Good Test Performance Research Articles

Application of Cohesion Theory in CET-4 Listening Comprehension

Cohesion is a very important part of learning English. The Cohesion Theory of Halliday and Hasan is of great importance for people to acquire the knowledge of cohesion. This study is aimed at applying this Cohesion Theory in CET-4 listening comprehension which is an important test for Chinese college students. This study uses the test papers of CET-4 in June 2021 as examples to demonstrate that it is obvious that there are certain cohesive relations between the listening materials and the correct answers. It is also practicable to apply the Cohesion Theory in listening comprehension of CET-4. It mainly analyzes the cohesive devices applied in figuring out the correct choices by understanding the cohesive relations between the listening materials with the right answers. It demonstrated obviously that there exists the cohesive relations between the listening materials with the right answers in the test, and both the grammatical device and lexical device are often used interactively. The cohesive devices can serve as the important clues for students to make the right choices. The findings of this study suggest that the application of the Cohesion Theory in CET-4 listening comprehension is practicable and effective. It can not only help the students get good performance in the CET-4 tests, the same approach can also be used in other important tests. 

Deep-Learning-Based Smartphone Application for Self-Diagnosis of Scleral Jaundice in Patients with Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases.

Outpatient detection of total bilirubin levels should be performed regularly to monitor the recurrence of jaundice in hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease patients. However, frequent hospital visits for blood testing are burdensome for patients with poor medical conditions. This study validates a novel deep-learning-based smartphone application for the self-diagnosis of scleral jaundice in such patients. The system predicts total serum bilirubin levels using the deep-learning-based regression analysis of scleral photos taken by the smartphone’s built-in camera. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to either the training cohort (n = 90, 1034 photos) or the validation cohort (n = 40, 426 photos). The intraclass correlation coefficient value for predicted serum total bilirubin (PSB) derived from the images repeatedly taken at the same time for the same patient showed good reliability (0.86). A strong correlation between measured serum total bilirubin (MSB) and PSB was observed in the subgroup with MSB levels ≥1.5 mg/dL (Spearman rho = 0.70, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve for PSB showed that the area under the curve was 0.93, demonstrating good test performance as a predictor of hyperbilirubinemia (p < 0.001). Using a cut-off PSB ≥1.5, the prediction sensitivity of hyperbilirubinemia was 80.0%, with a specificity of 92.6%. Hence, the tool is effective for patient monitoring.

Performance of Seven SARS-CoV-2 Self-Tests Based on Saliva, Anterior Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Swabs Corrected for Infectiousness in Real-Life Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Test Accuracy Study.

Many studies reported good performance of nasopharyngeal swab-based antigen tests for detecting SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals; however, studies independently evaluating the quality of antigen tests utilizing anterior nasal swabs or saliva swabs are still rare, although such tests are widely used for mass testing. In our study, sensitivities, specificities and predictive values of seven antigen tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 (one using nasopharyngeal swabs, two using anterior nasal swabs and four using saliva) were evaluated. In a setting of a high-capacity testing center, nasopharyngeal swabs for quantitative PCR (qPCR) were taken and, at the same time, antigen testing was performed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions for the respective tests. In samples where qPCR and antigen tests yielded different results, virus culture was performed to evaluate the presence of the viable virus. Sensitivities and specificities of individual tests were calculated using both qPCR and qPCR corrected for viability as the reference. In addition, calculations were also performed for data categorized according to the cycle threshold and symptomatic status. The test using nasopharyngeal swabs yielded the best results (sensitivity of 80.6% relative to PCR and 91.2% when corrected for viability) while none of the remaining tests (anterior nasal swab or saliva-based tests) came even close to the WHO criteria for overall sensitivity. Hence, we advise caution when using antigen tests with alternative sampling methods without independent validation.

