Good Ground Research Articles

Efficacy of Cover Crops on Weed Suppression, Wheat Yield, and Water Conservation in Winter Wheat–Sorghum–Fallow

ABSTRACTReducing the fallow period by using cover crops in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–fallow system has the potential to suppress weeds and improve wheat yield, yet limited information is available from the semiarid southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States. This study determines the effects of spring‐planted cover crops on weed suppression and winter wheat yields in semiarid environments. The study used a randomized complete block design with eight cover crop treatments and three replications. The cover crop treatments consisted of fallow (weeds controlled with herbicide), pea (Pisum sativum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), pea + oat, pea + canola, pea + oat + canola, and six‐species mixture of pea + oat + canola + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) + forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.) + barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Both winter wheat and cover crops received supplemental irrigation. The cover crops showed potential to suppress weeds and maintain good ground cover during summer. Specifically, weed biomass in the oat and oat mixtures with legumes and brassicas were 73 to 85% less than in fallow during 2018. Cover crops showed little effect on wheat yield, yield components, and water use efficiency. Although long‐term studies of cover crops effects on multiple ecosystem services may help to select the most effective cover crop on wheat yield and water use efficiency in the SGP, this study revealed benefit of cover cropping through weed suppression.

Научные основы формирования полифункциональных кластерных дендрологических экспозиций коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН

В последние годы в связи с реализацией нацпроектов «Экология» актуальность приобретают вопросы сохранения, восстановления и непрерывного использования дендроколлекций в озеленении при формировании комфортной городской среды и применения отобранного генофонда растений в лесомелиорации, плодоводстве, парфюмерной промышленности и др. Цель – разработать научные основы и этапы формирования полифункциональных кластерных дендрологических экспозиций коллекций ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН при их реновации в биоресурсные искусственные и озелененные ландшафтные пространства рекреационного типа в малолесных регионах России. Выявлено, что в системе ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (ранее ВНИАЛМИ) имеются несколько дендрариев (Волгоградский, Камышинский, Кулундинский, Поволжский), в которых собран основной генофонд видов древесных и кустарниковых растений из различных стран мира (Европы, Азии, Северной Америки и др.) для агролесоводства и озеленения аридных территорий РФ. Они ориентированы на подбор деревьев и кустарников, пригодных в первую очередь для защитного лесоразведения и озеленения, а также здесь проводятся фундаментальные научные исследования в области биоэкологии древесных растений и питомниководства. В настоящее время они испытывают ряд негативных воздействий (факторы и угрозы): деградация растительности – диффузное и куртинное усыхание деревьев и кустарников вследствие недостаточного орошения, вытаптывания почвы, пожары 2010, 2015, 2017 гг. (г. Волгоград); загрязнение воздушного бассейна (связано с общей неблагоприятной ситуацией, сложившейся в городе, воздействием выбросов автотранспортом); визуальное загрязнение – замусоренность территории вследствие высокой рекреационной нагрузки. Установлены наиболее острые проблемные ситуации, не связанные с состоянием окружающей природной среды – отсутствие буферной зоны, нерегулируемая рекреация, отсутствие ограждений. Дорожно-тропиночная сеть представлена грунтовыми протопами. Освещение и цветочное оформление отсутствует. Разработана концепция реконструкции, структура и функциональное зонирование на примере дендрологического парка ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (г. Волгоград). Формирование кластерных дендрологических экспозиций и биоресурсов коллекций полифункционального типа служат не только хорошим полигоном с контролируемой территорией, где можно безопасно испытывать виды растений, но и разрабатывать соответствующие рекомендации по реновации озелененных пространств рекреационных ландшафтов с учетом комплексной оценки искусственных урбофитоценозов в малолесных регионах России.In recent years, in connection with the implementation of the Ecology national projects, the issues of conservation, restoration and continuous use of dendrocollections in landscaping during the formation of a comfortable urban environment and the use of selected plant gene pools in forest reclamation, horticulture, perfumery, etc. have become urgent. The goal is to develop the scientific foundations and stages of the formation of multifunctional cluster dendrological expositions of the collections of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences during their renovation in bioresource artificial and landscaped of a recreational type in sparsely forested regions of Russia. It was revealed that in the system of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly VNIALMI) there are several arboretums (Volgogradsky, Kamyshinsky, Kulundinsky, Volga), in which the main gene pool of species of woody and shrub plants from different countries of the world (Europe, Asia, North America, etc.) is collected for agroforestry and landscaping of arid territories of the Russian Federation. They are focused on the selection of trees and shrubs suitable primarily for protective afforestation and landscaping, and fundamental scientific research is also carried out in the field of bioecology of woody plants and nursery farming. Currently, they are experiencing a number of negative impacts (factors and threats): vegetation degradation - diffuse and curtain drying of trees and shrubs due to insufficient irrigation, trampling of the soil, fires in 2010, 2015, 2017. (Volgograd city); air pollution (due to the general unfavorable situation in the city, the impact of emissions from vehicles); visual pollution - the clutter of the territory due to the high recreational load. The most acute problem situations that are not related to the state of the environment — the absence of a buffer zone, unregulated recreation, and the absence of fences are established. The road-path network is represented by unpaved protopes. Lighting and flower design is missing. The reconstruction concept, structure and functional zoning were developed on the example of the dendrological park of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Volgograd). The formation of cluster dendrological expositions and bioresources of multifunctional type collections not only serves as a good testing ground with a controlled territory where plant species can be safely tested, but also develop appropriate recommendations for the renovation of green spaces of recreational landscapes, taking into account a comprehensive assessment of artificial urbophytocenoses in sparsely forested regions of Russia.

