Good Water Research Articles

Properties of polyamide epichlorohydrin resin‐modified wood fibers/soybean straw powder copolymerization enhanced soy protein biomass composites

AbstractThe biomass composites were prepared by hot molding with a pressure of 10 MPa, a temperature of 125 °C, a time of 15 minutes using soybean straw powder, poplar wood fibers, and soy protein as raw materials. The effects of different straw species, the ratio of soybean straw powder to poplar wood fibers, the particle size of soybean straw powder, and the theoretical density on the performance of biomass composites were investigated. The experimental results show that under the condition that the ratio of soybean straw powder and poplar wood fibers is 1 : 1, 20 mesh to 40 mesh soybean straw powder and 20 mesh to 60 mesh wood fibers are selected to copolymerize and strengthen the soy protein biomass composites when the theoretical density is 0.80 g/cm3, the actual density of the biomass composites is 0.90 g/cm3, the tensile strength was up to 22.04 MPa, and the bending strength was up to 44.92 MPa. Biomass composites have good water resistance while obtaining excellent mechanical properties. The above figures not only meet the relevant technical requirements of automotive interior parts but also enable the lightweight design of automobiles and the sustainable development concept of green, low carbon, and environmental protection.

Study on environmental characteristics of sustainable biomimetic soil preparation and its application in gangue reclamation

To address the key challenges in achieving large-scale ecological reclamation of coal gangue in situ, this study utilized loess from a mining area in Northwest China to prepare a biomimetic soil. A new inorganic curing agent (ISA) was developed using coal-based solid waste and cement. The study investigates the influence of different ISA dosages and their interaction with Polyacrylamide (PAM) on the environmental characteristics of biomimetic soil, including geotechnical, ecological, and heavy metal stabilization properties. Results indicate that the addition of ISA significantly enhanced the geotechnical performance of the in-situ soil, with unconfined compressive strength exceeding 350 kPa when ISA content was above 6 %. Soil evaporation experiments and soil water characteristic curve tests demonstrated that a 6 % ISA dosage combined with 0.05 ‰ PAM could maintain soil's good water retention capability while preserving a bimodal pore structure. The biomimetic soil exhibited effective stabilization of heavy metals, including Pb, Zn, Cu, and As. The particles of PAM and the hydration products of ISA not only filled soil pores and increased soil strength but also adsorbed, encapsulated, and immobilized heavy metals. “Biomimetic soil-gangue” leaching test results confirmed that the gangue samples treated with biomimetic soil met the standards for Class III underground water in China regarding heavy metal leaching values. This study provides an effective solution for the large-scale in-situ disposal and resource utilization of gangue in Northwestern mining areas of China.

Evaluation of groundwater quality in communities near Sokoban Wood Village

Groundwater is vital for drinking, agriculture, and domestic use in Sokoban Wood Village, Ghana, but concerns exist about its quality. This study assessed the suitability of 20 groundwater samples for domestic purposes. The study was carried out in 2023. We collected samples from boreholes and hand-dug wells using standard methods, analyzing them for various physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrates, fluorides, and heavy metals). The microbiological analysis assessed fecal coliforms and E. Coli to identify microbial contamination. Established methodologies were used to evaluate potential health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) associated with heavy metals. The Water Quality Index (WQI), Hazard Potential Index (HPI), and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) provided a comprehensive water quality evaluation. The results revealed that the water fell below the recommended WHO pH range for drinking water. While most other parameters and heavy metals fell within WHO guidelines, 25 % of the samples contained fecal coliforms and E. Coli, indicating ongoing microbial contamination. The overall cancer risk was low for all age groups. Although some parameters met WHO standards, the WQI classified 20 % of the samples as not of good quality. Despite this, the HPI and HEI (−4.62 and 0.001) suggested generally good water quality based on heavy metal content. In conclusion, despite some positive indicators, acidic water and microbial contamination raise concerns. Regular monitoring and potential treatment measures are crucial to ensure safe drinking water for the Sokoban Wood Village community.