Bio-oil chemical looping reforming coupled with water splitting for hydrogen and syngas coproduction: Effect of supports on the performance of Ni-Fe bimetallic oxygen carriers

In this study, chemical looping reforming coupled with water splitting (CLRWS) process for coproduction of syngas and hydrogen using bio-oil model compound as fuel was investigated. The process simulation results indicated that the mass ratio of fuel to Fe2O3 (F/O) of 0.3 at 900 °C was suitable for syngas and hydrogen coproduction. Under these conditions, the CLRWS experiments were conducted in the fixed bed reactor using Ni-Fe bimetallic oxygen carriers (OCs). The Ni-Fe bimetallic oxygen carrier contained 5 wt% of NiO, 60 wt% of Fe2O3 and 35 wt% of support. Six metal oxides, Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3, MgO, TiO2 and ZrO2, were used as supports, and corresponding OCs were termed as NFA, NFC, NFL, NFM, NFT and NFZ, respectively. The interaction between different components had significant influence on coproduction of syngas and hydrogen. The formation NiAl2O4, FeAl2O4, MgFe2O4, and Fe2TiO5 were unreadily reduced and unfavorable for the high purity hydrogen production in SR. The NFL, NFZ and NFC presented the better performance than the NFA, NFM and NFT. The catalytic reforming reactions were enhanced significantly by introducing NiO and the supports, while the presence of Ni readily produced higher carbon deposition, which could be alleviated by the addition of steam in FR. The hydrogen purity of all OCs increased to more than 95% in the SR with S/C = 1.4. The top two hydrogen purity in SR for NFZ and NFC were 99.73% and 99.66%, the corresponding hydrogen yield were 1.132 Nm3/kg and 1.165 Nm3/kg, respectively. The NFL exhibited excellent catalytic performance and benefited to produce syngas. The NFZ had the highest oxygen transfer capacity and the lowest carbon deposition. The cyclic stability of NFL and NFZ decreased with the increasing of number of cycles. The NFC is a promising OC in the CLRWS process with the presence of steam, maintained high hydrogen purity and good stability performance in the multiple cycle tests.

The diagnostic accuracy of saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2: Asystematic review and meta-analysis.

IntroductionEarly detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is paramount for controlling the progression and spread of the disease. Currently, nasopharyngeal swabbing (NPS) is the standard method for collecting specimens. Saliva was recently proposed as an easy and safe option with many authorities adopting the methodology despite the limited evidence of efficacy.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the current literature on the use of saliva test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and carry out a meta‐analysis to determine its diagnostic accuracy.Materials and methodsProspective studies were searched for in electronic databases, complemented by hand‐searching relevant journals. The risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the revised Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool. Meta‐analyses and meta‐regression modeling were performed to calculate the diagnostic accuracy and examine sources of heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 16 studies were included with 2928 paired samples. The overall meta‐analysis showed a high sensitivity and specificity for saliva test at 0.88 (95% CI 0.82–0.92) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.75–0.98), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was calculated at 87 (95% CI 19–395) and area under the curve was calculated as 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.94) suggesting very good performance of the saliva tests in detecting SARS‐CoV‐2.ConclusionSaliva testing has a very good discriminative and diagnostic ability to detect of SARS‐CoV‐2. Additional large and well‐designed prospective studies are needed to further validate the diagnostic accuracy and determine a safe sample collection method prior to its recommendation for mass application.Clinical relevanceSaliva demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. The use of saliva will allow for self‐collection of specimens and specimen collection in outpatient and community clinics.

Performance Evaluation of Planar Anisotropy Yield Criteria for Aluminum Sheet Forming Analysis

The present work aims making a step by identifying a set of standardized accuracy measures based on laboratory experiments. Uniaxial tension, plane strain tension, hemispherical dome, and square cup tests were conducted for a 6000 series aluminum sheet used as automotive panels. Principal strain distribution, punch height at fracture, draw-in, and wrinkling were measured and compared with numerical simulation predictions. The performance of the five yield criteria, Barlat89, BBC2005, Hill48, Vegter2017, and YSD6 (Yoshida 6th order polynomial function) was measured and evaluated using the conventional accuracy index and the proposed accuracy indexes that represent manufacturing defects encountered in practice. It is found that state of the art material models such as BBC2005, Vegter2017 and YSD6 are fully able of representing standardized material test results, which is also well reflected in the predictive accuracy of simulated hemispherical dome and square cup tests. Because earlier models such as Hill48 and Barlat89 lack in capturing a high number of experimentally determined data points, they should be used with caution even Barlat89 shows good performance in the hemispherical dome tests.