Parallel structure of algorithms and training computational technology specialists

A universal method for describing an algorithm’s parallel structure was developed as a part of AlgoWiki Open Encyclopedia of Parallel Algorithmic Features. AlgoWiki is not just an important source of information on specific algorithms, but also a good training ground for students. To develop a high-quality algorithm description, one needs to study its structure, identify its key properties, obtain the data by practical experiments on a supercomputer and learn to visualize the results. This article describes the experience of conducting a computer lab course on parallel algorithm structure at the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics at Lomonosov Moscow State University.

MANGEMENT OF TURF IRRIGATION SYSTEM UNDER USING GRAY WATER

This research amid to obtain identify the effect of low-quality water (gray water) (reused water after its nomination in the special filtration stations) on the performance analysis of the turf irrigation system. The Experiment was carried out at ELRhap site, the area under investigation was 450 m², it was divided into 6 plots, and the geometrical has 5 m × 15 m. Investigated variables were gray water and tap water plots were; have been while the investigated parameter was the percentage of the applied amounts of irrigation water with a percent of 100%; 85%; 75%. The response of plant growth landscaping parameters due to irrigation water types were color, length, density and its coverage on the after heads, the effect of gray water and fresh water on the turf irrigation system was compared through the study of (uniformity, Surface roughness, Clogging ratio, flow, pressure), of sprinklers during same the irrigation period. Results of the applied could be summarized as followed. The Accumulative clogging ratio by using gray water was (1.50 – 1.56 – 1.6) % and tap water was (1.22 – 1.25 – 1.28) % at (100% - 85% - 75%) of quantity the water required for the plant. Illustrates in tap water turf quality rate was (8.50 – 8.00 – 8.00) for color, very good quality rate was (8.00 – 8.00 – 7.50) for density also very good ground cover quality rate was (8.00 – 7.50 -7.50). Meanwhile, illustrates in gray water turf quality rate was (8.50 – 8.50 – 8.00) for color, very good quality rate was (8.50 – 8.00 – 8.00) for density also very good ground cover quality rate was (8.00 – 8.00 – 7.50) at (100% - 85% - 75%) of quantity the water required for the plant. Surface roughness in the main irrigation lines was measured after the use of gray water and tap water. The erosion was (17.93– 65.35) Mm and the sediments were (15.48 – 58.22) Mm in gray while the erosion of tap water was (10.45– 34.89) Mm and the sediments were (9.06– 45.22) Mm.

