Good Governance Policy Research Articles

Effects of Migration on Farm Labour among Rice Farmers in Mamou Prefecture, Guinea Conakry

Abstract One of the critical assets directed at agricultural production is labour. In this context, the effects of migration on farm labour among rice farmers in Mamou Prefecture, Guinea Conakry, were assessed. To achieve this goal, 140 respondents were sampled using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data to present results and test for correlation between ranked variables. Prominent among the push factors responsible for farm labour migration were poverty ( , sd = 0.83), poor healthcare services ( , sd = 0.74) and unemployment sd = 0.61),) while good government policies ( , sd = 0.75) and food security ( , sd = 0.63) were the pull factors. The highest-ranked migration types with effects on farm labour migration were short term ( , sd = 0.45), internal ( , sd = 0.78) and individual ( , sd = 1.45) migration. Farm labour was unavailable (77.1%) in the study area on a cumulative scale. There was an inverse relationship between unemployment (rho = −0.019, p = 0.024), method of land preparation (rho = −0.219, p = 0.009), marital status (rho = −0.178, p = 0.036), family/friends (rho = −0.184, p = 0.030) and farm labour availability, whereas the relationship was direct for the availability of raw materials for production (rho = 0.240, p = 0.004) and farm labour availability. The enacting and sustaining of enabling government policies to improve the livelihoods and the intensifying of agricultural mechanisation are recommended in order to stem migration and sustain farm labour availability.

Regenerating Sustainable energy and environmental solutions: Challenges and Opportunity in Belt and Road Initiative Countries

This study examines financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, urbanization, and environmental degradation in 47 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 1980 to 2022. Panel unit root tests (IPS, LLC, PP, and ADF) ensured data correctness and stationarity. Three co-integration tests examined the variables' connections. Difference of means (DOLS) and functional moment (FMOLS) tests examined BRI economies' co-integration. A paired Granger causality test found bidirectional correlations between CO2 emissions, urbanization, financial development, economic growth, and the creation of gross fixed capital. Trade openness only correlated with ecological well-being. International study suggests regional, state, and federal policy implications. The empirical investigation used a panel causal heterogeneous test, dynamic ordinary least squares(DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (MOLS) with fixed and random effects. Trade openness negatively affected CO2 emissions, but all other regressors positively affected environmental quality. Good governance and country-specific policies are needed to maximize BRI advantages. Despite conflicting energy statistics, the study found that economic development hurt the environment in all 47 countries. Industrialized nations generally use renewable energy, which minimizes ecological issues, hence their omission from the BRI full panel may explain the negative coefficient. Since most BRI economies are in emergent and growing countries, environmental preservation and renewable energy technologies need more time and money. Instead of coal, the Chinese government and other BRI nations are urged to invest in wind, hydro, solar, and biomass. Sharing green energy technology might help BRI economies. Cross-national urbanization strategy should incorporate eco-friendly solutions. The panel and governments may utilize the paper's substantial policy recommendations.

Pengaruh Sukuk, Saham Syariah dan Reksadana Syariah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Nasional Tahun 2018-2023

In economic life, until now economic growth is a very important thing for a country. Not only Indonesia, but countries all over the world. In determining a development achievement in countries, it can be seen from the economic growth figures of each country. The quality of good or bad government policies can be seen and measured from the speed of national output growth. Indonesia is listed as one of the developing countries that requires a lot of capital to increase economic development, the Indonesian state is by growing the investment sector using capital market instruments. The formulation of the research problem is whether there is an influence between sukuk, sharia shares, sharia mutual funds on national economic growth. This research is quantitative research. The data used is secondary data. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression, and for data processing using the IBM SPSS version 23 program. The results of this research are 1. Sukuk (X1) have a positive and significant effect on national economic growth. 2. Sharia shares (X2) have a positive and significant effect on national economic growth. 3. Sharia mutual funds (X3) have a positive and significant effect on national economic growth. And together (simultaneously) the variables sukuk, sharia shares and sharia mutual funds have a positive and significant effect on national economic growth.

Health outcome convergence and the roles of public health financing and governance in Africa.

