Good Porosity Research Articles

Reservoir characterization analysis in glacial reservoirs

This research aims to characterize reservoir properties by applying rock physics and AVO analysis followed by pre-stack inversion. Two approaches are investigated: One approach addresses the case in which there are wells and seismic data, and the other addresses cases where only seismic data are available. The former approach is achieved by using well-log cross-plots for rock physics modeling to determine the feasibility and pay zone through gas fluid substitution followed by AVO analysis. Pre-stack inversion is then used to predict porosity and gas saturation. In the second approach, a synthetic seismogram is generated and compared to the observed seismic trace at the location of interest by forward modeling P-wave interval velocity and density. The best-matching P-wave velocity and density are subsequently used to generate synthetic well logs at the same location. Pre-stack inversion is then performed on these synthetic wells to predict porosity and gas saturation. Property prediction is performed by a feasibility study and pay zone calculation using rock physics modeling of the nearest well to the seismic block. Finally, the results of this case are validated using real wells. This new approach of reservoir characterization using synthetic wells is applied on reservoir channels and yielded a fairly good porosity prediction but a less accurate prediction of gas saturation.

​Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Growth, Yield Attributes and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean in Vertisols of Rajasthan

Background: Soybean [Glycie max (L.) Merril] is a very important oil seed and protein rich crop. It has the specific character to fix atmospheric nitrogen through root nodule bacteria in symbiotic relationship. A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2019 at ARS farm, College of Agriculture, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan). To find out the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake of soybean in Vertisols of Rajasthan. The soil of the experimental field comes under Vertisols with clay loam texture having low to medium fertility status and good porosity. Methods: The experiment consisted of 10 treatments viz. T0- Control (Absolute), T1- RDF (20-40-40), T2- 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1), T3- 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1), T4- 75% RDF + FYM (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T5- 50% RDF + FYM (4.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T6- 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1), T7- 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1), T8- 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium, T9- 50% RDF + Vermicompost (2.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design and was replicated thrice. Result: Among the nutrient management treatment, application of 75% RDF + Vermicompost (1.0 t ha-1) + Rhizobium (T8) resulted into maximum plant height (58.70 cm), branches plant-1 (5.60), chlorophyll content (2.84 mg g-1), total nodules per plant (47.40), effective nodules (31.59) and dry weight (84.20 mg), pods plant-1 (41.90), seeds pod-1 (3.47), grain yield (1380 kg ha-1), haulm yield (1885 kg ha-1), biological yield (3325 kg ha-1), protein (42.25%) and oil content (19.92%), N, P, K content and their uptake, with maximum gross return (53042.71 Rs ha-1), net return (28980.71 Rs ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.20) in soybean crop.

Dissolvable wound dressing loaded with silver nanoparticles together with ampicillin and ciprofloxacin.

Aim: The current study is focused on the development of water-soluble wound dressings, which are potential dressings for the treatment of burn wounds. Materials & methods: Sodium alginate-based dissolvable wound dressings were prepared and loaded with silver nanoparticles and various antibiotics (ampicillin and ciprofloxacin) followed by characterization and in vitro antibacterial studies. Results & conclusions: The prepared sodium alginate-based dissolvable wound dressing exhibited good porosity, water uptakeand moisture content, promising antibacterial activity, high absorption capacity of simulated wound exudates, excellent water vapor transmission ratein the range of 2000 to 5000g/m2 day-1, sustained drug-release profilesand watersolubility. The wound dressings were active against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coliand Klebsiella aeruginosa strains of bacteria. The results obtained revealed the wound dressing as potential wound dressings for burn wounds and sensitive skin.

Petrophysical Analysis and Acoustic Impedance Inversion to Determine the Storage Target of Carbon Dioxide in Gundih Block, Central Java

