Good Recyclability Research Articles

Impact of Surface Modification on the Oxidation of Linear Aliphatic Alcohols by Vanadium Complexes Supported on Merrifield Resin with Mixed Functionality Ligands

AbstractTwo oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(xbp‐sc)] (1) and [VO(xbp‐tc)] (2) were prepared using hydrazine‐ether mixed functionality ligands Hxbp‐sc (I) and Hxbp‐tc (II), respectively. Complexes 1 and 2 were carefully grafted separately into imidazole‐modified chloromethylated polystyrene (Ps−Im) and unmodified chloromethylated polystyrene (PS−Cl) beads. Successfully anchored vanadium complexes Ps−Im‐[VO(xbp‐sc)] (3), Ps−Im‐[VO(xbp‐tc)] (4), Ps‐[VO(xbp‐sc)] (5), and Ps‐[VO(xbp‐tc)] (6) were tested for their catalytic potential towards the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Polymer‐grafted catalysts display excellent substrate conversion compared to most recent reports and good recyclability up to three cycles without losing much reactivity. High TOF values in the range of 183–591 h−1 are observed for the supported catalysts 3–6. The highest substrate conversion is observed for ethanol (63–97 %) under the optimized reaction conditions. Mainly, better substrate conversion is obtained with imidazole‐modified polymer beads grafted catalysts 3 and 4 than those grafted on unmodified polymer beads (5 and 6). Moreover, catalysts with the semicarbazide group in their ligand framework (3 and 5) show better reactivity towards alcohol with fewer carbon atoms. On the contrary, alcohols with longer carbon chains oxidize more easily in the presence of the catalyst with thiosemicarbazide frameworks (4 and 6).

Engineering of a wafer-shaped titanium-based catalyst of TiO2/MIL-125(Ti)@Ti3C2 for enhanced Fenton-like degradation of Congo red: Optimization, mechanistic study, and reusability

A titanium-based Fenton-like heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized from titanium dioxide (TiO2), MIL-125(Ti), and Ti3C2 MXene for degrading the notorious Congo red (CR). The successful combination of the titanium components was assured by bountiful characterization apparatuses. Optimization of the conditions for the Fenton-like degradation of CR dye was performed by studying the impact of the pH and temperature of the catalytic system, the dosage of TiO2/MIL-125(Ti)@Ti3C2, the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and CR, and the mass ratio between the catalyst’s components. A kinetic study was executed on the degradation of CR and H2O2 during a reaction time of 60 min using First-order and Second-order models. The degradation pathway of CR by TiO2/MIL-125(Ti)@Ti3C2 was investigated by the scavenging test. Additionally, Adsorption and catalytic degradation mechanisms were explored using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The cycling test proceeded on TiO2/MIL-125(Ti)@Ti3C2 for five succeeding Fenton-like degradation runs of CR dye. Ultimately, the Ti-based heterogeneous catalyst exhibited superior adsorption and Fenton-like degradation performance toward the anionic dye with a good recyclability feature.

Tunable morphology of Ce-organic framework for efficient removal of sulfamethazine and sulphanilamide

Discharging of “sulfa drugs” as a type of antibiotics in the wastewater, causes dangerous pollution impact for the aquatic system. Subsequently, the treatment of wastewater from “sulfa drugs” is interestingly required. Herein, removal of “sulfamethazine” and “sulfanilamide” as “sulfa drugs” from aqueous media was investigated by Ce-MOF with different morphologies. Ce-benzene tri-carboxylic acid “Ce-BTC” was synthesized by solvo-thermal, microwave and cold precipitation techniques to produce “Ce-BTC” (s) with straw-sheaf like structure, “Ce-BTC” (m) with spherical shaped particles and “Ce-BTC” (p) with orthorhombic structure, respectively. The effect of “Ce-BTC” morphology on the adsorption of “sulfamethazine” and “sulfanilamide” was kinetically and isothermally studied. The adsorption capacity for sulfamethazine was quite higher than that of sulfanilamide and “Ce-BTC” (m) with the spherical shape exhibited the highest adsorption capacity. The measured maximum capacity onto “Ce-BTC” (m) was 171.6 mg/g for sulfamethazine and 132.9 mg/g for sulphanilamide. The maximum capacity of “sulfamethazine” and “sulfanilamide” onto “Ce-BTC” (m) was quite higher than that onto “Ce-BTC” (s) by factor of 1.6 and 1.8, respectively. The prepared “Ce-BTC” (s) showed substantially good recyclability, while the removal efficiency is lowered by 15 % and 26 % for sulfamethazine and sulphanilamide, respectively, after 5 consecutive cycles.