Progress in health outcomes across Africa has been uneven, marked by significant disparities among countries, which not only challenges the global health security but impede progress towards achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 10 (SDG 3 and SDG 10) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This paper examines the progress of African countries in reducing intra-country health outcome disparities between 2000 and 2019. In other words, the paper investigates the convergence hypothesis in health outcome using a panel data from 40 African countries. Data were sourced from the World Development Indicators, the World Governance Indicators, and the World Health Organization database. Employing a non-linear dynamic factor model, the study focused on three health outcomes: infant mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, and life expectancy at birth. The findings indicate that while the hypothesis of convergence is not supported for the selected countries, evidence of convergence clubs is observed for the three health outcome variables. The paper further examine the factors contributing to club formation by using the marginal effects of the ordered logit regression model. The findings indicate that the overall impact of the control variables aligns with existing research. Moreover, governance quality and domestic government health expenditure emerge as significant determinants influencing the probability of membership in specific clubs for the child mortality rate models. In the life expectancy model, governance quality significantly drives club formation. The results suggest that there is a need for common health policies for the different convergence clubs, while country-specific policies should be implemented for the divergent countries. For instance, policies and strategies promoting health prioritization in national budget allocation and reallocation should be encouraged within each final club. Efforts to promote good governance policies by emphasizing anti-corruption measures and government effectiveness should also be encouraged. Moreover, there is a need to implement regional monitoring mechanisms to ensure progress in meeting health commitments, while prioritizing urbanization plans in countries with poorer health outcomes to enhance sanitation access.

Impact of macroeconomic indicators and regime change on debt stress in Zambia.

This paper quantifies the economic impact of regime changes and macroeconomic indicators on debt stress in Zambia using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test. A 1% short run increase in gross domestic products (GDP) increases debt stress by 3.16% and in the subsequent year lowers it by 7.21%; in the long-run the 1% GDP increases lowers debt stress by 22%. In the long-run, a 1% rise in inflation and the lending rate negatively and positively impacted debt stress levels by -1.52% and 3.90%, respectively. Short-run shocks culminated regime change had short-run adverse impact on debt stress by 3.45% in one year and in the subsequent year by -10.35%, with the variables adjusting to long-run equilibrium at a speed of 71.5%. This is the first paper to quantify the empirical effect of macroeconomic indicators and change in Presidents on debt stress, especially in Africa were the problem of the debt trap is perpetuated. The results from the study implies that to deescalate the impact of debt stress on the economy, the electorate should vote in governments that will not fall short on growth driven macroeconomic policies, making it possible for economic sustainability to prevail; and paper seeks to promote good governance and good economic policies as a premise for sustained macroeconomic stability and development.

Relationship of ESG scores on firm performance: Moderating roles of board size and CEO duality

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) activities and the performance of Thai listed firms. The moderating roles of board size and CEO duality on this relationship are also assessed. The ESG score provided by LSEG (formerly Refinitiv) is chosen to measure ESG activities, both as an overall ESG combined scores and as Environment, Social, and Governance pillar scores. Multiple regression analysis is used to test the impact of ESG on firm performance while the PROCESS macro is used to test the moderating effects. Results reveal that the overall ESG combined score demonstrates no statistically significant effect on firm market-based performance. However, it shows the significant effects on firm performance for both the ESG combined score and the Environmental and Social pillar scores when moderated by board size and CEO duality; Governance pillar score exhibits no significant effect. Additionally, it is found that when the CEO operates only as the managing director and small board size and average board size are evident, higher ESG disclosure scores enhance firm performance. However, when the CEO serves as both managing director and chairman of the board of directors, and where there is a large board size, higher ESG disclosure scores diminish firm performance. This study contributes to the ESG literature and encourages companies to enhance their performance by implementing ESG combined activities with good governance policies.

Family business sustainability: the impact of governance and women’s empowerment in Saudi Arabia

Due to their strong emotional interest and ownership control, family firm owners significantly influence their firm’s strategies and governance, which has consequences for their business sustainability practices. The failure to establish or maintain formal organizational structures, and adopt good governance principles, may hinder family firms in their pursuit of long-term sustainability. This study empirically investigated the impact of corporate governance on family firms’ sustainability, with women’s empowerment and culture as moderating and mediating factors, respectively. Data for the study were obtained from a sample of 126 family firms from Saudi Arabia. The study adopted the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. The study results empirically confirmed that corporate governance is positively associated with women’s empowerment, which also assists in achieving business sustainability in family-controlled firms. The adoption of good corporate governance policies, and empowerment of women through their appointment on corporate boards operating in a supportive culture, can reinforce an organization’s mission, purpose and strategies, which can create an enabling environment for family business sustainability.

