Good Low-temperature Properties Research Articles

Lubricity and Tribological Properties of Dicarboxylic Acid and Oleyl Alcohol Based Esters

Synthesis of new lubricants nowadays is increasing to improve the lubricity properties and the quality of lubricant. In the current study, eight diesters with different chemical structures were tested in terms of their suitability as lubricants. The esterification reaction was carried out using Dean-Stark distillation method with some modification. Fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR and C-13-NMR), were used to verify the chemical structure of the diesters. The results showed that the dioleyl pimelate (DOlP), dioleyl adipate (DOlA), dioleyl glutarate (DOlG), and dioleyl succinate (DOlSuc) showed good low temperature properties with pour point values at -10, -12, -16 and -20 degrees C, respectively. The dioleyl dodecanedioate (DOlD) indicated remarkable flash point value at 305 degrees C and had slightly high oxidative stability temperature (OT) at 183 degrees C. The flash point increased with the number of carbons for dicarboxylic acid used, while oxidative stability was affected by the unsaturated of oleyl alcohol. Tribological study showed that the diesters were non-Newtonian except DOlD, which was Newtonian fluid. All the diesters were found to be boundary lubricants with low coefficients of friction (COF). Overall, the results indicated that all the diesters studied can be used as lubricating base oils.

Biodiesel Production from Babassu Oil: A Statistical Approach

The methyl esters synthesis from babassu oil and methanol using potassium methoxide (KOCH3) as catalyst has been developed and optimized by application of the Factorial Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology. The different variables affecting the alkaline methanolysis of babassu oil were studied. Temperature reaction was found to have the most significant influence on conversion. According to this study and from an economical point of view, the best conditions for overall process are catalyst concentration of 0.95% and an operation temperature of 45°C working with 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. With these conditions the maximum conversion obtained was 99.85%. The biodiesel produced from babassu oil has a high percentage of saturated fatty acids, 91%, mainly composed of lauric (51.8%) and myristic (22.2%) fatty acids making it particularly stable towards oxidation and resulting in good low temperature properties. The babassu oil methyl esters (BOME) could be converted in a highly promising substitute for conventional fuel possibly due to the good cold flow properties, high oxidative stability displayed and matching the European Biodiesel Standard EN 14214. These properties could make babassu oil methyl esters of a great interest.

Palm oil derived trimethylolpropane triesters synthetic lubricants and usage in industrial metalworking fluid.

Trimethylolpropane triesters are biodegradable synthetic lubricant base oil alternative to mineral oils, polyalphaolefins and diesters. These oils can be produced from trimethylolpropane (TMP) and fatty acid methyl esters via chemical or enzymatic catalyzed synthesis methods. In the present study, a commercial palm oil derived winter grade biodiesel (ME18) was evaluated as a viable and sustainable methyl ester source for the synthesis of high oleic trimethylolpropane triesters (HO-TMPTE). ME18 has fatty acid profile containing 86.8% oleic acid, 8.7% linoleic acid with the remaining minor concentration of palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid. It's high oleic property makes it superior to produce synthetic lubricant base oil that fulfills both the good low temperature property as well as good oxidative stability. The synthetic base oil produced had a viscosity of 44.3 mm(2)/s at 40°C meeting the needs for ISO 46 oils. It also exhibited an excellent viscosity index of 219 that is higher than some other commercial brands of trimethylolpropane trioleate. Properties of base oil such as cloud point, density, acid value, demulsibility and soap content were also examined. The oil was then used in the formulation of tapping oil and appraised in term of adaptability, stability and field test performance.

Zeoforming of Triglycerides Can Improve Some Properties of Hydrorefined Vegetable Oil Biocomponents

Rapeseed vegetable oil was initially zeoformed in the temperature range of 200–300 °C and at a pressure of 1.7 MPa using a catalyst containing ZSM-5, and the obtained zeoformates were subsequently converted into hydrocarbons [hydrorefined vegetable oil (HVO)] through the process of hydroconversion. The resulting hydroraffinates (HVO fuel biocomponents) contained n-paraffins, isoparaffins, and up to 15% aromatic compounds. It has been established that hydroraffinates containing aromatic compounds have good low-temperature properties [cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of approximately −12 °C] and a density of 825 kg/m3. The hydroraffinate obtained over the catalyst at the highest applied temperature (300 °C) was characterized by a decreased initial boiling point of distillation (IBP) of 174 °C (the IBP for the non-zeoformed oil hydroraffinate was 284 °C) and an increased distillation final boiling point (FBP) of approximately 379 °C, which was higher than that of the non-zeoformed hydroraffinate (337 °C). Investigation of the obtained hydroraffinate properties led to the conclusion that the preliminary zeoforming process may cause the coupling (oligomerization) of fatty acid chains and the creation of aromatic structures containing aliphatic functional groups.