Lead-free Cs3Bi2Br9 perovskite: A recoverable heterogeneous photocatalyst for the C3 arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones

A facile, practical and attractive approach has been developed for the C3 arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with phenylhydrazines using the lead-free perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 as heterogeneous photocatalyst. The reaction proceeded smoothly in dimethyl carbonate with oxygen in air as oxidant under light irradiation, furnishing 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives in high yields. The developed recyclable system showed a broad substrate range, good functional group compatibility, mild conditions, photocatalyst recyclability, and gram-scale reactivity.

Novel recyclable epoxy resin with releasable residual stress and synergistically enhanced dielectric properties and healing ability

It has been a challenge to improve the performance of epoxy insulation in the whole life cycle by achieving the reduction of residual stress during manufacturing, the healing of damages during application, and the recycling after decommissioning. In this paper, a novel recyclable epoxy resin (SEP) with releasable residual stress and synergistically enhanced dielectric properties and healing ability was successfully developed by introducing dynamic thiocarbamate bonds (DTBs). A reduction in residual stresses by 45 % was detected after SEP was annealed at 30 °C below the glassy transition temperature (Tg) for 8 h, during which the mechanical properties remained unchanged. Synergistically improved dielectric properties and damage-healing ability were also observed in SEP. A high healing efficiency of 94.4 % for electrical breakdown damage was found in SEP, meanwhile its dielectric properties were superior to commercial epoxy resin. Additionally, SEP featured good recyclability, including reprocessability and degradability. All those excellent properties were ascribed to the dissociation and recombination of DTBs triggered by thermal stimulation. This work provides an effective solution to a series of issues throughout the full lifecycle of epoxy materials.

Rapid mechano-chemical ball-milling synthesis of novel low-cost petroleum pitch based porous organic polymers for ammonia adsorption

Ammonia (NH3) inevitably experiences emission and leakage during its production, transition and application. Therefore, the development of effective NH3 adsorption and storage methods has become an important issue of concern. Porous organic polymers (POPs) with low density and high porosity structure are expected to be used for the capture of NH3. In this work, a series of POPs (PP-BM-1, PP-BM-2 and PP-BM-3) were developed by using a cheap petrochemical by-product petroleum pitch (PP) as raw material and three different crosslinking agents through fast and high-efficient ball-milling synthetic strategy (reaction time: 2 h). The resulting polymers exhibited stable skeleton, high BET surface area (580–867 m2 g−1) and abundant micro-pores, which were beneficial for the adsorption of NH3. The characterization results of NH3 adsorption indicated that the adsorption capacities of resulting polymers could up to 14.97 and 12.86 mmol g−1 at 273 K and 298 K, respectively. The POPs also showed good recyclability, with only a slight decrease in NH3 capacity after 5 adsorption/desorption cycles. Overall, this study could provide a new approach for the design and synthetic strategy of NH3 adsorption materials, which with a promising prospect for large-scale production and widespread application.

Dipyridyl-anderson-polyoxometalate built-in metal–organic frameworks for aerobic photooxidation

Two POM-MOFs Co-1 and Ni-1 were synthesized from pyridyl-Anderson-POM linker. When combined with [Ru(bpy)3]2+, Ru(bpy)3@Co-1 showed excellent photocatalytic performance in sulfide oxidation and oxidative coupling of benzylamines with good recyclability.