A pilot project of Carbon Capture and Storage in Indonesia is being prepared in the Gundih field, Central Java. This project acquired Kujung formation as their target area. However, an alternative to that formation is being investigated with Kujung formation's data as a benchmark to determine the total capacity of storage in Gundih Block. To determine the other carbon dioxide storage target, several tests are needed, one of which is petrophysical analysis. The results of this analysis are porosity, permeability, and thickness of a reservoir. After determining the porosity cut off from the Well data, we use the acoustic impedance inversion approach to assess the spread of the reservoir laterally. In this paper, we estimated that the porosity ranges from 7-12% with an average permeability of 10 mD. After examining the lateral distribution of the reservoir through the inversion, we can roughly estimate the distribution of good porosity reservoir. With the same method and logs derived from Kujung formation, we estimate that the upside potential from Ngrayong formation has an average porosity of 30% and average permeability of 16 mD. which are good enough to become an area of interest. With these results, we conclude that determining the area of interest from other target formation through petrophysical analysis and acoustic impedance inversion is sufficient to determine reservoir areas in a formation, though further injection feasibility studies are needed to determine the feasibility of injection of CO2 in Ngrayong Formation.

Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of the Lower paleogene sandstones in the southeast part of Jiyang Sag, BohaiBay Basin, China

With the continuous improvement of exploration degree in Bohai Bay Basin, the red beds in Jiyang Sag has become a hot exploration spot in recent years, the red beds is buried deep, and the distribution of favorable reservoirs has become a key factor restricting oil and gas exploration. This paper combines logging, core and seismic data, mainly introduces the sandstone reservoir characteristics of red beds in the southeast of Jiyang depression, and analyzes the influence of sedimentary environment and diagenesis on its reservoir characteristics respectively. The results showed that the red bed sandstone is mainly composed of arkose, quartz-feldspar and feldspar-quartz graywackes, with good porosity and permeability. Under the control of the original sedimentary environment, three types of reservoir sand bodies are mainly developed in the study area: proluvial fan, fan delta and beach bar deposits, among them, fan delta deposits have better storage performance. The diagenetic environment was early alkaline and late acidic, compaction and cementation greatly reduced primary pores and a large number of secondary pores are produced due to minerals dissolution. Under the combined influence of sedimentary environment and diagenesis, the red-bed reservoirs have various types of reservoir spaces, with obvious differences in porosity and permeability.

Photoabsorption Enhancement in Synthetic-Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Bilayer TiO2 Deposition and Separated Sensitization

In this study, a new methodology is proposed for the cosensitization of dye-sensitized solar cells by synthetic and natural dyes to increase their optical absorption. Synthetic dyes are efficient but expensive. In contrast, natural dyes are cheap but have a low adsorption rate in competition with synthetic dyes. Therefore, the conventional cosensitization method which is based on dye mixing prevents complete adsorption of natural dyes. In this work, a bilayer deposition of TiO2 and separated sensitization of each layer by one type of dye was performed. The N719 was used as a synthetic dye and betanin, crocin, acacetin, and indigo were used as natural dyes, which are extracted from plants inexpensively. The dyes were evaluated by UV-visible and FT-IR analyses. The results showed that a broad spectrum can be achieved due to different peaks in the photoabsorption spectra of these dyes. The bottom layer was sensitized by natural dyes while the top layer was sensitized by N719. Due to the effect of temperature on dyes, a low-temperature method based on acid-assistant sintering has been used for the top layer. The results of XRD and FESEM analyses indicated that a layer with proper crystalline phase, acceptable morphology, and good porosity can be achieved in the low-temperature process by tunning the acid concentration. The electrical properties of the fabricated solar cells were investigated by EIS analysis and J-V characteristics. The results showed that charge injection and transportation were improved via the ability of the proposed approach in separated dye adsorption. An efficiency of 3.48% was provided by the proposed method which demonstrates its better performance in comparison with the cocktail and sequential methods that showed efficiencies of 1.88% and 2.29%, respectively. The results indicated that separated sensitization of each layer can improve the dye loading leading to spectral expansion.

Reservoir Properties of the Upper Sand Member of the Zubair Formation in North Rumaila Oil Field

The Zubair Formation is main prolific reservoirs in the Rumaila oilfield in southern Iraq. The petrophysical assessment of the Zubair Formation was carried out using a suite of open-hole logs from eight wells along with the Rumaila North oil fields, in Basra. Based on THE neutron, density and Gamma Ray logs, the Upper Sand Member of the Zubair Formation is divided into the alternate units of the sand and shale and defining their boundaries. Based on the obtained results, the Upper Sand Member was divided into three main pay units: AB, DJ, and LN, separated by two insulating shale units designated C and K. The unit DJ was subdivided into four secondary reservoir units: D, F, G, H, and the LN unit, which is split into L, M, and N. High porosity, high oil saturation and a high net-to-gross ratio were found in the petrophysical investigation. The porosity types are good (from 15 to 20%), very good (20-25%) and excellent (more than 25%) except wells R-559 and R-256, which has medium permeability, all the wells have good to excellent permeability. The net pay for the reservoir unit thickness ranges from 5 to 59m in all wells, resulting in significant hydrocarbon productivity due to strong hydrocarbon saturation, good effective porosity, and low shale volume.