Survey on Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities of Honey Production and its Marketing System in Hawa Gelan District Kellam Wollega Zone Western Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Hawa Gelan District, Kellem Wollega of Western Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia to assess trends, challenges and opportunities of honeybee production and marketing systems. Structured questionnaire was employed for the study. The cross-sectional study design were carried out by using desk research, interviews, surveys and visual observation as methods in seeking answer to research questions. Purposive (district), simple random (Peasant Associations) and Census (beekeepers) sampling techniques were employed to select 96 beekeepers from two Peasant Associations. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. In the study area, three types of honeybee production practices were identified, namely: Traditional, Intermediate and Movable frame hive honeybee production practices. The result shows most 69.79 % of beekeepers in the study area have owned only traditional bee hives. As a result the average annual honey produced per households was very low which estimated 93 kg in 2015. The average amount of honey harvested /hive/year from traditional hive, transitional hive and modern hive were 4.32±0.042kg, 9.83±1.05kg and 14.2±2.52kg respectively. The mean yields obtained from the three hives were statistically significant at (p < 0.05). From the beekeepers (64.6%) and (59.3%) have declared that deceasing trend of honey production and colony number from time to time respectively. Honey marketing participants were consumers (35%), retailers and consumers (31%), retailers (24%) and collectors (7.5%). The most important constraints, as beekeepers responded in their order of sequence were pests and predators (41.30%), poisoning of agro-chemicals (23.60%), high cost of modern hives and accessories (11.20%), shortage of bee forages (9.40%), low quality of honey products (7.20%), Poor infrastructure development (5.30%) and other factors (2.0%) were identified respectively. Despite of these, there are also future opportunities like presence of huge number of bee colonies (32.5%), availability of diverse vegetation plants and ample sources of water (21.70%), increasing demand of local honey (17.65%), presence of good government policy (9.0%) and others factors (19.15%). Further study is required to characterize honey bees of the area, quality of honey, major pests, predators and disease of economic importance. However, improving honey bee production techniques is important.

The effect of good corporate governance policies on welfare employee

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Good Corporate Governance based on Social Welfare Theory. The reason researchers choose Good Corporate Governance which is measured using Fairness, Disclosure/Transparency, Accountability and Responsibility Formulations is because this Formulation is very easy to apply at a practical level, and can more accurately measure the level of welfare received by Crew in the field, compared to other GCG formulations. This type of research is quantitative, with the main data source in the form of questionnaires, which will be analyzed using SEM PLS. Practically the application of GCG principles can help improve the welfare of the crew. The results showed that, Fairness, Transparency, Acoountability and Responsibility have a positive effect on the welfare of the crew. The recommendation in this study is, preferably between the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Transportation, must carry out their functions and duties in accordance with the articles of association and laws and regulations, not dominate each other and throw responsibility on each other. This needs to be done, so that the goals and desires of the Crew in realizing their welfare get support and are well realized through the preparation of appropriate regulations.

Do anticipated government environmental audits promote corporate social responsibility? Evidence from China

AbstractWe examine the impact of China's announcements of upcoming government environmental audits (GEAs) on firms' corporate social responsibility (CSR). We hypothesize that firms, especially heavily polluting firms, engage in more CSR to proactively burnish their public image to weather forthcoming adverse outcomes from a GEA. Our baseline findings confirm that firms respond to the government's GEA announcement by engaging in more CSR. Additional analysis suggests that reputation concerns and environmental fines mediate the impact of GEA announcements on CSR. Cross‐sectional analyses show that the effect of GEA announcements on CSR is more salient for firms: (1) in a business environment in which GEAs are more effective, (2) that CSR engagement is critically important, or (3) that CSR can serve some special function. Overall, our findings imply that it is generally a good government policy to implement GEAs.

Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of good corporate governance and dividend policy on firm value. This research used the sample of consumer goods industry subsector companies which listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange during 2020-2022. The number of companies sampled in this study were 49 companies. Hypothesis in this research are tested by multiple linear regression analytical. Data analysis show that institutional ownership and independent commissioner has positive effect firm value because through the establishment of good corporate governance a company can add value to investors or shareholders in the company. While, managerial ownership, audit committee, and dividend policy do not have effect on firm value.

Strategi Integrasi Maqashid Syariah Dalam Kebijakan Good Corporate Governance Di Perbankan Syariah

Maqashid sharia is the goal and secret that has been established by Allah SWT as the creator of legal rules that humans must obey as creatures who have been created with the aim of being caliphs on this earth. Good Corporate Governance is a system of good corporate governance in managing the company's resources efficiently, effectively, economically and productively using the principles of openness, accountability, responsibility, independence and fairness in an effort to achieve the goals of establishing the company. The aim of this research is to determine the integration strategy for maqashid sharia in good corporate governance policies in maintaining sharia banking operations. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a literature study type of research. The results of the research are the application of maqashid sharia values ​​in products and operational activities in sharia banking, namely protecting religion, protecting the soul, protecting the mind of both the customer and the bank, protecting property and protecting offspring. In order to increase sharia maqashid values ​​in accordance with the principles that must be implemented by sharia banking, good corporate governance policies must carry out two stages, namely: The need to make the rules and recognition mechanism (endorsement) from the fatwa authority more effective and the supervisory system that supervises it more effective. Bank financial transactions are in accordance with the fatwa issued by the banking fatwa authority.