Risk Factors and a New Prediction Model for Pancreatic Fistula After Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

AimIn order to find the risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) according to the latest definition and grading system of International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) (version 2016) and propose a nomogram for predicting POPF.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 232 successive cases of PD performed at our hospital by the same operator from August 2012 to June 2020. POPF was diagnosed in accordance with the latest definition of pancreatic fistula from the ISGPS. The risk factors of POPF were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A nomogram model to predict the risk of POPF was constructed based on significant factors.ResultsThere were 18 cases of POPF, accounting for 7.8% of the total. Among them, 17 cases were classified into ISGPF grade B and 1 case was classified into ISGPF grade C. In addition, 35 cases were classified into biochemical leak. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that hypertension, non-diabetes, no history of abdominal surgery, antecolic gastrojejunostomy and soft pancreas were independent risk factors of POPF. Based on significant factors, a nomogram is plotted to predict the risk of POPF. The C-index of this nomogram to assess prediction accuracy was 0.916 (P < 0.001) indicating good prediction performance.ConclusionHypertension, non-diabetes, no history of abdominal surgery, antecolic gastrojejunostomy and soft pancreas were independent risk factors of POPF. Meanwhile, a nomogram for predicting POPF with good test performance and discriminatory capacity was constituted.

Performance of 3D printed PCL/PLGA/HA biological bone tissue engineering scaffold

AbstractIn the repair of bone defects, bone tissue engineering scaffolds made of degradable polymers are considered as potential bone defect graft substitutes. Among them, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid coglycolic acid (PLGA) are widely used in tissue engineering. PCL has good processability. However, the poor hydrophilicity of PCL leads to a lower cell adhesion rate of pure PCL scaffolds. PLGA has good biological properties. However, the production of acidic substances during the rapid degradation of PLGA will result in low‐local pH, and PLGA has poor toughness. In this study, PCL and PLGA were mixed in different proportions and 20 wt% hydroxyapatite (HA) was added. A PCL/PLGA/HA scaffold with good pore structure was prepared by 3D printing method. The regular grid structure makes the transportation of nutrients more convenient. The PCL component in the scaffold improves the toughness of the scaffold. Due to the mixing of PLGA, the hydrophilicity of the composite scaffold is improved, making the scaffold more conducive to cell adhesion. At the same time, the HA component contained in the composite scaffold provides Ca2+ and PO43− for the scaffold, which promotes the osteogenic differentiation of cells on the composite scaffold. Since the PCL/PLGA/HA composite scaffold prepared by 3D printing has shown good performance in mechanical and cell tests, we believe that the composite scaffold has potential applications in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Physical capability, physical activity, and their association with femoral bone mineral density in adults aged 40 years and older: The Troms\xf8 study 2015\u20132016

SummarySince muscles can influence bone growth and vice versa, we examined if level of physical activity and physical capability tests can predict areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Both high activity level and good test performance were associated with higher aBMD, especially in women.IntroductionMuscle influences bone formation and vice versa. Tests of physical capability and level of physical activity reflect various muscle qualities. We assessed the associations between total hip aBMD and physical activity as well as a range of standardized physical capability tests in an adult general population.MethodsA total of 3 533 women and men aged 40–84 years, participating in the population-based cross-sectional Tromsø study in Norway in 2015–2016, were included. Linear regression was used to assess associations between aBMD and physical activity and the physical capability tests grip strength, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and standing balance. Non-linear associations were examined in cubic spline models. Standardized regression coefficients were calculated to compare effect sizes across physical capability measures.ResultsIn fully adjusted models, higher physical activity was positively associated with total hip aBMD in both sexes compared to a sedentary lifestyle. All tests of physical capability were associated with aBMD in women, SPPB showing the strongest association although effect sizes were too small to indicate clinically significant differences (1 point increase corresponded to an aBMD increase of 0.009 g/cm2, CI = 0.005 to 0.012). In men, SPPB and its subtests were associated with aBMD with chair rises showing the strongest association (1 s increase in execution time corresponded to an aBMD decrease of 0.005 g/cm2, CI = 0.008 to 0.002).ConclusionPhysical activity was associated with aBMD, and tests of physical capability can account for some of the aBMD variations in adults aged 40 years and older, especially in women.

