Good Piezoelectric Properties Research Articles

Modification of domain construction in PNN-PIN-PT piezoelectric ceramics for high electromechanical performance using defect engineering

Good piezoelectric properties and low mechanical losses are prerequisites for the application of high-power devices. In this study, an appropriate amount of Mn ions was introduced into a piezoelectric 0.46Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.23Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-0.31PbTiO3 ceramic to enhance its electromechanical properties. The results revealed that the mechanical quality factor(Qm) value of the ceramic was improved while maintaining high piezoelectric properties, and the dielectric loss was reduced. When Mn doping is 1.0 mol%, the d33 component decreased by only ∼21%, while Qm increased by ∼13 times (d33 = 750 pC/N, Qm = 385, tanδ = 0.66%). The measurement of the internal bias field (Ei) in the P-E loops of aged and nonaged samples showed that aging promoted the directional alignment of defect dipoles and improved their Qm. According to the PFM data, significant increase in Qm was mainly due to the "bulk effect" caused by low domain wall density. In turn, widening and lengthening of domains promoted the accumulation of most defective dipoles in the ceramic body, which greatly amplified the hardening effect. This work provides a good example of enhancing Qm in ceramic systems with high d33 values through the construction of low domain wall densities.

3D printing of CaBi4Ti3.925(Nb2/3Mn1/3)0.075O15 ceramics for high temperature ultrasound transducer

Bismuth layer-structured CaBi4Ti3.925(Nb2/3Mn1/3)0.075O15 (CBTNM) piezoelectric ceramics have been prepared using stereolithography (SL) technology. The effects of various solid contents (76–82 wt%) of CBTNM ceramics on the slurry viscosity, phase structure, microstructure, and electric performance were studied in detail. At a solid content of 82 wt%, the ceramic exhibits good piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric constant d 33, thickness-mode electromechanical coupling coefficient k t, and Curie temperature Tc were 21 pC/N, 47%, and 790 °C, respectively. The piezoelectric constant of the ceramic has a good stability up to 500 °C. Furthermore, a high-temperature ultrasound transducer was designed and fabricated based on the CBTNM ceramic, and its pulse-echo performance was characterized from room temperature to 250 °C. The pulse-echo performance indicates that the −6 dB bandwidth and echo amplitude of the transducer decrease slightly, but still work normally up to 250 °C. These results indicate that the transducer fabricated based on CBTNM ceramics has potential in high-temperature testing applications.

Processing and characterisation of hot rolling pressed PVDF films with enhanced field-induced polarisation

Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based polymers are good candidates for high-power energy storage in dielectric capacitors. So far, most studies reporting PVDF with high energy density are based on solution casting, a method ill-suited for large-scale production. In this work, we develop PVDF films with high crystallinity (47%) and ultrahigh β-phase (∼97%) using Hot Rolling Press (HRP). During HRP, the crystallinity, fraction of β-phase, internal stress, and the piezoelectric coefficient d33 increased with rolling temperature. The anisotropic stress imposed by two rollers led to a highly preferred orientation of the HRP film along the rolling direction. Notably, the HRP film exhibits an enhanced field-induced polarisation Pin-max value (0.16 C m−2) compared to conventional PVDF films (0.10 C m−2), with an energy density of 32.6 J cm−3 at 871 kV mm-1. The good low field dielectric (εr ∼19 @ 1 kHz) and piezoelectric (d33 ∼30 pC N-1) properties with high-temperature stability (up to 100 °C), and its suitability for in-line continuous production, make HRP PVDF films promising for low field dielectric and piezoelectric applications.

Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Properties of Organic MDABCO-NH4Cl3 Perovskite for Flexible Energy Harvesting

This study describes the synthesis and characterization of the lead-free organic ferroelectric perovskite N-methyl-N’-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octonium)-ammonium trichloride (MDABCO-NH4Cl3). The electrospinning technique was employed to obtain nanofibers embedded with this perovskite in a PVC polymer for hybrid fiber production. The dielectric, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties of these fibers were carefully examined. Based on measurements of the dielectric permittivity temperature and frequency dependence, together with the pyroelectric results, a transition from a high temperature paraelectric to a ferroelectric phase that persisted at room temperature was found to occur at 438 K. The measured pyroelectric coefficient yielded values as high as 290 μC K−1 m−2, which is in between the values reported for MDABCO-NH4I3 and the semiorganic ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS). The hybrid nanofibers exhibited good morphological characteristics and demonstrated very good piezoelectric properties. Specifically, a piezoelectric coefficient of 42 pC/N was obtained when applying a periodical force of 3 N and a piezoelectric voltage coefficient of geff = 0.65 V mN−1. The performance of these fibers is on par with that of materials discussed in the existing literature for the fabrication of nano energy-harvesting generators. Importantly, the perovskite nanocrystals within the fibers are protected from degradation by the surrounding polymer, making them a promising environmentally friendly platform for flexible mechanical energy harvesting.

3D printing of potassium sodium niobate by binder jetting: Printing parameters optimisation and correlation to final porosity

Binder Jetting (BJT) is a non-fusion-based Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique. It consists of the selective deposition of a liquid binder to join powder particles, thereby enabling the creation of near-net-shaped parts.In this study, the main printing parameters correlated to the binder distribution and infiltration (binder saturation, binder set time, drying time, and target bed temperature) were optimised to improve the precision of green parts printed with potassium sodium niobate (KNN) powder. The optimisation procedure was conducted using the Taguchi statistical method. An L9 orthogonal array with four factors of control at three levels each was employed. The analysis showed that the drying time had the greatest influence on the precision of green parts, followed by binder saturation and target bed temperature. Binder set time did not seem to affect the results.Dimensional analysis, microstructural and piezoelectric characterisation of parts densified by pressureless sintering were conducted. The highest average relative density exceeded 80% for the specimens printed with the lower binder saturation. Piezoelectric properties exhibit more complex behaviour. The prolonged infiltration of larger binder volumes is correlated to higher g33, thus FOMh and FOM33, and lower values for ε33T. On the other hand, d33 does not display a specific dependence on density or printing parameters.The results of this study indicate that BJT can be used to fabricate high-precision KNN components with good piezoelectric properties. The optimisation of printing parameters is essential to achieve the desired results.

A Biomimetic Nanogenerator to Enhance Bone Regeneration by Restoring Electric Microenvironments.

Piezoelectric materials have received increasing attention in bone regeneration due to their prominent role in bioelectricity in bone homeostasis. This study aimed to develop bioactive barium titanate-chitosan-graphene oxide piezoelectric nanoparticles (BCG-NPs) to improve biocompatibility and stimulate bone repair. Butterfly loops, hysteresis loops, and in vitro microcurrent studies on BCG-NPs confirmed their good piezoelectric properties. BCG-NPs exhibited enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation, and expression of osteogenic-associated proteins and genes in human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells by creating microelectric environments in response to noninvasive ultrasound stimulation. Further, BCG-NPs upregulated intracellular calcium ions via electrical stimulation. They acted synergistically with piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 and calcium-permeable cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 to activate osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted BCG-NPs created a microelectric environment that putatively promoted bone repair in a noninvasive manner.

Hard piezoelectric properties of lead‐free BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics

AbstractHard piezoelectric properties are investigated in lead‐free BiFeO3–BaTiO3 (BF–BT) ceramics. Rhombohedral (R) phase ceramics of (1 – x)BF–xBT (x = 0.20–0.30) were prepared using a conventional solid‐state reaction and water‐quenching process. The R structure is observed in x = 0.20–0.275, and the R and tetragonal phases coexist at x = 0.30. The piezoelectric charge sensor coefficient (d33) and electromechanical planar coupling factor (kp) increase with increasing BT content, whereas the mechanical quality factor (Qm) decreases. The x = 0.20 ceramic shows the best hard piezoelectric properties: the highest Qm = 403 and the highest TC = 607°C. In contrast, x = 0.30 ceramic shows soft piezoelectric properties: d33 = 301 pC/N and kp = 0.33 with TC = 510°C. These results show that the BF–BT system in R‐phase‐rich region has good hard piezoelectric properties for transducer applications.