The Influence of Size Effect to Deformation Mechanism of C5131 Bronze Structures of Negative Poisson’s Ratio

3D auxetic structures, which present negative Poisson’s ratio in the uniaxial compression deformation, is an ideal artificial material for meta-implants because of its lightweight, good material property and suitable porosity for bone recovery compared with conventional meta-biomaterials. Selective laser melting (SLM) is commonly used to produce metallic 3D auxetic structures but limited by the melting temperature and reflect rate of the material, and micro assembled (MA) structures is an alternative manufacturing process. However, the influence of size effect in 3D auxetic structures and the difference of the constitutive model of 3D auxetic structure produced by SLM and MA have not been discussed. In tandem of this, the mechanical property comparison of 3D auxetic structures produced by SLM and MA is conducted and a structural surface layer model for 3D auxetic structures is proposed. The result indicated that both SLM and MA structure can achieve auxetic effect. It is found that the Poisson’s ratio of the SLM and MA structures decrease when increasing the size factor of the structure, and the negative Poisson’s ratio effect is more obvious when the Young’s modulus is relatively small. FE simulation result of Poisson’s ratio is closer to experimental result of MA structures due to complexity of 3D auxetic structures. This paper thus provides a relatively helpful constitutive model for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of 3D auxetic structure.

Compressive testing of thermoset composites reinforced with high-performance polymer fibres

High-performance polymer fibres offer promising tensile and physical properties but are rarely used in structural composite applications due to their poor compressive performance. To better understand their performance inside a composite, unidirectional thermoset composites made with three types of polymer fibres were tested in shear-loaded compression. The results confirmed the poor compressive performance of the composites despite good fibre alignment, low porosity, and decent interfacial adhesion. Showing that the fibres collapse rather than microbuckle proves that intrinsic fibre behaviour in compression is the key culprit. The developed finite element model predicted that the short gauge lengths required to avoid buckling lead to significant strain concentrations due to the grips. This causes the test to underestimate the compressive modulus and potentially the rest of the compressive stress in the stress–strain diagram.

Indigenous bentonite based tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane: Elaboration, characterization, and evaluation of environmental impacts using life cycle techniques

This work fabricated a tubular ceramic microfiltration membrane from local bentonite clay and further characterized it to evaluate the membrane properties. The extrusion method followed by sintering was used to prepare the membrane. Rice husk ash (RHA) and activated charcoal were added as additives to improve the mechanical stability and porosity of the membrane. The synthesized tubular-shaped membrane was 100 mm in length, and it has 10 mm outside diameter and 5 mm inside diameter. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques were used to characterize the raw materials. The resulting bentonite membrane was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, mechanical strength, porosity, pure water flux, permeability, and pore size. In addition, the impact of sintering temperature on membrane properties was extensively studied. The membrane sintered at a temperature of 900 °C possesses a good porosity of 37% and exhibited an excellent flexural strength of 18 MPa. Besides, the membrane has shown better corrosion resistance towards acidic and basic environments. Permeability of the elaborated membrane was identified as 5.805 × 10−8 m3/m2 s kPa from pure water flux measurements, and its average pore size was estimated as 0.11 μm. Therefore, the prepared low-cost ceramic membrane could be predictable as a promising applicant for microfiltration applications due to its remarkable properties. The fabrication cost of the prepared tubular ceramic membrane was calculated as 96 $/m2. In addition, the environmental impacts of the fabricated membrane were assessed using GaBi ts 9.5.2.49 Pro software. It was observed that the majority of the impacts were primarily due to the power consumed during fabrication, and moving away from the conventional source of energy (fossil fuels) significantly (92.9%) reduced the impacts.