Complementary Soil Investigation as a Chance to Optimize the Foundation Design

Properly performed soil investigation is important for almost all civil engineering tasks. Nowadays when there is a serious lack of plots with good ground water conditions Investors are often forced to make their projects even when ground water conditions are poor or not suitable. The article presents the case study of a small commercial facility in Chojna, Poland, for which poorly conducted preliminary soil investigation could have caused excessive costs for the investor. The layer of organic soils in the ground was the reason for planning huge exchange of soil. Quick reaction of the construction manager, caused that investor decided to hire a geotechnical specialist. A preliminary calculation showed that simple ground improvement should solve the problem. After that, additional static plate tests were performed. Also from organic soil oedometer test, and direct shear tests has been made. In the next step FEM model of subgrade was developed, and serviceability limit state was checked. That provides the possibility to design subgrade improvement by crushed concrete pressed into the organic layers. This type of soil improvement helps to decrease the settlement from 44 mm to more or less 15 mm under the foundation bench. The additional problem to solve was the construction of the roads and parking, especially in the zone of supplies, where heavy trucks were planned to drive. The individual project of geosynthetics reinforcement of pavement and its subbase was performed to prevent uncontrolled settlements. As a next step surveyor measurements of settlement are planned to be performed for the object in different construction stages. Authors of the paper wants to show that even when ground conditions of the plot are not very good, properly planned and developed soil investigation can provide some unexpected savings for the Investor. Paper ends with some conclusions about geotechnical investigation and its influence for the building process.

Signal enhancement for planetary radar sounders

Orbital radar sounders are a useful tool to investigate planetary bodies. The sounding signal lies in the high frequency or very high frequency band, allowing a good ground penetration but limiting the system's resolution. Moreover, electromagnetic interference (EMI) may affect the system, increasing the noise in the radar products. In this Letter, a method to enhance the resolution and to suppress the EMI is presented. The method's performance and the parameters setting are investigated. Finally, some results for the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding and for the Shallow Radar sounders are presented.

The Impact of a ‘Colonizing River’: Colonial Railways and the Indigenous Population in French Algeria at the turn of the Century

ABSTRACTColonial railways eased settlement and altered the economic activity of the surrounding areas. Thus, they provide a good testing ground for the impact of settlement expansion. By taking advantage of unique territorial population data and digitized historical colonization maps in the Constantine region, this paper assesses the effect of railways on the indigenous population in Algeria during the colonial years. The indigenous population growth and density are first analysed in a cross-section multivariate regression framework that permits controlling for various forms of settlement. As a robustness check to the results, the paper implements differences-in-differences combined with a propensity score matching methodology that allow analysing the impact in relatively isolated areas where the infrastructure arrived later. The main conclusion of the paper is that, if settlement did have a positive effect on the indigenous population growth – as many historians tend to argue – it was channelled through railways only after 1900, when cereal cultivation improved, and the trade policy changed. The lack of significance before the 1900s is most likely explained by geographic-specific factors that limited the potential effects of railways.

Povratak u budućnost - osnove savremene teorije analitičkog polja

The concept of an analytic field emerged as a result of the research of a relational vertex in psychoanalysis in the sixties of the twentieth century by French-Argentine analysts, Madeleine and Willy Baranger. The authors came to the conclusion that the analytical dyad creates a field, which consists of two people that are inevitably linked and complementary in the analytical situation and involved in individual dynamic processes. From this perspective, the object of study is not the patient itself, nor the relationship with the analyst, but the field of the analytical situation as a product of unique phenomena and pathologies. Field theory is, in its essence, "weak theory" because it contains a large space for change, with the awareness of the transience and fascination with the new and unknown. In short, field theory is a fluid theory that is struggling to change, and as such it was a good ground for fertilization with complex Bion's ideas, especially among Italian psychoanalysts. Plurality of language in field theory has allowed dialogue between heterogeneous analysts, offering itself different perspectives of contemporary psychoanalysis, putting emphasis on the elements of dreaming, narration, and deconstruction of psychoanalytic discourse. Characteristics that emerge after the interpretation signal their understanding and pave the way for the next in terms of its (un) saturation and facilitation -contributing to psychic change. Haydee Faimberg linked the function of analytic listening to Freud's concept of Nachträglichkeit, which she defined as the subsequent giving of meaning and derived the concept of "listening to listening". The attribute of "weak" theory can very easily be transformed in the field into a "hard" practice, because it inflicts narcissistic wounds to analysts, disrupting the sense of omnipotence and self-sufficiency. The fantasy created in the bi-personal field becomes autonomous, has its own laws of functioning and is independent of conscious and rational control. An analyst can't become a passive observer of what is happening and which frustrates him occasionally but must take a "second look".