Effective design of advanced flexible piezoelectric materials

Piezoelectric ceramics are relatively common materials that can convert mechanical energy and electrical energy into each other. They are widely used in our life in electroacoustic devices, communication, navigation, precision measurement and ultrasonic energy conversion. Its texture is hard and brittle, its processability is not very good, and its use is limited. If piezoelectric ceramics are made into flexible piezoelectric composites by compounding with flexible matrices to improve mechanical properties, they can be applied to wearable and flexible devices. This paper briefly introduces the basic principle of the piezoelectric effect, introduces the preparation methods of three typical flexible piezoelectric composites and their dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical properties, introduces the recent research work and the latest scientific research achievements of relevant teams, summarizes the research progress of flexible piezoelectric materials, and provides ideas for finding flexible piezoelectric composites that have good dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical properties.

Establishing a Relationship between the Piezoelectric Response and Oxygen Vacancies in Lead-Free Piezoelectrics.

BiFeO3-BaTiO3 (BF-BT)-based lead-free piezoceramics are desired materials for high-temperature applications of piezoelectric sensors with a high Curie temperature and good piezoelectric properties. Recent studies have shown that oxygen vacancies have a significant effect on electrostrain and piezoelectric properties. Interestingly, two different phenomena exist, i.e., the increase in piezoelectric properties is often associated with a decrease in the concentration of oxygen vacancies, while the increase in electrostrain is often associated with an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies. Especially, for BF-based ceramics, the physical mechanisms related to property differences caused by oxygen vacancies are rarely reported, which needs further exploration. Here, two ceramics with differences in their oxygen vacancy concentrations are designed. Based on Rayleigh analysis, thermal/electric field-induced domain response (ferroelectric scaling), and macro-microstructural characterization, we can conclude that the transient piezoelectric response and the aging process are significantly affected by the oxygen vacancy concentration. In other words, the increasing concentration of oxygen vacancies in BF-BT ceramics enhances the reversible piezoelectric response contributed by lattice distortion and strengthens the response of domain switching and domain wall motion to electric and thermal fields but deteriorates their aging behavior, which leads to the degradation of piezoelectric performance. Besides, polarization saturation and defect pegging significantly improve the temperature stability of the strain.

Preparation and biological properties of BCZT/TiO2 electrokinetic conversion coating on titanium surface in vitro for dental implants

Titanium implants have the risk of loosening or even failure, especially the force generated by chewing is not conducive to the use of conventional titanium bioactive coatings in the oral environment. In this work, a BCZT/TiO2 bio-piezoelectric coating was prepared on titanium surface. The force generated by chewing is cleverly converted into the piezoelectric charge on the coating surface, and the formation of the combination of implant and alveolar bone is accelerated by its promoting effect on bone repair. The formation mechanism of the coating was studied. The BCZT/TiO2 bio-piezoelectric coating showed good piezoelectric properties. The calcium deposition results of BCZT/TiO2 coating with static, physiological loading and low-frequency ultrasonic conditions were compared. Interestingly, the effect of polarized BCZT/TiO2 coating applied with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on promoting calcium deposition was similar to that applied with physiological loading, suggesting that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound has the potential to stimulate piezoelectric effects. In addition, the BCZT/TiO2 coating was non-toxic and has good biocompatibility and bioactivity. The polarized BCZT/TiO2 coating showed the best proliferation results, and the osteoblast adhesion morphology on the coating surface was extended. The results provide data support for the application of titanium bio-piezoelectric coating on dental implants.

Design and manufacture of lead-free eco-friendly cement-based piezoelectric composites achieving superior piezoelectric properties for concrete structure applications