The influence of multi-scale tough liquid fiber toughening agent on the mechanical properties of oil well cement-based composite materials

Cementing is a key process in drilling engineering, and the cement sheath in cementing can sometime have problems such as significant brittleness, low toughness, and low resistance to impact damage, especially in perforation and fracturing environments where the cement sheath is more susceptible to damage. In response to the above issues, three types of inorganic carbon fibers, including 1 mm carbon fiber, 2 mm carbon fiber, and nanocarbon fiber, were studied indoors to investigate the influence of their ratios on the mechanical properties of cement paste. The optimal mixture of 1 mm carbon fiber, 2 mm carbon fiber, and nanocarbon fiber in a ratio of 3:2:1 was selected, and a multi-scale liquid fiber toughening agent BS-54 was obtained through special liquefaction process treatment. The liquid fiber toughening agent BS-54 has good water dispersibility and can evenly disperse in the slurry water, effectively improving the dispersion and addition of multi-scale fibers in cement slurry. The cement slurry prepared with multi-scale dispersed liquid fiber toughening agent has good rheological properties, water loss, and thickening properties. The addition of multi-scale dispersed liquid fiber toughening agent to cement slurry significantly increases the tensile strength, impact strength, and compressive strength of cement paste, effectively reduces the elastic modulus of cement paste, improves the strength of cement paste, and achieves toughening effect. Microscopic analysis shows that the active nanoparticles dispersed by multi-scale dispersed liquid fiber toughening agents can interweave between gaps, and the dense cross-linked structure formed by their multi-scale micro nano structure improves the toughness and strength of cement slurry. Moreover, the multi-scale dispersed liquid fiber toughening agent cement slurry ensures that the cement stone sample has good integrity under external impact, which is conducive to improving the impact resistance of the cement stone.

Effect of water vapor on low temperature SCR performances over Cu and Mn-based catalysts: A comparison study

In this study, the commonly used Cu or Mn-based low-temperature SCR catalysts were employed to investigate their different reaction behaviors in the presence of high-content water vapor. Experimental results reveal that CuCeTi sample possesses superior water resistance at low temperature compared with MnCeTi catalyst. Upon the introduction of water vapor, both catalysts exhibit a quick loss in deNOx efficiency, while that is more pronounced on MnCeTi sample. In addition, unlike CuCeTi sample, MnCeTi catalyst also shows a gradual deactivation tendency after initial quick activity loss. Characterization and simulation results indicate that H2O is more easily adsorbed and dissociated on MnCeTi catalyst, showing stronger suppression on NH3 adsorption, causing more serious initial deactivation. Furthermore, more abundant hydroxyl groups derived from dissociative adsorption of water on MnCeTi catalyst will lead to more NH4NO3 deposition and the decrease in redox capacity. This is the main reason of gradual deactivation of MnCeTi catalyst at high-content water vapor. Such findings could pave a new way for development of highly efficient SCR catalysts with good water resistance for real application.

The Influence of Environmental Hygiene Factors and Water Consumption on Diarrhea: A Literature Review

Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups and regions in the world. Environmental factors and drinking water are risk factors for diarrhea. it is important to examine the influence of environmental hygiene factors and drinking water on the incidence of diarrhea. Therefore, this study presents information regarding the influence of environmental cleanliness and drinking water on diarrhea by reviewing empirical studies in previous and current research. In order to identify the influence of environmental cleanliness and drinking water factors on the incidence of diarrhea, a review of literature collected from the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar databases in English and Indonesian was carried out. Literature taken from the last 10 years, namely from 2014 to 2024 and in the form of full text publications. Environmental sanitation factors and good drinking water play an important role in determining how susceptible a person is to gastroenteritis or diarrhea. The availability of clean drinking water is the most important factor in preventing diarrhea. Lack of clean water has emerged as one of the main factors causing diarrhea. Access to proper and clean drinking water is obtained from protected drinking water sources, including tap water (taps), public hydrants, public taps, water terminals, rainwater reservoirs or protected springs and wells, drilled wells/pumps that are at least a distance away 10 meters from waste disposal facilities can prevent diarrhea.

Impact of an educational intervention on water, sanitation and hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices in early childhood development centres in low-socio-economic areas in the Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa.