Field Evaluation of the Performance of Two Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Meningitis in Niger and Burkina Faso.

New lateral flow tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) (serogroups A, C, W, X, and Y), MeningoSpeed, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), PneumoSpeed, developed to support rapid outbreak detection in Africa, have shown good performance under laboratory conditions. We conducted an independent evaluation of both tests under field conditions in Burkina Faso and Niger, in 2018–2019. The tests were performed in the cerebrospinal fluid of suspected meningitis cases from health centers in alert districts and compared to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests performed at national reference laboratories (NRLs). Health staff were interviewed about feasibility. A total of 327 cases were tested at the NRLs, with 26% confirmed Nm (NmC 63% and NmX 37%) and 8% Sp. Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 95% (95% CI: 89–99) and 90% (95% CI: 86–94) for Nm and 92% (95% CI: 75–99) and 99% (95% CI: 97–100) for Sp. Positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 77% (95% CI: 68–85) and 98% (95% CI: 95–100) for Nm and 86% (95% CI: 67–96) and 99% (95% CI: 98–100) for Sp. Concordance showed 82% agreement for Nm and 97% for Sp. Interviewed staff evaluated the tests as easy to use and to interpret and were confident in their readings. Results suggest overall good performance of both tests and potential usefulness in meningitis outbreak detection.

Design and Test of Auxiliary Steering System of High Clearance Sprayer Chassis Based on Self-steering Structure

A hydraulic assisted steering method was proposed to solve the problem of steering instability caused by insufficient reverse resistance moment of wheel hub motor in four-wheel independently electrically driven high clearance sprayer. Firstly, the principle of steering chassis structure of four-wheel independently electrically driven high clearance sprayer is briefly introduced. On this basis, hydraulic auxiliary steering system is designed. Then a simplified 2-DOF vehicle steering model is established to analyze the Angle control of the auxiliary steering system. Finally, simulation and road surface test are carried out respectively to verify the performance of steering and auxiliary steering coordination control. Under the working conditions of the steering system alone and the steering system and the auxiliary steering system together, the four-wheel electric drive sprayer carried out the obstacle crossing test and the downslope test with the slope of 15° respectively at the speed of 1 m/s on the smooth road surface. The test results show that in the downhill test, the maximum tracking deviation of the steering system alone is 6.1°, the maximum tracking deviation of the steering and auxiliary steering coordination is 0.9°, the maximum tracking deviation of the steering system alone is 12.0°, and the maximum tracking deviation of the steering and auxiliary steering coordination is 1.2° in the obstacle breaking test. The test results verify the feasibility and stability of the hydraulic steering system proposed in this paper. The system has good test performance and can meet the practical requirements.

Design of an Information Management System for the Case Library of Business Management Courses

The business management models are updated constantly, making it urgent to reform the teaching methods of business management courses (BMCs). Case-based teaching (CBT) is an important way to integrate the teaching and practice of business management. The construction and management of CBT resources has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. This paper designed an information management system for the BMC case library. Firstly, the goals and content were summarized for the construction of the case library and the information management system. Next, the authors designed the BMC case library forms, as well as the function modules of the information management system. There are three core functions in the system: retrieval, cluster analysis, and course case allocation. At last, experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed case clustering algorithm and the good test performance of the established system.