A complex-ion doping strategy fabricates lead-free BCZT ceramic. The excellent properties (d33 ∼ 577 pC/N, Kt ∼ 52%, TC ∼ 110 °C, d∗33 ∼ 620 pm/V, εr ∼ 1820, tanδ ∼ 0.02) were obtained in BCZT ceramic. The in-situ Raman spectroscopy and PFM were conducted to reveal the mechanisms for the superior properties achieved. BCZT ceramics were manufactured for cement-based piezoelectric composites, including 0–3, 2-2 and 1–3 types. 0–3 type (50% BCZT) showed the properties (d33 ∼ 46 pC/N, εr ∼ 310 and Kt ∼ 18.1%). 2-2 and 1–3 types exhibited good piezoelectric properties (d33 ∼ 285 pC/N, εr ∼ 720 and Kt ∼ 33.4% for 2-2 type; d33 ∼ 238 pC/N, εr ∼ 485 and Kt ∼ 29.5% for 1–3 type). Temperature-dependent electrical properties of BCZT-cement composites were systematically explored. Additionally, BCZT ceramic was designed and fabricated for PCD vibration energy harvesting. The output voltage (∼4.9 V) and output power (∼2.4 mW) were obtained. This work underpins the significance of lead-free BCZT ceramic and cement-based piezoelectric composites, and promotes their applications in smart structures.

Simulation of Boosting Efficiency of GaAs Absorption Layers with KNbO3 Scatterers for Solar Cells

In this work, gallium arsenide (GaAs), which has an adjustable band gap and low cost, was adopted as an absorption layer in which KNbO3, having good dielectric, photoelectric, and piezoelectric properties, served as a scattering element for the improvement in absorption efficiency of solar cells. Benefited by the high absorption efficiency of KNbO3, the utilization of the ultraviolet and infrared bands for solar cells can be strengthened. In addition, the ferroelectric and photovoltaic characteristics of KNbO3 enable the realization of decreased thickness of solar cells. Based on the simulation of the shape, width, and period of the scattering element, the effect of the thickness of the scattering element on the absorption efficiency, quantum efficiency, and total efficiency of absorption efficiency was comprehensively simulated. The results show that the absorption layer delivers the optimal performance when using a hexagonal KNbO3 scattering element. The absorption efficiency of the GaAs absorption layer with KNbO3 as the scattering element is increased by 28.42% compared with that of a GaAs absorption layer with empty holes. In addition, the quantum efficiency is maintained above 98% and the total efficiency is 91.59%. At the same time, the efficiency of such an absorption layer is still above 90% when the angle ranges from 0 to 70°. This work provides theoretical guidance for the rational design of solar cells based on photonic crystal structures.

Peptide-based Nanomaterials: Self-assembly and Applications.

The self-assembly behavior of polypeptides is common in nature. Compared with monopeptides, polypeptide-based self-assembled nanomaterials with ordered structures have good thermal stability, mechanical stability, semi-conductivity, piezoelectric and optical properties. In recent years, the self-assembly of polypeptides has become a hot topic in the material science and biomedical field. By reasonably adjusting the molecular structure of the polypeptide and changing the external environment of the polypeptide, the polypeptide can be self-assembled or triggered by non-covalent bonding forces such as hydrogen bond, hydrophobicity, and π - π accumulation to form specific polypeptide assemblies such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, and micelles. Due to good biocompatibility and controllable degradability, polypeptide-based self-assembled nanomaterials have been widely used in the fields of nanotechnology, imaging technology, biosensor, and biomedical science. As a new drug delivery system, the polypeptide-drug conjugate has the advantages of low toxicity, high efficiency, enhanced drug stability, and avoiding side effects. This paper reviews the research progress of polypeptide-drug self-assembly nanostructure in recent years. Several structural models of polypeptide self-assembly technology and the mechanism of polypeptide self-assembly are introduced. Then the assembly form of polypeptide-drug self-assembly and the application of selfassembly compound therapy is described.

Effect of Piezoelectricity of ZnO on CaP Deposition on Titanium Surface by Acoustic Excitation