Good water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) enhance healthy living and safe environments for child development. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on WASH status, knowledge, attitudes and practices in early child development (ECD) centres in low socio-economic areas in the Nelson Mandela Bay in 2021. This quasi-experimental, one group, pre-post-test study elicited responses from 51 ECD practitioners (1 per ECD centre). Telephonic structured knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) questionnaires were used. KAP was good among participants. The educational intervention significantly improved mean knowledge (p<0.001, 95% CI: 0.58-1.11) attitudes (p<0.001, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67) and practices (p = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.20-0.74). WASH knowledge was significantly impacted by toilet facilities ventilation status (p = 0.083) while WASH attitudes scores were significantly impacted by ventilation where the potties are kept (p = 0.041). WASH practice scores were significantly impacted by across the bush/field (no facility) (p = 0.021) and plastic potties usage (p = 0.057). The educational intervention significantly improved WASH-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among ECD practitioners. WASH conditions in the ECD centres in the study area require additional interventions targeted to sustainable strategies to enhance behavioural modifications for acceptability and sustainability of intervention strategies.

Investigation and Evaluation of Aquiferous Zones Within Orlu and Its Environs, Using a Geo-electrical and Physiochemical Approach

This study investigated the suitability of drinking water in Orlu, Nigeria, facing challenges due to limited surface water availability and environmental deterioration. To solve the problem of the availability of portable water, electrical resistivity surveys using a Schlumberger array were conducted to identify potential groundwater resources. Twelve locations were assessed, revealing resistivity values indicative of potential aquifers. Following the geophysical survey, the physicochemical properties of water samples collected from various locations were analyzed. Parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and minerals were evaluated against WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards. The analysis indicated generally good water quality across the sampling sites. pH levels were within the recommended range, and DO concentrations met the minimum requirements. Similarly, TDS and BOD values suggested low levels of organic matter and dissolved solids. Mineral content also remained below WHO-permissible limits. A Water Quality Index further confirmed that the water quality within the study area can be graded from good to excellent in quality. These findings suggest that the groundwater resources identified in the study hold promise for providing safe drinking water in Orlu and its environs.

Lysozyme functionalized silver nanoclusters as a dual channel optical sensor for the effective determination of glutathione

This article describes the development of a facile and efficient fluorescence sensor for the determination of glutathione (GSH). Presence of the antioxidant glutathione in blood serum is considered as a biomarker for catastrophe like colorectal cancer. Silver nanoclusters with strong fluorescence and good water solubility synthesized from relatively cheaper precursors are one of the species very much explored in fluorescence sensors and bioimaging. Here, Chicken egg derived-lysozyme functionalized silver nanoclusters (Lyz AgNCs) with red fluorescence emission has been synthesized and developed to a turn-off fluorescence sensor for GSH through which colorimetric determination is also possible. Due to the ground state ‘Ag–S’ interaction between Lyz AgNCs and GSH, the determination of the analyte is possible from 1.00 × 10−5 M to 1.00 × 10−6 M via fluorimetric and from 9.00 × 10−6 to 8.00 × 10−7 M via spectrophotometric techniques with a limit of detection 2.86 × 10−7 M and 4.76 × 10−7 M, respectively. Selectivity of the sensor has been studied and applicability of the sensor in artificial blood serum samples has been demonstrated.

Matching of Water Breakthroughs in a Low-Resistivity Oil Reservoir Using Permeability Anisotropy

In a mature middle and lower Gharif field in Oman, uncertainties surrounding initial water saturation and early water breakthroughs of unknown sources and paths suggest the presence of significant bypassed oil. In order to determine the areas with remaining oil, petrophysical and logging data of seven wells were processed using Techlog software and imported into Petrel software for modelling and simulation. Porosity was calculated using the Electric Propagation Time log and was utilized to evaluate the presence of oil, particularly in the upper tight zone of the formation. Despite the low resistivity readings in the highly porous layers, caused by good network connectivity and high formation water salinity, the resistivity contrast was sufficient to differentiate them from the oil zone. However, the calculated water saturation (Sw) in the tight top oil zone was high, consistent with the observed water production in the field. To improve the match between production data and simulation results, sensitivity analyses were conducted on various permeability anisotropy and relative permeability values within the model. The analyses showed that core-derived permeability anisotropy (vertical to horizontal ratio of 1:1) yielded a better history match for water production compared to the conventionally used value of 1:10. Water saturation maps were generated at the start and the end of production to highlight saturation distribution within the reservoirs. The maps revealed that in the lower porous part, the oil was fully depleted around the wells but remained trapped in the undrilled areas.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Behavior and Clean Water Facilities with the Incidence of Diarrhea in Toddlers