Physically hybrid Zr(OH)4 + CuO catalyzed selective aniline oxidation: A new Ph‐N˙OH mediated mechanism

AbstractDeveloping the sustainable and cost‐effective heterogeneous catalytic system for controlling chemoselectivity holds substantial importance in fine organic chemicals. Herein we construct a unique Zr(OH)4 + CuO physically hybrid system for selective oxidation of anilines. Zr(OH)4 alone leads to azoxybenzene formation, and Zr(OH)4 + CuO shifts the reaction favorably toward nitrosobenzene. The proximity study indicates Zr(OH)4 + CuO outperforms its counterparts synthesized through methods like ball‐milling, loading, and coprecipitation, because the closer proximity exhibits stronger chemical interaction, restricting the activity of Zr‐OH hydroxyl sites. Through mechanistic experiments, in situ DRIFT‐IR and DFT calculations, a new Ph‐OH intermediate mechanism is firstly proposed. Two Ph‐OH self‐condensate to form azoxybenzene for only Zr(OH)4, whereas Zr(OH)4 + CuO could promote rapid transformation of Ph‐OH to nitrosobenzene on CuO through a hydrogen transfer process. Moreover, Zr(OH)4 + CuO displays good recyclability and robust scalability. This is the first report demonstrating the utilization of a physically hybrid catalyst to adjust the selectivity of the aniline oxidation reaction.

Boosting photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride by adjusting its donor-acceptor structure via functional group modification strategy

Solar-driven photodegradation of pollutant is attractive for environmental remediation. Herein, we designed and synthetized a new kind of group-modified polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) photocatalyst with urea and 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine by one-pot method and applied to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution. The light response range of photocatalyst had been extended a lot due to conjugation and electron-withdrawing properties of nitrobenzene. Physical analysis shows that 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine grafting brings an improved charge separation capacity. EPR and DFT results demonstrate the charge separation is significantly affected by the donor-acceptor structure of PCN, which can be altered via aromatic electron-withdrawing group. The kinetic constant of photocatalytic degradation for BPA was promoted by 8.8-times greater than unmodified PCN and a good recyclability was achieved. To verify the universality of group modification strategies, we prepared other two kinds of photocatalysts via electron-withdrawing group modification strategy and their photocatalytic performance all had been improved obviously.

Miniaturized photoelectrochemical sensing system for reusable detection of macromolecules and its applications for unattended environmental monitoring

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors are widely employed in biochemical detection due to their accuracy and speed, but most PEC measurement systems face challenges with bulky instruments and complex operations. Current miniaturized systems based on Potentiostat and constant light are limited in accuracy and application ranges. PEC systems based on mod/demod signal processing offer high SNR and accuracy but struggles with miniaturization due to complex algorithms of Lock-in amplifier. Herein, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm instead of Lock-in algorithm was used for the photocurrent demodulation in PEC system. After functional verification, coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm was used to implement DFT demodulation to further reduce resource occupancy. Afterwards, the spectral leakage was reduced by applying Hanning window, which improves the SNR and accuracy of photocurrent demodulation. Subsequently, a miniaturized, low-cost, low-power and high-accuracy PEC measurement system was obtained by integrating designed Hanning-CORDIC-DFT module, Potentiostat, light source driver and other miniaturized modules. The performances of miniaturized PEC measurement system were compared with that of the commercial PEC measurement system based on Lock-in amplifier by using the same MIP-PEC sensor, validating the feasibility and accuracy of designed miniaturized PEC system. Then, the performance of MIP-PEC sensor was investigated in detail. The results showed that MIP-PEC sensor has good sensitivity, stability, selectivity and recyclability for detecting MC-LR. The reliability of MIP-PEC sensor was further confirmed by the recovery test of MC-LR in lake water. Finally, long-term, cyclic and unattended measurements of microcystin-LR were achieved by designed miniaturized PEC system and MIP-PEC sensor under different conditions, verifying the practicality of the system for field monitoring. The designed measurement system provides a new method for constructing miniaturized PEC sensing platform, and a new solution for continuous biochemical detection in complex environments.

Linear Non-benzenoid Isomer of Acene Fusing Chrysene with Azulene Units.

Non-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received considerable attention owing to their distinctive optical and electrical properties. Nevertheless, the synthesis and optoelectronic application of non-benzenoid PAHs remain challenging. Herein, we present a facile synthesis of linear non-benzenoid PAH with an armchair edge, diACh, by fusing chrysene with two azulene units. We systematically investigated the optical and electrical properties, which were also compared to its isomers, including benzenoid and non-benzenoid zigzag edge isomers. diACh exhibits global aromaticity, good planarity, and suitable highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels. The protonation of diACh in solution successively forms a stable tropylium cation and dication. Moreover, the neutral, cationic, and dicationic states of diACh can be transformed with remarkable reversibility during the protonation-deprotonation process, as confirmed by ultraviolet-visible absorptions, fluorescence spectra, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and theoretical calculations. Additionally, we fabricate p-type organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices based on diACh with hole mobility up to 0.026 cm2 V-1 s-1, and we further develop OFET-based acid vapor sensors with good sensitivity, recyclability, and selectivity. These findings underscore the unique properties of linear non-benzenoid PAHs with an armchair edge engendered by the fusion of azulene with the acene backbone, showcasing prospective applications in organic optoelectronics.