The process of bone mineralization is affected by piezoelectricity. As biomedical materials, titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as implant materials due to their excellent mechanical and biological properties. They do not have piezoelectric properties. The preparation of a layer of zinc oxide film with good piezoelectric properties on the surface of titanium is conducive to enhancing the ability of bone mineralization. In this paper, the effect of the piezoelectricity of zinc oxide on the deposition of CaP on the surface of titanium alloy excited by sound waves in vitro was studied, providing a new idea for improving the surface bioactivity of titanium alloy. A dense nano ZnO film was prepared on TC4 sheet by hydrothermal synthesis using zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide as raw materials. The piezoelectric constant <i>d</i>₃₃ of zinc oxide thin film was measured by quasi-static method. The piezoelectric property of zinc oxide thin film was stimulated by acoustic vibration generated by a flat motor vibrator. The biomimetic mineralization experiment was carried out to study the piezoelectric property of zinc oxide and the effect of different vibration time of the motor on CaP deposition. The results show that the ZnO thin films prepared by this method have good crystallinity, high purity and are mostly hexagonal sheets, with the length ranging from 200nm to 300nm, and the longitudinal piezoelectric constant <i>d</i>₃₃ is 2.13-3.68pC•N^-1. More CaP was deposited on the vibrating sample surface than on the non vibrating surface, and CaHPO₄ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ were mostly used as the deposition products. The immersion sample that vibrated for 30s within 1h (12h in total) had the best deposition effect.

Graphene enhanced flexible piezoelectric transducers for dynamic strain measurement: from material preparation to application

In this study, graphene particles are introduced to the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to form a flexible ternary composite. The graphene concentration is rigorously designed and morphologically optimized, warranting good piezoelectric and dielectric properties. The piezoelectric and dielectric performances are greatly increased compared with the pure PVDF films. Then a theoretical model is formulated to quantitatively interpret the graphene effect on the permittivity performance and to provide guidelines for the optimization of graphene volume fraction. Moreover, a simple and cost-effective technique is designed to package the composite film as a large-area, lightweight and flexible transducer. Several confirmatory experiments and a proof-of-concept test are performed based on the proposed flexible piezoelectric transducer to validate the capability of the dynamic strain sensing. By comparing with the results from conventional strain gauges and ceramic piezoelectric wafers, it is verified that the proposed flexible transducer has proven responsivity and precision in responding to quasi-static strain, medium-frequency vibration, and ultrasound. The great potential of the developed transducer for a wide range of applications including structural health monitoring and human motion detection has been demonstrated.

Silk fibroin-based piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds for rapid wound healing.

Piezoelectric polymer nanofibers are attracting increasing attention in the stimulation of cell growth and proliferation in tissue engineering and wound healing applications. However, their intrinsic non-biodegradability in vivo hinders widespread applications in the biological fields. Herein, we designed, synthesized and characterized composite materials of silk fibroin (SF)/LiNbO3 (LN) nanoparticles/MWCNTs by electrospinning technology, which displayed good biocompatibility and comparable piezoelectric properties with an output current of up to 15 nA and output voltage of up to 0.6 V under pressure stimulation, remaining stable after 200 cycles of pressure release without significant decay. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the LN/CNTs/SF-nanofiber scaffolds (SF-NFSs) are also enhanced, with a tensile strength reaching 12.84 MPa and an elongation at break reaching 80.07%. Importantly, in vitro cell proliferation experiments showed that the LN/CNTs/SF-NFSs promoted cell proliferation at a rate of 43%. Accordingly, the mouse wound healing experiments further indicated that they could accelerate the healing of skin wounds in mice that were continuously moving. Therefore, SF-based piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds exhibit potential for use in rapid wound healing and this sheds light on smart treatment for tissue engineering in biomedicine.

Facile and highly efficient wet synthesis of nanocrystalline BiFeO3particles by reverse co-precipitation method

In this study a nanocrystalline bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) powder was synthesized using a novel, facile and highly efficient reverse co-precipitation method. Proposed method is also highly cost-efficient and environmentally friendly. It was demonstrated that the optimal calcination temperature for the preparation of phase-pure BFO is 400 °C, while at higher temperatures formation of undesirable crystal phases occur. X-Ray diffraction studies were employed for the investigation of crystal structure and phase composition of obtained powders. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphology of synthesized powders. For piezoelectric studies, precursors powders were pressed into 12.5 mm diameter pellets and calcined at the same temperatures. Obtained materials show very good piezoelectric properties, as a result of high defects homogeneity and very low crystallite size. Determined piezoelectric coefficient is comparable with praseodymium, samarium or europium doped BiFeO3 ceramic.