Wideband transverse electromagnetic cell design and its application in frequency selective surface measurement

An open transverse electromagnetic cell (TEM cell) that covers L-band, S-band, and C-band is proposed in this paper. According to impedance matching theory analysis, the characteristic impedance of coaxial connector and microstrip with air as substrate are considered, which are combined with a taper gradient section to realize the function of TEM cell. The proposed TEM cell was modeled and simulated in CST Microwave Studio. Through full-wave simulation, the proposed TEM cell demonstrates a wideband transmission characteristic, S11 less than −10 dB from 1 to 8 GHz, which is relatively rare among the designs that have been reported. The test flow and data post-processing method are given. To verify the effectiveness of the test method, an example of measuring a classical square slot frequency selective surface that their resonance frequency is 3.7 GHz is designed and simulated in the TEM cell. To verify the simulated results, a prototype is fabricated and measured with the proposed TEM cell. The experimental result demonstrates a good agreement with the simulated result, which indicates that the designed TEM cell has good test performance.

Impact of surface waterproofing on the performance of brick masonry through the moisture exposure life-cycle

Moisture is one of the major causes of damage to building systems, affecting the hygrothermal performance and durability of building systems. Surface treatment products are available in the market that can influence the hygric performance of masonry facades under water exposure. These are of a wide range of chemical compositions, and they claim to waterproof the masonry surfaces while not diminishing vapour transmissibility. This paper presents and discusses the findings from a series of benchtests carried out to measure hydrophobicity, water absorption and water vapour transmission following the relevant codes for an appraisal of the hygric behaviour change in brick masonry induced by waterproofing through three distinct phases of the life-cycle of moisture exposure, i.e. first contact with water, wetting and drying. To this end, 4 waterproofing products including silane/siloxane blend liquid and cream, and acrylic and stearate-based liquids were selected for testing, along with 3 brick types common in the 50s and 60s to be representative of the majority of the UK building stock. The findings show that the treatment products indeed enhance the surface hydrophobicity and reduce water absorption while allowing water vapour transmission to differing degrees: silane/siloxane blend cream overall was found the most effective throughout the moisture-exposure life-cycle, with an average of ~96% reduction in water absorption and 18% of increase in water vapour resistance in comparison to the untreated case, followed by the stearate-based liquid with 57% reduction in water absorption and 12% increase in water vapour resistance. The acrylic-based product demonstrated good performance in hydrophobicity and water vapour transmission tests, however led to a comparatively higher water absorption capacity than the other treatment products with only ~40% reduction in comparison to the base-case. Finally, silane/siloxane blend liquid was found to lead to the lowest contact angle, demonstrating a lower-than-others capacity to developing surface hydrophobicity, and led to 35% reduction in water absorption and 28% increase in water vapour resistance, making it the poorest product in the dataset to lead to watertight and vapour open systems under water exposure. Based on the test results it was also deemed beneficial to use masonry specimens to account for its composite nature, rather than using results obtained from brick and mortar separately to infer the wall response under exposure.

Circulating Cell-Free DNA Methylation Profiles in the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Simple SummaryThere are limited non-invasive methods for detecting epithelial ovarian cancer despite early detection and treatment dramatically increasing survival. As alterations in serum or plasma cell-free (cf)DNA methylation occur early in cancer development, they are promising biomarkers for ovarian cancer. Our literature review includes 18 studies depicting a wide array of gene targets and techniques. The data suggest a good performance of these cfDNA methylation tests, with accuracies up to 91% in detecting ovarian cancer in serum or plasma.Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and has few reliable non-invasive tests for early detection or diagnosis. Recent advances in genomic techniques have bolstered the utility of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) evaluation from peripheral blood as a viable cancer biomarker. For multiple reasons, comparing alterations in DNA methylation is particularly advantageous over other molecular assays. We performed a literature review for studies exploring cfDNA methylation in serum and plasma for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. The data suggest that serum/plasma cfDNA methylation tests have strong diagnostic accuracies for ovarian cancer (median 85%, range 40–91%). Moreover, there is improved diagnostic performance if multiple genes are used and if the assays are designed to compare detection of ovarian cancer with benign pelvic masses. We further highlight the vast array of possible gene targets and techniques, and a need to include more earlier-stage ovarian cancer samples in test development. Overall, we show the promise of cfDNA methylation analysis in the development of a viable diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer.