Synthesis of N-heterocycles through alcohol dehydrogenative coupling.

Nitrogen heterocycles are found in the structures of many biologically important compounds, as well as materials used in the synthesis of fine chemicals. Notably, ~59% of US Food and Drug Administration-approved small-molecule drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles. It is therefore meaningful to explore greener or more sustainable methods for their synthesis. The use of alcohols as reagents is attractive as they can be readily obtained from biomass derived natural resources. In the last two decades, alcohol dehydrogenative coupling reaction to synthesize various heterocycles were extensively explored which furnished hydrogen (H2) and water (H2O) as the two greener byproducts. In this protocol, we describe several efficient catalytic transformations to synthesize quinolines, 1,8-naphthyridines, quinoxalines, quinazolines, pyrimidines, benzimidazoles, pyrroles and pyridines, using alcohol as starting materials. We also describe the synthesis of several homogeneous iridium/ruthenium catalysts and heterogeneous cobalt/copper catalysts that can be used in these transformations. The reaction setup is simple; in a Schlenk/reaction tube with magnetic stir-bar, alcohol, corresponding coupling reagents (nucleophiles), catalyst, base and solvent (water or organic solvent such as toluene, dioxane or p-xylene) are added. The reaction mixture is refluxed at the specified temperature (110-150 °C)-either in air or under argon-to furnish these heterocycles. Synthesis of the catalysts takes 3-5 h and the coupling reactions take 4-5 h depending on the target product. The cobalt- and copper-based heterogeneous catalytic systems displayed an good catalyst recyclability.

A Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Based on Triphenylamine for Photocatalytic Silane Hydroxylation.

Employing hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) as mild photocatalysts for organic conversions is still considerably challenging. In this work, we synthesized a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF-16) and achieved the photocatalytic oxidation of silanes to generate silanols. Considering the constraints imposed by the framework structure, a significant improvement in the efficacy of singlet oxygen (1O2) generation is observed. HOF-16 exhibits remarkable photocatalytic performance when it comes to silane hydroxylation, displaying high efficiency, low catalyst loading, and good recyclability. This research highlights the immense potential of HOFs in the realm of organic photocatalysis.

A novel 3D hierarchical NiFe-LDH/graphitic porous carbon composite as multifunctional adsorbent for efficient removal of cationic/anionic dyes and heavy metal ions

Developing effective adsorbents for wastewater purification is crucial, as excessive emissions of toxic dyes and heavy metal ions have been proven harmful to ecosystems and human health. A NiFe-layered double hydroxide/graphitic porous carbon (NiFe-LDH/GPC) composite was fabricated by introducing NiFe-LDH nanosheets into GPC via a simple hydrothermal method to utilize the advantages of both materials fully, and thus ultimately obtain a composite adsorbent with improved adsorption properties. The samples obtained were comprehensively characterized by various characterization means, and the effects of several critical influential factors on the pollutant uptake capability of the NiFe-LDH/GPC were also studied through batch experiments. The results show that the as-synthesized NiFe-LDH/GPC exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) fluffy ultrathin-wall hierarchical porous structure, which possesses a high specific surface area and pore volume separately up to 506.74 m2/g and 0.22 cm3 g−1 as well as a relatively narrow pore size distribution. These characteristics bring advantages to enhance the adsorption ability of the NiFe-LDH/GPC for cationic/anionic dyes and heavy metal ions such as congo red (CR), malachite green (MG) and hexavalent chrome (Cr(VI), which reached the maximum adsorption capacity of 1726.51 mg/g, 1157.11 mg/g and 155.72 mg/g under the optimum conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the adsorption behavior can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, reflecting that the sorption process mainly occurred chemically in the adsorbent monolayer. Furthermore, the NiFe-LDH/GPC maintained relatively high adsorption performance after multicycle testing, manifesting its good recyclability and stability.