Piezoelectric properties of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films grown on Si substrates by the sol–gel method

In this study, we investigated the piezoelectric characteristics of the sol-gel Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) films deposited on two different types of substrates. Epitaxial PZT piezoelectric thin films were grown on ZrO2-buffered Si substrates, while polycrystalline PZT thin films were grown on conventional Pt/Ti/Si substrates by the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a cube-on-cube epitaxy on the buffered Si substrate. The piezoelectric coefficient (e31,f) of the epitaxial PZT thin films was investigated by measuring the tip displacement of PZT cantilevers, and the |e31,f | values were in the range of 8.9–12 C/m2. The voltage dependence of the |e31,f | values was more constant than that of the polycrystalline sol–gel PZT/Si cantilever. The epitaxial sol–gel PZT films thus exhibited good piezoelectric properties for applications in microelectromechanical systems devices.

Laser Doppler vibrometry for piezoelectric coefficient (d33) measurements in irradiated aluminum nitride

Sensors used for experiments in advanced reactors must survive under harsh environments. Few material systems can be used to construct sensors viable for extreme conditions. Aluminum nitride (AlN) is one such material because it has high thermal stability and radiation resistance, and sustains good piezoelectric and dielectric properties at high temperatures. In this work, the piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of the AlN single-crystal with thermal and irradiation damage was investigated using an indirect method with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). Surface electrodes were deposited on the AlN samples, and the vibration response of the samples to an applied voltage was monitored using the LDV as a function of the excitation frequency. The d 33 estimation was based on the excitation voltage and the thickness-mode displacement extracted from the LDV measurements. Six AlN substrates were irradiated with 8 MeV Al 2＋ at three fluences (10 15 , 10 16 , and 10 17 ions/cm 2 ) and two temperatures (300 ° C and 500 ° C ). The d 33 for the six irradiated samples and one pristine sample were measured, and the measurement uncertainty was estimated based on five repeated tests. All samples were also measured by a commercial piezometer for comparison. The experimental results demonstrate that the piezoelectric coefficients obtained by LDV were about 0.8–1.16 pm/V lower than those obtained by the piezometer. With the compensation of the clamping effect, the corrected LDV values are similar to the piezometer results. Both show similar trends in all samples, which validates the feasibility of the proposed method for d 33 measurement. Based on the LDV results, the irradiated samples show a 12%–22% decrease in d 33 compared with the pristine samples. The samples irradiated under the same fluence at a higher temperature (500 °C) demonstrated a lower d 33 than those at 300 °C. The effect of the retro-reflective tape, sample temperature, and sample size on the d 33 measurement were also studied. • Laser vibrometry is used for piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) measurement of AlN. • AlN single crystals are irradiated with Al 2+ at three fluences and two temperatures. • AlN irradiated at a higher temperature shows a lower d 33 . • The d 33 of irradiated AlN at 10 17 and 500 °C is 22% lower than that of the pristine AlN. • The d 33 measured using laser vibrometry is validated by piezometer measurement.

Recent advances in PLLA-based biomaterial scaffolds for neural tissue engineering: Fabrication, modification, and applications.

Repairing and regenerating injured neural tissue remains a worldwide challenge. Tissue engineering (TE) has been highlighted as a potential solution to provide functional substitutes for damaged organs or tissue. Among the biocompatible and biodegradable materials, poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) has been widely investigated in the TE field because of its tunable mechanical properties and tailorable surface functionalization. PLLA-based biomaterials can be engineered as scaffolds that mimic neural tissue extracellular matrix and modulate inflammatory responses. With technological advances, PLLA-based scaffolds can also have well-controlled three-dimensional sizes and structures to facilitate neurite extension. Furthermore, PLLA-based scaffolds have the potential to be used as drug-delivery carriers with controlled release. Moreover, owing to the good piezoelectric properties and capacity to carry conductive polymers, PLLA-based scaffolds can be combined with electrical stimulation to maintain stemness and promote axonal guidance. This mini-review summarizes and discusses the fabrication and modification techniques utilized in the PLLA-based biomaterial scaffolds for neural TE. Recent applications in peripheral nerve and spinal cord regeneration are also presented, and it is hoped that this will guide the future development of more effective and multifunctional PLLA-based nerve scaffolds.