Diarrhea is still the second cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five in Indonesia. Data from Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2013 showed that the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Indonesia was 6.7%, a similar figure was also found in West Nusa Tenggara Province at 6.6%. Several factors are related to the incidence of diarrhea, namely exclusive breastfeeding and clean water facilities. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and clean water facilities with the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers in Selagalas Village, the working area of the Cakranegara Community Health Center. The research design was cross sectional on 104 toddlers conducted in 3 selected environments in Selagalas Village. Data was collected by structured interviews using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data were analyzed bivariately with Stata SE 12.1. The results of this research were that 67 (64.42%) toddlers had experienced diarrhea. The variable related to the incidence of diarrhea is clean water facilities. There is no significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea. The importance of providing good and adequate clean water facilities, especially for mothers in caring for children.

Bioinspired green fabricating design of ultra-breathable and moisture wicking fabric via a sustainable route

Functional textiles with breathability, thermal conductivity and moisture wicking performance are critical to achieving human comfort and reducing energy consumption. However, conventional finishing processes used for fabricating moisture wicking fabrics are usually highly polluting and exhibit poor durability as well as low recyclability, which may be detrimental to environmental sustainability. Inspired by the shorebird's beak with a conical-shaped liquid pathway for transporting liquid drops, a novel biomimetic porous fabric is proposed by using natural cotton fibers through industrial and eco-friendly knitting technology, featuring ultra-breathability, thermal conductivity and moisture wicking properties. Moreover, the effects of the pore size and arrangement on the thermal conductivity and air resistance are investigated. Obvious linearities can be obtained (R2 = 0.99). In addition, the synergistic effects of basic pore and biomimetic pore can create surface energy gradients, which result in the asymmetric pressure and water transport. As a result, when the biomimetic pore distances are 3 mm and 5 mm, respectively, high linearities of 0.99 between biomimetic pore diameter and the wicking height can be found. More importantly, the resultant biomimetic pore fabric exhibits good water absorption rate of 350%, an outstanding water vapor transmission (>10000 g/m2/24 h) and high recyclability. The green fabricating design of biomimetic porous fabric opens up a pathway to develop air, thermal, moisture regulating fabric through a sustainable route for more diverse applications, e.g., athletic apparel, industrial workwear and medical garments.

A study to evaluate WASH interventions and risk factors of diarrhoea among children under five years, Anloga district, Ghana: A research protocol.

Good Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices, introduction of Rotavirus vaccination, zinc supplementation and improved nutrition have contributed significantly to the reduction of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality globally by 50%. In spite of these gains, diarrhoea still remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under-five. Causes of diarrhoea are multifaceted with many factors such as seasonality, behaviour, pathogenicity, epidemiology, etc. However, assessments on the causes of diarrhoea have generally been tackled in silos over the years focusing only on particular causes. In this study, we describe an integrated approach (evaluating WASH interventions implantation processes, assessing epidemiolocal risk factors, and identifying pathogens causing diarrhoea) for assessing determinants of diarrhoea. The study has ethical approval from the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee (GHSERC:020/07/22). It will employ three approaches; a process evaluation and a case-control study and laboratory analysis of diarrhoea samples. The process evaluation will assess the detailed procedures taken by the Anloga district to implement WASH interventions. A desk review and qualitative interviews with WASH stakeholders purposively sampled will be done. The evaluation will provide insight into bottlenecks in the implementation processes. Transcribed interviews will be analysed thematically and data triangulated with reviews. A 1:1 unmatched case-control study with 206 cases and 206 controls to determine risk factors associated with diarrhoea in children under-five will also be done. Odds ratios at 5.0% significance level would be calculated. Stool samples of cases will be taken and tested for diarrhoea pathogens using Standard ELISA and TAQMAN Array Card laboratory procedures. It is expected that this framework proposed would become one of the robust approaches for assessing public health community interventions for diseases. Through the process evaluation, epidemiological case-control study and pathogen identification, we would be able to identify the gaps in the current diarrhoea assessments, come up with tailored recommendations considering the existing risk and assumptions and involve the relevant stakeholders in reducing the diarrhoea burden in a coastal setting in Ghana.