Polystyrene infused with functionalized reduced graphene oxide as a reusable oil sorbent

Adsorption has been reported to be optimal among oil spill cleanup methods due to its simplicity, low capital and operational cost, high removal efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, its continuous usage has been linked to generation of enormous waste, after oil spill cleanup, to which use of reusable oil sorbents has been proposed as a possible solution. Synthetic organic oil sorbents have high mechanical properties compared to other categories of oil sorbents, but they suffer low adsorptive capacities. To address this problem, among other nanoparticles, rGO have been infused in polymeric materials to produce composite oil sorbents characterized with high adsorptive capacities. In this research, surface modified rGO was infused in waste expanded polystyrene, to produce electrospun PS/FrGO composite sorbents by solution blending and electrospinning method. Adsorptive capacities of produced composites were evaluated in four oil samples. Functionalization of rGO was found to cause removal of residual oxygen containing functional groups such as hydroxyl (–OH), and resulted in more hydrophobic surface. Infusion of FrGO, in waste expanded polystyrene resulted into composites with increased surface area, from 71.50 m2/g for pure PS20 to 353.45 m2/g, 429.18 m2/g, 456.14 m2/g for PS20 infused with 1, 2 and 4wt% of FrGO. Increase in oil sorption capacities of the composite, observed in four oil samples corresponds to improved surface area. Produced composites show good recyclability in the four oil samples, at least up to the third sorption cycle.Graphical

Highly effective and selective recovery of germanium from coal acid leaching solution by trihydroxyl functionalized titanium dioxide

In this study, a novel trihydroxyl functionalized titanium dioxide (TiO2-NH2-3OH) was successfully synthesized by the Schiff base reaction method. TiO2-NH2-3OH was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray diffraction techniques (XRD), and further applied to recover germanium (Ge(IV)) from coal acid leaching solution. TiO2-NH2-3OH exhibited superior capture performance on Ge(IV) at a pH of 3, and the optimal TiO2-NH2-3OH dosages were 0.8 g L−1. The distribution coefficients of germanium for coexisting metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Al3+) were all greater than 1, indicating that TiO2-NH2-3OH had good selective adsorption performance for Ge(IV) in complex solution environments. Compared with other kinetic models, pseudo-second-order model was more suitable to reveal the absorption of Ge(IV). Moreover, the experiment data were fitted better with Langmuir model at 298 K than the other isothermal models, and the maximum adsorption capacity was up to 72.94 mg g−1. Thermodynamic data suggesting that the capture of Ge(IV) on TiO2-NH2-3OH was a spontaneous endothermic process, increasing the temperature was beneficial for the adsorption reaction to proceed. TiO2-NH2-3OH with saturated adsorption still maintained a high removal rate of 80.55 % of Ge(IV) after five cycles, indicating good stability and recyclability of TiO2-NH2-3OH. XPS analysis indicated that the capture of germanium by TiO2-NH2-3OH may be due to the ion exchange interaction between -OH and Ge(OH)4 on the adsorbent surface. This work indicated that TiO2-NH2-3OH had great advantages and potential for the recovery of Ge(IV) from coal acid leaching solution.

A Biobased Vitrimer: Self-Healing, Shape Memory, and Recyclability Induced by Dynamic Covalent Bond Exchange.

Plant oil-based vitrimer is an innovative and sustainable polymer with wide-ranging potential applications in the field of advanced materials. However, its restricted application is caused by the poor mechanical properties and the need for catalysts during preparation. Using renewable cardanol as the raw material, epoxy cardanol glycidyl ether (ECGE) with an end epoxide group was obtained by the clicking reaction and epoxidation reaction. After the application of citric acid (CA), ECGE was successfully cured, resulting in the production of fully biobased ECGE-CA vitrimers. This material does not require a catalyst, possesses self-healing properties, and exhibits high mechanical strength. On account of the introduction of hydroxyl groups in citric acid, plenty of hydrogen bonds are formed, allowing the topological network rearrangement of the material in the absence of a catalyst. Recyclable adhesives and repairable materials, vitrimer polymers have good shape memory, self-healing, and recyclability since of their dynamic ester and hydroxyl bonds.