Effect on Addictives Adding of Mn-Ce/TiO<sub>2</sub> Selective Catalytic Reduction NO by NH<sub>3</sub> at Low-Temperature

Additives addition into Mn-Ce/TiO2 which had good low-temperature catalytic properties was studied, so as to improve its low-temperature anti-poisoning performance. Results showed that catalytic activity of Mn-Ce/TiO2 added additives V, Fe and Cu (short for Mn-M-Ce/TiO2 ) was improved all, compared with 95% NO conversion efficiency of Mn-Ce/TiO2 at temperature of 120°C, the ratio of Mn-M-Ce/TiO2 reached nearly 100%. Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2 had the best single anti-poisoning ability, under the existence of 7% vapor, its catalytic conversion efficiency could be always kept over 90% at 120°C.The anti-SO2 poisoning ability at low-temperature reduced after adding additives Fe and Cu. catalytic conversion efficiency of Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2 and Mn-Cu-Ce/TiO2 could be close to 90% at temperature of 180°C when water and SO2 exist simultaneously.

Performance properties of oil‐soluble synthetic polyalkylene glycols

ABSTRACTConventional polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) that are derived from the polymerization of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide provide many performance benefits such as excellent friction control, good low temperature properties, high viscosity indices and excellent deposit control. One limitation is their poor miscibility in hydrocarbon oils. A new range of oil‐soluble PAG base oils has been developed using butylene oxide as one of the precursors, and these provide superior miscibility in hydrocarbon base stocks. The new base oils offer many of the traditional advantages of PAGs such as high viscosity indices, good low temperature properties and good traction behaviour. In addition, they can be used as a co‐base oil or additive in hydrocarbon base stocks to improve deposit control and provide good film‐forming behaviour. Examples of their structure property relationships will be discussed and also aspects of how this technology may enable application expansion of PAGs in the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Probing Wisconsin highbush cranberry (V. trilobum), dotted horsemint (M. punctata), and American hazelnut (C. americana) as potential biodiesel feedstocks

The need for biodiesel feedstocks growing on non-arable lands is widely recognized. We present results of the synthesis and characterization of new biodiesels we produced from oils of highbush cranberry, dotted horsemint, and American hazelnut growing in Northern Wisconsin. These biodiesels, particularly those derived from highbush cranberry, exhibited remarkably good low-temperature properties, a condition that is crucial for wider usage of any biodiesel in cold climates. We also present the results on determination of the oxidative stability of the above biodiesels and discuss the growing conditions and habitats of the related plants.

Premium quality renewable diesel fuel by hydroprocessing of sunflower oil

Hydroprocessing of neat sunflower oil was carried out at 360–420 °C and 18 MPa over a commercial hydrocracking catalyst in a bench scale fixed bed reactor. In the studied experimental range, products consisted exclusively of hydrocarbons that differed significantly in composition. While the concentration of n-alkanes exceeded 67 wt.% in the reaction products collected at 360 °C, it decreased to just 20 wt.% in the product obtained at 420 °C. Consequently, the fuel properties of the latter product were very similar to those of standard (petroleum-derived) diesel fuel. Particularly, it exhibited excellent low-temperature properties (cloud point −11 °C; CFPP −14 °C). Reaction products obtained at 400 and 420 °C were blended into petroleum-derived diesel fuel in three concentration levels ranging from 10 to 50 wt.% and the fuel properties of these mixtures were evaluated. Diesel fuel mixtures containing the product of sunflower oil hydrocracking at 420 °C showed very good low-temperature properties including cloud point (−8 °C) and CFPP (−15 °C) that was further lowered to −25 °C due to addition of flow improvers.

Chemistry and physical properties of estolides

Estolides are a developing class of natural and synthetic compounds that have been synthesized from hydroxy oils like castor and lesquerella or by the condensation of fatty acids across the olefin of a second fatty acid. Castor and lesquerella estolides are derived from either their triglycerides or their free fatty acids utilizing their hydroxyl moiety to establish the estolide bond. The triglyceride estolides have pour points of 9 to –36oC but suffer poor oxidative stability with RPVOT times of 29 – 52 minutes even with 1% of an anti-oxidant package incorporated into the samples. In contrast to the triglyceride estolides of castor and lesquerella, the estolides from lesquerolic and ricinoleic acids have very good pour points of –36 to –54oC. Estolides derived from the acid catalyzed condensation of oleic acid with a variety of fatty acids can be made in good yield and posses a wide range of physical properties. Of particular interest are the saturated capped estolides of oleic that have both good low temperature properties (pour point –5 to – 39oC) and good oxidative stability. Estolides from meadowfoam fatty acids do not have good low temperature properties but have been extensively used in cosmetics where they provide good moisturizing properties.