A Novel Method for Parameter Identification of Fuel Cell Equivalent Circuit Model

In order to monitor the running state of fuel cell and prolong its service life, fault diagnosis technology has been widely researched. The fuel cell equivalent circuit model (ECM) can easily characterize the water content and membrane drying of the cells which has attracted the attention of scholars. Usually ECM is obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and uses an electronic load for impedance excitation test, then achieves parameter identification through algorithms for fault diagnosis. This paper proposes a novel fuel cell ECM model parameter identification method by constructing a new combined network that the fuel cell ECM is included. It doesn’t require an electronic load to provide an excitation, meanwhile it relies on the DC/DC converter’s input voltage and inductor current, without voltage and current sensors on the fuel cell side. It uses the least square method to identify this new combined network’s parameter. This method reduces the cost of system components and achieves a good test performance.

In vivo test-driven upgrade of a time domain multi-wavelength optical mammograph.

A recent upgrade of the time domain multi-wavelength optical mammograph developed by Politecnico di Milano achieved good performance in laboratory tests [Biomed. Opt. Express9, 755 (2018).10.1364/BOE.9.000755]. However, it proved unsatisfactory when in vivo measurements were finally performed. That led to a further upgrade, including the replacement of the time-to-digital converter with a new model, and the related set-up changes. The new instrument version offers improved laboratory performance (as assessed through established protocols: BIP and MEDPHOT) and good in vivo performance (extension of the scanned breast area, repeatability, consistency of estimated tissue composition with physiology). Besides introducing the new set-up and detailing its laboratory and in vivo performance, we highlight the importance of systematic in vivo testing before entering clinical trials.

Coupling surface flow with high-performance subsurface reactive flow and transport code PFLOTRAN

Water exchange between the surface and subsurface is important for both water resource management and environmental protection. In this paper, we develop coupled surface and subsurface flow simulation capability in a parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport code PFLOTRAN. We sequentially couple the diffusion wave-based surface flow with the subsurface flow governed by the Richards equation in PFLOTRAN. These two flow domains are linked with a boundary condition switching method that ensures the continuity of pressure and flux at the surface-subsurface interface. We verify the coupled code against other existing hydrologic models and observation data using a number of numerical experiments. The coupled hydrological model exhibits good performance in strong parallel scaling tests. The new coupled surface and subsurface simulator significantly advance community simulation capability towards improving integrated hydrologic and biogeochemical understanding of complex systems such as watersheds and river corridors.

Empirical Likelihood-Based Tests for Serial Correlation with Possible Infinite Variance

It is well-known that the presence of serial correlation may result in an inefficient or even biased estimation in time series analysis. In this paper, we consider testing serial correlation when the model error follows a GARCH process which is frequently used in modelling financial data. Two empirical likelihood-based testing statistics are proposed to deal with possible infinite variance issues that may occur. Both statistics are shown to be chi-squared distributed asymptotically under mild conditions. Simulations confirm the good finite sample performance of both tests. Finally, to emphasize the importance of using our tests, we explore the impact of the exchange rate on the stock return using both monthly and daily data from eight countries.

Automating and Optimizing Software Testing using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

The final product of software development process is a software system and testing is one of the important stages in this process. The success of this process can be determined by how well it accomplishes its goal. Due to the advancement of technology, various software testing tools have been introduced in the software engineering discipline. The use of software is increasing day-by-day and complexity of software functions are challenging and there is need to release the software within the short quality evaluation period, there is a high demand in adopting automation in software testing. Emergence of automatic software testing tools and techniques helps in quality enhancement and reducing time and cost in the software development activity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are widely applied in different areas of Software engineering (SE). Application of AI techniques can help in achieving good performance in software Testing and increase the productivity of the software development firms. This paper briefly presents the state of the art in the field of software testing by applying AI techniques in software testing.