Epistemological Reform and Embracement of Human Rights. What Can be Inferred from Islamic Rationalistic Maturidite Theology?

Abstract The authors argue that there is an epistemological crisis of conservative Islamic scholarship and Muslim mind, rooted in the centuries-old confinement of a role for reason within strict limits, and in the disappearance of rationalistic discursive theology (kalam) as a dynamic science. Moreover, epistemological crisis is exemplified by seriously insufficient level of protection of human rights under Sharia when judged by contemporary principles of human rights. This crisis demands a necessity of undertaking epistemological reform, which denotes the incorporation of international standards of human rights and justice into the epistemology and methodology of producing Islamic norms (usul al-fiqh). It is argued that the key epistemological premises of rationalistic Islam, such as acceptance that human reason can find goodness and badness independently from revelation and non-acceptance of ethical voluntarism, may offer a good ground to make epistemological reform, which would induce the Muslims to critically approach and reinterpret the pre-modern religious interpretations and to construct an Islamic legal and ethical system that is appropriate for the context of the 21th century. In the end, reason, being the human capacity for shaping reality in a humane way, is indispensable to read religious sources from a historical-metaphorical point of view.

Resources: Resurrecting the “dead bug” method: An unconventional approach to prototyping high-frequency circuits - [Resources_Hands on

DON'T GET ME WRONG—I LOVE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS. PCBs are, of course, essential in mass-produced products. Even for hobbyists, a small run assures almost perfectly repeatable circuits. And PCBs with a good ground plane are essential for high-frequency circuits operating at more than a few megahertz. A ground plane is a large area of copper that's used as a low-inductance electrical return path from components to a circuit's power supply. It prevents parasitic capacitance from smearing high-frequency signals into noise, and the absence of a ground plane is why you can't build a high-frequency circuit using a breadboard and expect it to work well, or at all. • But rapid prototyping with PCBs has drawbacks compared with the speed and ease of building a circuit on a breadboard. You can quickly make your own PCBs—as long as you don't mind the mess and some stained clothing and are willing to drill your own through holes. Or you can send your PCB layout to be made by a commercial service, but this takes several days at least and is more expensive. • So I began thinking about practical alternatives for high-frequency circuits that can provide maker-friendly prototypes that are fast to build, and easy to probe and alter. In this article, I'll be presenting one key idea; some follow-on strategies will appear on the IEEE Spectrum website in the coming weeks. I should say that I make no claims of originality: Indeed I employ some oft-forgotten, decades-old techniques, but they turn out to be surprisingly useful in an age of surface-mount components operating at gigahertz frequencies.

Encountering Dissimilar Views in Deliberation: Political Knowledge, Attitude Strength, and Opinion Change

Conversing with diverse points of view stands as the central tenet of deliberative democracy, yet empirical evidence has suggested mixed outcomes related to perspective change as a result of deliberative encounters. I propose a difference‐driven model that suggests individual predispositions moderate the processing of dissimilar views when changing policy preferences. My analysis is based on a random sample of over 400 voters at a California‐wide deliberative event, where participants discussed proposals for reforming the state politics. I find that encountering more and different arguments transforms policy attitudes. Yet it is more difficult for people to change their minds on issues about which they hold strong beliefs. Some evidence suggests that different psychologies are at play for people who enter deliberation with substantial or weak political knowledge and for those who deliberate while holding strong or moderate prior opinions. Well‐grounded strong opinions are resistant to change, while well‐grounded moderate opinions are persuadable in deliberative groups. Uninformed positions can become entrenched in like‐minded groups, yet they can be adjusted once participants deliberate with dissimilar views, especially opinions that are held strongly without good informational ground. The findings urge deliberative forums that introduce participants to diverse perspectives to foster a considered public opinion.