Biodiesel Production by Pyrolysis from Waste Animal Fats

The biodiesel has attracted attention as an alternative fossil fuel. Generally, the biodiesel is fatty acid methyl esters obtained from triglycerides which are the principal ingredients of oils and fats. The plantation vegetables of biodiesel raw materials are grown in Europe and America. On the other hand, it is necessary to use waste cooking oils in Japan where the cultivated acreage is narrow. The flee fatty acids are included in waste cooking oils decrease the biodiesel yield. Moreover, the long chain saturated compounds of animal fats in waste cooking oils lower the low temperature property of the obtained biodiesel. The pyrolysis of waste cooking oils was examined in order to apply to the manufacturing method of the biodiesel. As the results, it was cleared that the triglyceride generates the fatty acids by the ester bond decomposition at 360-390°C. Next, the fatty acids decompose and the short chain hydrocarbon is generated. Moreover, the hydrocarbon of the light oil fraction is obtained by the decarboxylation of the hydrocarbon at 420°C. At this time, the yield and the selectivity of the light oil fraction can be improved when the activated carbon supported palladium is added as a catalyst. The obtained light oil fractions had a good low temperature property.

Influence of Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 Solid Solution on the Performance of Low Pt-Rh Three-way Catalysts

Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 solid solution was prepared by coprecipitation technique and characterized by specific surface area measurements (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature-programmed (TP) technique. Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 was used to prepare low Pt-Rh three-way catalyst (TWC) and its influence on the performance of TWC was investigated. The results showed that Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 had a cubic structure similar to Ce 0.50Zr 0.50O 2 and a large specific area after calcined at 600 °C for 5 h. Furthermore, after being aged at 1000 °C for 5 h, Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 still maintained a stable cubic structure and a specific surface area of 47.25 m 2·g −1. The results of H 2-TPR and O 2-TPO indicated that Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 had good redox properties. The catalyst containing Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 possessed a fairly wide range of three-way working-windows, good low-temperature light-off properties, and better ability of water-gas shift. Being hydrothermally aged at 1000 °C, the catalyst containing Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 still showed good catalytic activity in comparison with Ce 0.50Zr 0.50O 2 TWC, which indicated that Ce 0.35Zr 0.55La 0.10O 1.95 improved the anti-aging properties of the catalyst.

Polyurethane elastomers with amide chain extenders of uniform length

Toluene diisocyanate based polyurethanes with amide extenders were synthesized poly(propylene oxide) with a number average molecular weight of 2000 and endcapped with toluene diisocyanate was used as the polyether segment. The chain extenders were based on poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide): hexamethylene diamine, bisamine-diamide and bisamine-tetra-amide. The linear poly(ether bisurethane-bisurea-amide)s (PUA) were colorless transparent thermoplastic elastomers with a high molecular weight. The polymers were analyzed by IR and DSC, the morphology studied by TEM, the mechanical properties studied by DMTA and the tensile, the elastic properties by compression and tensile set and thermal stability by melt rheology. The phase separation with these amide extenders was by crystallization. Increasing the length of the amide chain extender increased the modulus and the melting temperature of the PUA without changing the good low temperature properties. Also the elastic properties improved with amide segment length. The fracture stress increases with amide extender length. At 200 °C, the melt stability of the PUA with the bisamine-diamide chain extender was good.

THE STUDY OF PRODUCING SBS MODIFIED ASPHALT BY USING LIAOSHU HIGH VISCOUS CRUDE OIL

The high viscous crude from Shuguang No.1 zone of Liaohe oilfield has the characteristics of high contents of resin, asphaltene and low wax content, which belongs to low sulfur naphthene-base crude oil and is ideal material for producing high grade paving asphalt. Waste oil used as blender and stabilizer that is rich in aromatics and poor in wax and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) were added into vacuum residue of the said crude oil. By reasonable process, various brand SBS modified asphalts meeting JTJ036-98 specification were developed. The modified mechanism and road properties were studied. The laboratory test showed these modified paving asphalts had good low-temperature properties and antiaging feature.