A metal-organic framework based on Co(II) and 3-aminoisonicotinate showing specific and reversible colourimetric response to solvent exchange with variable magnet behaviour

A versatile metal-organic system consisting of Co-based compounds that show reversible transformations between a 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) of {[Co(μ-3isoani)2]·DMF}n (1) formula (where 3isoani = 3-aminoisonicotinato and DMF = dimethylformamide) and a 0D monomeric [Co(3isoani)2(H2O)4] (2) complex is reported. These 1 ↔ 2 transformations, triggered by the exposure of the MOF and the monomer-based compound to H2O and DMF, respectively, involve colour changes from purple (in MOF 1) to light brown (in monomeric complex 2), which imbues the system with colourimetric sensing capacity towards these solvents. Despite the high reactivity of the MOF in contact with water, it presents good thermal stability and permanent porosity with a remarkably high CO2 capture capacity at room temperature (3.35 mmol/g), which is further analysed by in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Experimental magnetic properties and CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations of all compounds reveal distinct slow magnetic relaxations for 3D and 0D compounds.

Influence of Line Processing Parameters on Properties of Carbon Fibre Epoxy Towpreg

This paper explores the performance of low-cost unidirectional carbon fibre towpregs with respect to line production speed and fibre volume fraction. Using an automated production line, towpregs were produced at different production speeds, resulting in modified fibre volume fractions. The towpregs were used to manufacture unidirectional composite plates, which were then tested to evaluate mechanical performance. The fibre straightness and interfacial void ratio of the composite plates were determined by statistical analysis of the samples’ optical micrographs. The results demonstrate that adjusting the line production speed enables targeted fibre volume fractions (FVF) to be reached, resulting in the composites having different mechanical performances (2039 MPa and 2186.7 MPa tensile strength, 1.26 and 1.21 GPa flexural strength for 59.8% and 64.4% FVF, respectively). It was shown that at lower production speeds and FVF, composites exhibit good consolidation and low porosity, which is highlighted by the better interlaminar shear strength performances (8.95% increase), indicating the limitations of manufacturing very high FVF composites. Furthermore, it was concluded that fibre straightness plays a key role in mechanical performance, as samples with a lesser degree of fibre straightness showed a divergence from theoretical tensile properties.

Fe-based metal organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) for organic pollutants removal via photo-Fenton: A review

• Fe-MOFs were excellent photocatalysts and can effectively activate Fenton reagents to remove organic pollutants. • The application of different types of Fe-MOFs in the photo-Fenton system was presented. • Factors to improve the efficiency of Fe-MOFs under photo- Fenton were identified. • The different types of Fe-MOFs in photo-Fenton system degradation mechanisms were summarized. • The future development prospects of this technology were proposed. Organic pollutants are stable chemical substances occurring widely in aquatic environments. Their long-term impact on the entire ecosystem has directly resulted in irreversible damage worldwide. Thus, advanced technology is required to restore the water quality. The photo-Fenton process has been widely applied due to its high removal rate of organic pollutants in water. Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) not only have good porosity and catalytic properties but also are non-toxic, abundant, and inexpensive and have promising applications in practical engineering. Fe-MOFs are good photocatalysts and can couple well with Fenton reagents compared with other MOFs. This paper reviews the research progress of Fe-MOFs in the photo-Fenton process and proposes a method to overcome the limitations of the photo-Fenton process. The different factors influencing these processes, the stability and reusability of the materials after use, and the mechanism of the photo-Fenton reaction after the modification of different materials are discussed. Finally, conclusions and the future prospects of Fe-MOFs in photo-Fenton systems for the treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants are proposed. This study provides a valuable resource for researchers using Fe-MOFs to remove organic pollutants from water bodies.

Prospect Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Reserves Using 3-D Static Modeling in D-Field Onshore, Niger Delta Basin Area