Application of the complex variable function method in solving the floor heave problem of a coal mine entry

With the increase of mining depth in Chinese coal mines, the entry floor heave becomes one of the major engineering problems. This paper has studied the stress and displacement distribution around an entry in Buertai coal mine, China. The mechanism of floor heave is analyzed using the method of complex variable function. The influences of floor mechanical properties, longwall face advance, and mine water on the stability of the floor are then identified. The results show that (1) the floor moves towards the center under the concentration of the tangential stress, resulting in floor heave; (2) the floor stability is mainly influenced by the mechanical properties of the floor and the confining stress from the surrounding rock; and (3) the unnoticeable movement of the floor may be enlarged by the mining activity (face advance) and mine water. The proposed theoretical model is validated by the numerical modeling and the in situ. Good agreements are found between the theoretical analysis and the numerical modeling results and the in situ. It is thus believed that the complex variable function method can be used for analyzing the floor heave problem. Based on the mechanism of floor heave, we divide the control techniques into two categories: creation of a stress-relief entry and floor reinforcement. The techniques were practiced at two Chinese coal mines with good ground control effects.

Yield stability, canopy characteristics and seed-borne diseases of spring barley genotypes under organic management

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to identify stable and high-yielding genotypes grown in organically managed fields in Latvia and Estonia and to determine their canopy parameters and susceptibility to seed-borne diseases. Field trials with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were conducted using 26 varieties and breeding lines including 20 covered and six hulless genotypes at three locations over three growing seasons. Estonian breeding line 4533.4.3.6 yielded significantly above the average (3.99 t ha–1; LSD = 0.230 t ha–1) and showed wide adaptability as indicated by the coefficient of regression (bi = 1.05), relatively small deviation from regression (s2d = 0.04) and one of the lowest value of ecovalence (Wi = 1.41%). There were significant differences between genotypes according to the canopy parameters measured, such as growth type, early vigour, crop ground cover and canopy height. High-yielding barley genotypes were characterized by more planophile growth habit and shorter canopy height, thus providing good ground cover in the early stages of plant growth. Rasa was the only variety found to have no plants infected with loose smut or leaf stripe, in either of the locations.

Infinite distances in field space and massless towers of states

It has been conjectured that in theories consistent with quantum gravity infinite distances in field space coincide with an infinite tower of states becoming massless exponentially fast in the proper field distance. The complex-structure moduli space of Calabi-Yau manifolds is a good testing ground for this conjecture since it is known to encode quantum gravity physics. We study infinite distances in this setting and present new evidence for the above conjecture. Points in moduli space which are at infinite proper distance along any path are characterised by an infinite order monodromy matrix. We utilise the nilpotent orbit theorem to show that for a large class of such points the monodromy matrix generates an infinite orbit within the spectrum of BPS states. We identify an infinite tower of states with this orbit. Further, the theorem gives the local metric on the moduli space which can be used to show that the mass of the states decreases exponentially fast upon approaching the point. We also propose a reason for why infinite distances are related to infinite towers of states. Specifically, we present evidence that the infinite distance itself is an emergent quantum phenomenon induced by integrating out at one-loop the states that become massless. Concretely, we show that the behaviour of the field space metric upon approaching infinite distance can be recovered from integrating out the BPS states. Similarly, at infinite distance the gauge couplings of closed-string Abelian gauge symmetries vanish in a way which can be matched onto integrating out the infinite tower of charged BPS states. This presents evidence towards the idea that also the gauge theory weak-coupling limit can be thought of as emergent.

Crowdsourcing image analysis for plant phenomics to generate ground truth data for machine learning.

The accuracy of machine learning tasks critically depends on high quality ground truth data. Therefore, in many cases, producing good ground truth data typically involves trained professionals; however, this can be costly in time, effort, and money. Here we explore the use of crowdsourcing to generate a large number of training data of good quality. We explore an image analysis task involving the segmentation of corn tassels from images taken in a field setting. We investigate the accuracy, speed and other quality metrics when this task is performed by students for academic credit, Amazon MTurk workers, and Master Amazon MTurk workers. We conclude that the Amazon MTurk and Master Mturk workers perform significantly better than the for-credit students, but with no significant difference between the two MTurk worker types. Furthermore, the quality of the segmentation produced by Amazon MTurk workers rivals that of an expert worker. We provide best practices to assess the quality of ground truth data, and to compare data quality produced by different sources. We conclude that properly managed crowdsourcing can be used to establish large volumes of viable ground truth data at a low cost and high quality, especially in the context of high throughput plant phenotyping. We also provide several metrics for assessing the quality of the generated datasets.