Rapid detection and differentiation of chlortetracycline and tetracycline by N,P-Ti3C2 QDs

Ti3C2 QDs with good water solubility and photoluminescence properties was prepared by nitrogen and phosphorus doping (N,P-Ti3C2 QDs). The probe has a fluorescence emission peak at 420 nm and emits bright blue fluorescence, which can distinguish and detect two antibiotics with similar structures, chlortetracycline (CTC) and tetracycline (TC). The fluorescence enhancement effect can be realized by the interaction with CTC. The linear range is 2–22 μM, and the detection limit is as low as 0.53 μM. And the change of fluorescent color from bright blue to bright purple can be observed with the naked eye. At the same time, with the addition of TC, the fluorescence of N,P-Ti3C2 QDs can be quenched by static quenching effect, and the fluorescence color changes from bright blue to yellowish green. The detection range is 4.1–20.5 μM, and the detection limit is as low as 0.16 μM.Therefore, on this basis, a strategy for simultaneous detection and recognition of CTC and TC is proposed. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of CTC and TC in milk samples. This paper provides a new detection method for the identification of tetracycline antibiotics and taps the application potential of Ti3C2 QDs in food detection.

Study on Plant-blanket to reduce heavy metal migration caused by precipitation and to improve the soil environment of pyritic tailings

The increasing demand for mineral resources due to industrial development has led to significant tailings pollution during the mineral extraction process. In the southwestern region of China, a large amount of pyritic tailings containing pyrite cinder easily leaches heavy metals and other pollutants when exposed to precipitation, resulting in widespread soil contamination. Effective remediation methods are urgently needed to address this issue. This study utilized naturally occurring Plant-blanket formed by the symbiosis of moss and herbaceous plants on pyritic tailings as restoration material. Through leaching experiments and staining tracer techniques, the study investigated the ability of Plant-blanket to reduce the migration of heavy metals from pyrite cinder to soil under the influence of precipitation and its role in improving the soil environment. The results showed that within 12 h, the Plant-blanket could absorb water equivalent to 206.9 % of its own weight and had good water retention ability. It reduced the stained area ratio of soil horizontal and vertical profiles after precipitation leaching by a maximum of 76.08 % and 46.41 %, respectively, and improved the pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, and water content of soil at different depths. In addition, after being covered by Plant-blanket, the migration of Cd and Cu was reduced by a maximum of 44.35 % and 55.77 % respectively, and it increased the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities, promoting the recovery of soil microbial ecological functions. These findings indicate that Plant-blanket can regulate water and improve soil environment, and has certain control ability on the migration of Cd and Cu produced by pyritic tailings. Meanwhile, Plant-blanket plays an important role in improving the soil environment in mining areas and promoting ecosystem restoration, providing valuable reference for further exploration of ecological restoration of tailings.

Evaluation of Skid Resistance and Comfort of Pedestrian Pavement with Asphalt-Based Wood Chip

This paper conducts an in-depth study and evaluation of pedestrian paths, with a particular focus on the anti-slip performance and walking comfort of wooden chip pedestrian walkways. Through controlled experiments, a comparative analysis was performed between wooden chip pedestrian walkways and ordinary paved brick walkways. The experimental results indicate that under dry conditions, the anti-slip performance of various road surfaces is good. However, in wet environments, the anti-slip performance of paved brick roads deteriorates significantly. In contrast, wooden chip pedestrian walkways, especially those mixed with asphalt and wood chips, exhibit excellent anti-slip properties and comfort. Additionally, the study reveals that the comfort of wooden chip pedestrian walkways is significantly better than that of paved brick walkways, and the comfort of asphalt materials is slightly better than emulsified asphalt. It is worth mentioning that fine wood chips provide less comfort than coarse wood chips. Although reducing the thickness can enhance comfort, considering the service life of the road, a thickness of 4–6 cm is most suitable. Finally, asphalt and wooden chip mixtures with coarse wood chips possess good water permeability, making them suitable for permeable drainage pavement designs, effectively reducing road surface water accumulation.

Zwitterion-Modified MXene Quantum Dot as a Nanocarrier for Traditional Chinese Medicine Sanguinarine Delivery and Its Application for Photothermal-Chemotherapy Synergistic Antibacterial and Wound Healing.