Models for Single‐Site Heterogeneous Catalysts on Carbon: MoO2 Epoxidation Catalyst Anchored to a Fullerene

Single‐site molybdenum dioxo catalysts, fullerenol/MoO2, are prepared via grafting precursor (DME)MoO2Cl2 onto a highly polyhydroxylated fullerene (ful) and a isomerically pure and well‐defined fullerene (ful*). These catalyst structures are characterized by ICP‐OES, XPS, XANES, EXAFS, DRIFT, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy, and DFT. Mo 3d5/2 XPS and Mo K‐edge XANES assign the oxidation state as Mo(VI). Mo EXAFS data fitting reveals two Mo=O double and two Mo‐O single bonds at distances of 1.7 and 1.9 Å, respectively, while an Mo=O stretchingl mode is observed at ~950 cm‐1 by DRIFT and Raman spectroscopy. These data align well with computational results, supporting the proposed catalyst structure as Fullerene(‐µ‐O‐)2M(=O)2. Additionally, DFT provides insight into the energetically favorable grafting sites for an isomerically pure fullerenol. The scope of fullerenol/MoO2 mediated alkene epoxidation includes abiotic alkenes, natural occurring terpenes, and conjugated olefins. For cyclooctene the rate law is first‐order in [Mo], near first order in [olefin] and zero‐order in [t‐butyl hydroperoxide]. A plausible reaction mechanism involves peroxide addition first and then cyclooctene addition directly across the peroxo bond forming the epoxide product, consistent with DFT computation. Overall, fullerenol/MoO2 shows promise as a sustainable and structurally well‐defined system with versatile catalytic activity and good epoxidation recyclability.

Enhanced Capacitive Deionization of Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres/MOFs Derived Nanocomposites by Interface-Coating and Space-Encapsulating Design.

Exploring new carbon-based electrode materials is quite necessary for enhancing capacitive deionization (CDI). Here, hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCSs)/metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived carbon materials (NC(M)/HMCSs and NC(M)@HMCSs) are successfully prepared by interface-coating and space-encapsulating design, respectively. The obtained NC(M)/HMCSs and NC(M)@HMCSs possess a hierarchical hollow nanoarchitecture with abundant nitrogen doping, high specific surface area, and abundant meso-/microporous pores. These merits are conducive to rapid ion diffusion and charge transfer during the adsorption process. Compared to NC(M)/HMCSs, NC(M)@HMCSs exhibit superior electrochemical performance due to their better utilization of the internal space of hollow carbon, forming an interconnected 3D framework. In addition, the introduction of Ni ions is more conducive to the synergistic effect between ZIF(M)-derived carbon and N-doped carbon shell compared with other ions (Mn, Co, Cu ions). The resultant Ni-1-800-based CDI device exhibits excellent salt adsorption capacity (SAC, 37.82mg g-1) and good recyclability. This will provide a new direction for the MOF nanoparticle-driven assembly strategy and the application of hierarchical hollow carbon nanoarchitecture to CDI.

Real time monitoring of nerve agent mimics: Novel solid state emitter for enhanced precision and reliability

Chemical nerve agents are hazardous compounds that terrorists can exploit to pose a significant threat to public safety and national security. The nucleophilic behaviour of these agents enables their interaction with acetyl cholinesterase in the body, leading to paralysis and potentially fatal consequences. Therefore, developing robust and efficient detection methods for these agents is crucial for preventing their misuse. In this manuscript, (E)-12-(1-hydrazineylideneethyl)benzo[f]pyrido[1,2-a]indole-6,11-dione (HBID) is developed as a novel colorimetric and fluorometric probe for the detection of specific chemical nerve agent simulants in both liquid and vapor phase. HBID reacts rapidly with diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), a common nerve agent simulant, leading to a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity. Under optimized conditions, HBID exhibits high sensitivity, good recyclability, fast response and low limit of detection (0.092 µM). NMR and mass spectral studies suggest that the reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of HBID to DCP, forming a phosphate ester. Additionally, the developed sensor demonstrates viscosity-sensitive AIE phenomena thus greatly expanding its potential applications in biological systems. This sensitivity enables precise detection and visualization of viscosity changes within cellular environments, making the sensor an invaluable tool for studying complex biological processes. The developed probe also detects pH within biologically relevant range (4–6). In practical applications, the probe-treated strips efficiently detected DCP vapor in real time, showing a noticeable fluorescence response. Further, the probe has a strong potential to detect the presence of DCP in the soil samples.