THE STUDY OF PRODUCING HEAVY TRAFFIC ASPHALT BY USING THE HIGH VISCOUS CRUDE FROM NO.l SHUGUANG ZONE OF LIAOHE OIL FIELD

ABSTRACT The characteristics of the high viscous crude from No. 1 Shuguang Zone of Liaohe Oil Field are similar to those of residue distillates of general crude such as high density(ρ 20=0·9977 g.cm-3),high viscidity υ 100= 1223·9 mm2.s-1) and high carbon/hydrogen ratio. This oil contains less wax, but rich in resin and asphalt, which belongs to low sulfur naphthene-base crude oil and can be used as feedstock to produce high paving asphalt. But now it is used as fuel after emulsificating. In order to make full use of this oil and resolve the problem of paving asphalt demand-supply, various paving asphalts conforming to GB50092-96 standard were produced by blending vacuum residue of the high viscous crude from No.l Shuguang Zone of Liaohe Oil Field and waste oil which is rich in aromatics and poor in wax. The laboratory test results show that modified paving asphalts have good low-temperature properties and antiaging feature.

Low temperature growth of ZnSe/GaAs using hot molecular beams

Epitaxial layers of ZnSe/GaAs were grown successfully at the growth temperature as low as of 100°C using hot molecular beams generated by post-heating at 600°C both for Zn and Se. Although having rather inferior surface morphology, ZnSe epilayers grown at 100–150°C showed good low-temperature photoluminescence properties. The relation between the surface morphology and the growth rate, and also the role of the post-heated Se beam are discussed.

Ultraviolet Curable Silicone Optical Fiber Coatings

ABSTRACTTechnology coupling fast ultraviolet (UV) cure response with elastomeric properties in silicone formulations has been developed. Rapid photocure was obtained through addition of mercaptan to vinyl on silicon via a free radical chain reaction resulting in a monosulfide link. One optical fiber coating based on the technology, OPTIGARD™ X3-6662, is a onepart formulation which can be cured very rapidly (≤0.1 sec) upon UV exposure (≥25 mJ/cm2) to provide a low refractive index (RI=1.42), elastomeric film exhibiting good low temperature properties. A high refractive index counterpart (RI=1.51), OPTIGARD™ X3-6663, was obtained through incorporation of a controlled amount of phenyl groups into the polymer backbone. The technology, an IR-100 Award winner in 1985, is being used by the fiber optic industry to satisfy their need for coatings which will cure fast, perform over a wide temperature range, and be moisture insensitive.

Lowering of solid point of synthetic lubricating oils

This article shows how the treatment of the di-2-ethylhexyl ester of 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid with tert-butyl peroxide offers a means for a considerable lowering of the solid point of the products. These products combine a high viscosity with good low-temperature properties, and they are at the level of diisooctyl sebacate with respect to thermal-oxidative stability and lubricating properties. The thermal-oxidative stability of the treated materials and that of the diisooctyl sebacate that is the commonly used base stock for synthetic aviation lubricating oils is determined in order to define the effects of peroxide treatment on the oxidation stability of the products. The feasibility of using 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid as a raw material in the manufacture of base stocks for synthetic lubricating oils is demonstrated.

TRI-MARK TM-811N2

Abstract TRI-MARK TM-811N2 is a flux-cored welding electrode for all position semiautomatic arc welding. It is designed to weld 2-3% nickel steels for applications requiring good toughness at subzero temperatures; in addition, it is used to weld various other high-strength low-alloy steels and various fine-grained steels with low-temperature toughness. Tri-Mark TM-811N2 is used to deposit typically 2.35% nickel steel weld metal with good low-temperature impact properties. It is used for shipbuilding, oil rigs and similar structures. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-389. Producer or source: Tri-Mark Inc..

Structure and properties of low-carbon high-manganese cast steels for cryogenic use

Various chemical compositions of high-manganese cast steels intended for cryogenic applications were considered, following which three alloys were prepared. The microstructure of the steels was studied, the mechanical properties at room temperature and different subzero temperatures were determined, and the fracture surfaces of impact test specimens broken at different temperatures were observed. The experimental results show that a low carbon content and high manganese/carbon ratio have a remarkable effect on conferring toughness at low temperatures. Low-C high-Mn cast steels with a structure consisting of an austenitic matrix and ε-martensite have good low-temperature mechanical properties and are well suited for cryogenic applications.

Elastomeric Diene/Polyhalophenyl Acrylic Copolymers with Intrinsic Flame Retardance

Abstract It is well known that certain aliphatic or aromatic halogen-containing substituents impart flame retardance to compounds containing them. This fact has been applied not only to development of fire retardant additives for organic compositions but also to preparation of various halogen-containing polymers with intrinsic fire retardance. These include resinous or fibrous homopolymers or copolymers of polyhalophenyl methacrylates or acrylates. The monomers used for these contain relatively high concentrations of highly heat stable aromatic halogen groups and may be prepared by various means from available, potentially low-cost polyhalophenols. The present report describes efforts to prepare elastomeric diene-copolymers with intrinsic flame retardance by the use of such monomers. Utilization of these monomers for the preparation of elastomeric terpolymers with fairly good low-temperature properties and oil resistance is also illustrated.