The nanomaterialization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has aroused widespread interest among researchers. Sanguinarine (SAN) is a kind of TCM with good antibacterial properties, which has important applications in anti-infection of wounds. Additionally, the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy can overcome bacterial resistance, further improving bactericidal and wound healing efficiency. In this paper, we prepared an antibacterial agent by loading SAN on the zwitterion-modified MXene quantum dot nanocarrier (SAN@AHEP@Ta4C3), realizing pH/NIR controlled drug release and photothermal/chemotherapy synergistic antibacterial and wound healing. The particle size of SAN@AHEP@Ta4C3 is about 120 nm, and it has a good water solubility and stability. In addition, it also has excellent photothermal conversion performance (η = 39.2%), which can effectively convert light energy into heat energy under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, further promoting drug release and achieving bactericidal effects by synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. The in vitro and in vivo experiments show that SAN@AHEP@Ta4C3 exhibits an excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and it can effectively promote the wound healing of mice. Moreover, the SAN@AHEP@Ta4C3 also has good biocompatibility and has no side effects on normal tissue and organs. This work introduces a multifunctional antibacterial agent based on TCM and hot-spot material MXene, which will have considerable application prospects in biomedical fields.

Dinoflagellate composition and environmental conditions in the Xuan Dai Bay, South-Central Vietnam

The dinoflagellate community was investigated in association with environmental factors using a data set in April 2021 and April 2022 in Xuan Dai Bay, South-Central Viet Nam. Environmental variables, including physical parameters and dissolved inorganic nutrients, were measured in April 2022. Seventy-three dinoflagellate taxa were identified for Xuan Dai Bay. There was a significant difference in the number and abundance of dinoflagellates between two parts of the bay, the upper and lower bay. The study showed that dinoflagellates favored an area with good water exchange and were less affected by aquaculture activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the relative abundances of different phytoplankton groups, their diversity indices, and environmental variables at the surface and bottom layers of the two parts of the bay. The results showed that dinoflagellates correlated to physical parameters (e.g., PAR, salinity, temperature) at the surface layer and nutrients at the bottom layer. Dinoflagellates and diatoms are mixotrophic and strongly correlated at the bottom layer in Xuan Dai Bay. This strong relationship in the bay was because of the dominance of a heterotrophic genus, Protoperidinium. The present study provided characteristics of the dinoflagellates in Xuan Dai Bay and the possible impacts of environmental parameters on their abundance. The results can be used for further studies and possibly managing of dinoflagellate blooms in coastal waters.

Exploring the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 to Design a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine against COVID-19 Based on Immunoinformatics Approaches.

Developing a novel COVID-19 multi-epitope vaccine (CoVMEV) is essential to containing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The virus's immunodominant B and T cell epitopes from the S protein were found and joined to create the CoVMEV. Bioinformatics techniques were used to investigate the secondary and tertiary structures, as well as the physical and chemical properties of CoVMEV. CoVMEV exhibited high antigenicity and immunogenicity scores, together with good water solubility and stability. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor4 (TLR4), which are critical in triggering immunological responses, were also strongly favoured by CoVMEV. Molecular dynamics simulation and immune stimulation studies revealed that CoVMEV effectively activated T and B lymphocytes, and increased the number of active CD8+ T cells than similar vaccines. CoVMEV holds promise as a potential vaccine candidate for COVID-19, given its robust immunogenicity, stability, antigenicity, and capacity to stimulate a strong immune response. This study presents a significant design concept for the development of peptidyl vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation and clinical trials will be crucial in assessing the efficacy and safety of CoVMEV as a potential vaccine for COVID-19.

Fluorine-free waterborne polyurethanes modified with bis-amino silane coupling agent: Synthesis and properties

Series of anionic waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) were synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL). Silane coupling agent (KH-792) was introduced into waterborne polyurethane system as modifiers. The effect of KH-792 contents on the properties of waterborne polyurethane was investigated. The Si-O bonds in KH-792 would be hydrolyzed into Si-O-Si bonds in the WPU system, forming a cross-linked network and improving the hydrophobic properties of WPU. The experimental results showed that the introduction of KH-792 significantly improved the glass transition temperature, thermal stability and water resistance of films. When the content of KH-792 was 1.5%, the comprehensive property of film was the best: the tensile strength was 26.80 MPa, the elongation at break was 693.83%, the adhesion was 1.74 MPa, and the T-type peel strength was 13.95 MPa. This offered a research basis for developing a new type of waterborne polyurethane fabric coating with strong adhesion, high mechanical properties and good water resistance.