Qualitative and quantitative approaches are often adopted to characterize known reservoir in any given field. A 3-D static modeling has been used to have full understanding of the field of the reservoir uniqueness of the study area, D-field. The hydrocarbon bearing sounds of the field were modelled using 3-D seismic data of the field, integrating with the well log and checkshot data of the field. The stochastic model approach was adopted to distribute the rock properties (Structural and Petrophysical) into a 3D grid using Sequential Gaussian Simulation which identified fifteen (15) major faults across the reservoirs. Reservoirs R_3000 had average thickness of 123 m, net-to-gross of 65%, porosity of 26%, water saturation of 43%, permeability of 1570.649 mD, based on Rider’s classification the reservoir R_3000 shows a very good porosity and an excellent permeability. These values are satisfactory for economic production. The environments of deposition of the reservoirs based on log motifs are interpreted as distributary channel fill and shoreface of the porosity and permeability of D-Field are within the range of values reported in the Niger Delta. Stochastic volumetric analysis estimated that the reservoir of interest to contain a reserve of averagely 14245.50 MMSTB. Furthermore, the integration of these subsurface data (well log and seismic) has led to simulation of a consistent 3-D static model of the reservoir which very well serves as input into the dynamic simulation model, so that forecasting and other sensitivity analysis can be run to provide the basis for effective reservoir management and development strategy. Keywords: Stochastic model, Qualitative, Quantitative, Gaussian simulation, Static modeling, Volumetric DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-3-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Fluorescent difluoroboron covalent organic frameworks via N, O-bidentate ligation

The multi-dentate chelate ligands containing N and O atoms have good chelating ability to boron trifluoride and their complexes show good fluorescence properties. In this work, a fluorescent covalent organic framework (COF) with good crystallinity and porosity, 50% B-COF, was successfully synthesized by coordination of starting COFs 50% COF-OH with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate via N, O-bidentate ligation. Imine bonds are highly polarized. The coordination of nitrogen and boron changes the electron cloud distribution of imine bonds, causing the non-fluorescent 50% COF-OH to be transformed into fluorescent 50% B-COF. 50% B-COF exhibited red fluorescence under ultraviolet excitation. This work provides a new strategy for the design of fluorescent COFs.

Construction of Stable Donor–Acceptor Type Covalent Organic Frameworks as Functional Platform for Effective Perovskite Solar Cell Enhancement

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a new class of crystalline, porous materials have attracted extensive attention in the fields of photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. Generally, donor–acceptor (DA) structures play an important role in the charge separation efficiency of solar cells. In this study, two DA‐COFs with high crystallinity, good porosity, and excellent stability are incorporated into the FAPbI3 layer of perovskite solar cells. This addition of DA‐COFs reduces the defect concentration and shallows the defect state. The donor–acceptor system in COFs also possesses strong charge‐transfer pathway, which strongly prevents charge recombination to afford more efficient charge separation efficiency. The highest power‐conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells constructed with DA‐COFs is 23.19% with excellent humidity stability of the solar cells. Therefore, this work provides a pathway for using DA‐COFs to fabricate perovskite solar cells with higher efficiency and stability.

Integrated wireline log and seismic attribute analysis for the reservoir evaluation: A case study of the Mount Messenger Formation in Kaimiro Field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

The Early Miocene Mount Messenger Formation, which represents a sand turbidite system, is the primary reservoir of the Kaimiro Field in the Taranaki Basin of New Zealand. The present study integrates the available well log and seismic attribute analyses to identify the prospective horizons' petrophysical characteristics and map them to improve understanding the reservoir characteristics. The seismic volume and well log data were imported into the Petrel 2014 software. The subsurface stratigraphic subdivisions are interpreted till 1000 ms (two-way time travel data) with the available wireline log and 3D seismic data. The workflow characterized the reservoir formation with its lithofacies architecture and interpreting its depositional evolution. The findings from the well log analysis are based on a set of charts designed by cross-plotting the various well log data against each other. These charts indicate that the reservoir comprises sandstone with some shale intercalations and also defined the boundaries between the gas sand and shale zones. The petrophysical analysis revealed that Mount Messenger is characterized by fair to good effective porosity (up to 20.5%), shale volume up to 21.4%, and hydrocarbon content up to 61%. The analyses of strata architecture and lithofacies distributions have provided the overall understanding of the subsurface reservoir sand bodies within the studied sequence. Four types of lithofacies, along with their depositional mechanisms, are identified in the study. Seismic attributes like RMS Amplitude, Half Energy and Mean Amplitude helped quantify the reservoir property of interest. The contour maps developed from the RMS, Half Energy and Mean amplitude showed the presence of significant reservoir zones i.e., 16.1%, 15.8% and 4%, within the Mount Messanger Formation. Furthermore, the identification of the Channel-Levee Complex is also established by using seismic geomorphology. The study can be extended to conduct detailed field-scale analysis can be further implied on a global scale.