The application of the face-perpendicular preconditioning technique for de-stressing seismically active geological structures

ABSTRACTA trial on de-stressing a dyke that was located 60 m ahead of mining faces was conducted through drilling face-perpendicular preconditioning holes that intersected and passed the dyke by two metres. A sticky explosive (Ug101s) with a density of 1.1 g/cc, charging amass of 30.4 kg, powder factor of 1.3 kg/tonne, with gassing gap and 5 m long tamping material were used. After detonating the holes, a small seismic magnitude was noted. As mining progressed towards the dyke and passing through the dyke, good ground conditions were observed. Numerical modelling was conducted to simulate rate of energy release (RER), major principal stress ahead of the mining faces and simulation of the ride. The results of the study showed a gradual decrease of sigma 1,RER and high possibility of large seismic events to occur when mining through the dyke and also increase in the ride at the vicinity of the dyke.

Gender Factor-Impact on Employability: Special Reference to the Management Students in Kerala

Kerala is the State having height in Human development Index in the Country. It has got the highest literacy rate and also number one in female literacy. In case of employment Kerala is one among the last states of the country. Kerala the advantage is the state was declared as a state with 100% literacy. The women literacy rate is also higher in the state, People are having good economic and cultural back ground. Good at education and other economic aspects of life. Among the 3,34 crores of the people ( Census 2011) 1.6 crores are male and 1.74are female. If we take the percentage of literacy 96.11% men and 92.07% women are literate. The women in the state are strong enough to work in corporate culture. The problem generally faces in Kerala is there is not much of job opportunities in Kerala and hence employability. Women are equally a good work force in Kerala compared to men provided they should have opportunity to be given.

Computer design of microfluidic mixers for protein/RNA folding studies.

Kinetic studies of biological macromolecules increasingly use microfluidic mixers to initiate and monitor reaction progress. A motivation for using microfluidic mixers is to reduce sample consumption and decrease mixing time to microseconds. Some applications, such as small-angle x-ray scattering, also require large (>10 micron) sampling areas to ensure high signal-to-noise ratios and to minimize parasitic scattering. Chaotic to marginally turbulent mixers are well suited for these applications because this class of mixers provides a good middle ground between existing laminar and turbulent mixers. In this study, we model various chaotic to marginally turbulent mixing concepts such as flow turning, flow splitting, and vortex generation using computational fluid dynamics for optimization of mixing efficiency and observation volume. Design iterations show flow turning to be the best candidate for chaotic/marginally turbulent mixing. A qualitative experimental test is performed on the finalized design with mixing of 10 M urea and water to validate the flow turning unsteady mixing concept as a viable option for RNA and protein folding studies. A comparison of direct numerical simulations (DNS) and turbulence models suggests that the applicability of turbulence models to these flow regimes may be limited.

Klaus Friedrich Roth, 1925-2015

Klaus Friedrich Roth, 1925-2015

Large deviation theory for the kinetics and energetics of turnover of enzyme catalysis in a chemiostatic flow.

In the framework of large deviation theory, we have characterized nonequilibrium turnover statistics of enzyme catalysis in a chemiostatic flow with externally controllable parameters, like substrate injection rate and mechanical force. In the kinetics of the process, we have shown the fluctuation theorems in terms of the symmetry of the scaled cumulant generating function (SCGF) in the transient and steady state regime and a similar symmetry rule is reflected in a large deviation rate function (LDRF) as a property of the dissipation rate through boundaries. Large deviation theory also gives the thermodynamic force of a nonequilibrium steady state, as is usually recorded experimentally by a single molecule technique, which plays a key role responsible for the dynamical symmetry of the SCGF and LDRF. Using some special properties of the Legendre transformation, here, we have provided a relation between the fluctuations of fluxes and dissipation rates, and among them, the fluctuation of the turnover rate is routinely estimated but the fluctuation in the dissipation rate is yet to be characterized for small systems. Such an enzymatic reaction flow system can be a very good testing ground to systematically understand the rare events from the large deviation theory which is beyond fluctuation theorem and central limit theorem.