggregate data, Christopher H. Achen and W. Phillips Shively, contend that cross-level inference makes unusually strong demands on substantive knowledge, so that no one method, such as Goodman's ecological regression, will fit all situations. Criticizing Goodman's model and some recent attempts to replace it, the authors argue for a range of alternate techniques, including extensions of cross-tabular, regression analysis and unobservable variable estimators.