Effective and irreversible removal of radioactive barium ions in MOF-808 framework functionalized sulfonic acid groups

The simultaneous high-capacity and fast removal of radioactive barium ion (Ba2+) from nuclear wastewater is necessary but still faces large challenge. In this study, a novel adsorbent containing sulfonic group, MOF-808-SO3H, was prepared based on the oxidation of –SH group. Characterizations confirm the successful introduction of –SO3H, good porosity, and stability of the material. The adsorbent exhibits excellent capture ability for Ba2+ due to strong hard acid-base and electrostatic interactions, with the adsorption capacity of 152.0 mg g−1 and fast equilibrium adsorption time, superior to other reported materials. Optimal pH was found to be almost neutral and temperature cannot affect the adsorption largely. Besides, the irreversible adsorption was demonstrated and thereby the secondary pollution may be avoided. Therefore, our work provides an efficient adsorbent for capturing Ba2+ irreversibly, and proposes a feasible strategy for constructing adsorbents with simultaneous high adsorption capacity and fast kinetics.

Technique Improves Neural Network Training To Quantify Rock Properties From Seismic

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202685, “Rock-Physics-Guided Data-Science Technique To Improve Neural Network Training To Accurately Quantify Rock Properties From Seismic Data,” by Shraddha Chatterjee, Tanya Colwell, and Jon Downton, CGG, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The success or failure of neural networks in discerning rock properties through a quantitative approach from seismic data and associated seismic attributes is dependent on the amount of available data. Past researchers developed a hybrid theory-guided-data-science (TGDS) technique that augmented the amount of data used for training. This paper shows the application of this method of TGDS-based synthetic seismic catalog generation followed by the application of a deep feed-forward neural network (DFNN) to a real seismic data set for a commercially oil-producing field in the North Sea. Introduction Machine-learning algorithms have been used for several applications in the field of reservoir characterization. Using neural network techniques for supervised learning applications to predict log properties from seismic and seismic attributes is an established technique. However, a known limitation of neural networks is that they depend greatly on the amounts of training data, also called labeled data. Generally, the source of the labeled data during geophysical applications is well-log data. Hence, a need to increase the amount of labeled data was required to increase the accuracy of predictions. The accuracy of neural networks suffers because of the lack of labeled data, especially in exploration study areas where well data are scarce. The hybrid TGDS model augments the amount of data used to train the neural network. During the process, theory-based generated outputs are used as inputs to the data-science component of this work flow. The theory-based components are generated models of rock physics that help in estimating the elastic parameters of a rock caused by changes in fluid and other petrophysical rock properties; this approach then is used to generate a large set of pseudowells. In the next step, synthetic seismic gathers are generated based on the large set of generated pseudowells that are used for training a DFNN. The parameters that are derived for training the neural network are further applied on a real data set. In the complete paper, the authors show an example of this work flow in which it was applied to a North Sea field that produces commercial volumes of oil. The reservoir of interest is of the Paeocene age and is a remobilized injectite sand that cross-cuts the stratigraphy at high angles. The injectite sands can be excellent pay zones with good porosity and permeability, even though their imaging can be challenging.

Synthesis of silica powder with high pore volume by skeleton reinforcement

In this paper, a method composed of gelation of basic skeleton (first step) and skeleton reinforcement process (second step) was introduced to synthesize silica powder with high pore volume through the reaction between water glass and sulfuric acid. No organic solvents were involved in the entire preparation process and the final product was collected by spray drying. The effect of concentration of base solution, gelation point pH value and skeleton reinforcement time on the BET specific surface area and pore volume of the prepared silica powder were investigated intensively. The results show that, a basic skeleton with good dispersibility and high porosity was obtained when the concentration of base solution was 0.1 mol⋅L −1 and the gelation pH value reached 6.5. Then the basic skeleton grew into a more uniform porous structure after 30 min skeleton reinforcement. Under these optimum conditions, silica powder prepared by skeleton reinforcement method had a BET specific surface area of 358.0 m 2 ⋅g −1 , and its pore volume reached 2.18 cm 3 ⋅g −1 , which was much higher than that of prepared by skeleton-free method (1.62 cm 3 ⋅g −1 ) and by direct gelation method (0.31 cm 3 ⋅g −1 ).