Good Corporate Governance Policies and The Reason for Their Encouragement: A Review

Good Corporate Governance Policies and The Reason for Their Encouragement: A Review

Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance dan Kebijakan Hutang terhadap Manajemen Laba dengan Kinerja Keuangan sebagai Pemoderasi

This research aims to analyze the impact of good corporate governance and debt policy on earnings management practices, with financial performance as a moderator. The research method applied is an associative quantitative approach using secondary data. The population considered consists of non-cyclical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2018-2022, totaling 113 companies. Samples were selected using purposive sampling method, with four specific criteria resulting in 32 companies as samples, yielding a total of 160 data observations. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistical techniques, panel data regression model estimation, classical assumption tests, hypothesis testing, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using Eviews 10 software. The research findings indicate that good corporate governance measured by the Board of Directors proxy partially significantly influences earnings management practices. However, the influence of good corporate governance measured by the Independent Commissioners proxy is not statistically significant on earnings management practices. Furthermore, debt policy also does not significantly affect earnings management practices. Additionally, it was found that financial performance does not moderate the relationship between the Board of Directors and Independent Commissioners with earnings management practices, nor does it moderate the relationship between debt policy and earnings management practices.

Implementasi Good Governance dalam Kinerja Pegawai Pada Kantor Kecamatan Cimahi Tengah


 
 
 
 The government has a role in the implementation of good governance that in decision making is very important, good governance practices are able to be implemented, so that people can participate in Good Governance in employee performance at the Central Cimahi Sub-district Office. This research uses qualitative research method by the way of illustrating the synergistic problems when the research is done. Data collection techniques performed with observations, interviews and documents. The instrument used in this research is observation sheet, interview sheet, and structured documentation made by the researcher. The results showed that the implementation of good governance in employee performance at the Central Cimahi Sub-district office has been in accordance with the goods of good governance policies and this is seen from how employee performance and community satisfaction in providing services.
 
 
 

Geo-Quantitative Analysis of Violent Crime Intervention Strategies in Kaduna State, Nigeria

The complexities and consequences of violent crimes require a robust and effective approach to achieve a sustainable reduction of violence in our society. This paper, therefore, presents an avenue to provide the geo-quantitative analysis of violent occurrences in Kaduna State of Nigeria to determine the pragmatic interventionist strategies for managing violent crime incidence among the people of the study area. Geo-quantitative analysis entails transforming numerical data about criminal activities into a map of proportional circles to depict the distribution pattern of criminal activities and using scree plots and factor loading to show higher-order intervention measures for managing violent crimes. Five Local Government Areas (LGAs) with relatively high levels of violent incidence were purposively selected while snowball sampling method was used to administer questionnaires to 384 respondents. From the findings, the spatial distribution of violent crimes revealed that Birni-Gwari and Kachia LGAs accounted for the highest incidence of kidnapping and village raids respectively while Kajuru LGA is known for the highest cases of cattle rustling and armed robbery. The critical interventions in managing violent crimes are reconciliation efforts to restore order and normalcy, negotiation between aggrieved parties, and adoption of a traditional conflict resolution system with a rotated factor matrix of 0.828, 0.581, and 0.544 respectively. Furthermore, the strongest positive correlation exists between good government policies and equity with fairness in representation and establishment of developmental projects (r = 0.524, and p ˂ 0.001). Therefore, the study recommended establishing conflict mediation centers across the communities. Similarly, it is essential to have a good governance system that will give people their fair share of national resources and adequate policing of communities that could guarantee the reduction of violent incidents to the barest minimum.

CSR, Good Corporate Governance, Corporate Value: Moderation of Financial Performance

This research aimed to look into the effects of corporate social responsibility and good corporate governance on corporate value. In this study, which looked at three independent variables on corporate value, researchers used financial performance as a moderating variable. Secondary data sources for this study have been gathered from the IDX (Indonesian Stock Exchange) for the period 2018-2022, with manufacturing enterprises serving as the sample. This research was carried out utilizing WarpPLS, a data analysis method that employs partial least squares. Corporate social responsibility and good corporate governance boost the value of a corporation. The influence of corporate social responsibility and good corporate governance on corporate value can be moderated by financial performance. Corporations may enhance the way they perform to provide better value and raise stock returns. The study's findings can be used by investors to make informed investment decisions. Corporate social responsibility and good corporate governance policies are one approach for the company to provide a favorable signal to stakeholders and the market about its future survival prospects. Keywords: corporate value, corporate social responsibility, good corporate governance, financial performance

The Impact of Government Institutions on the Attainment of Good Governance for Sustainable Development in Nigeria Under the Buhari Administration (2015-2023)

Objective: This paper aims to present a comprehensive analysis of the impact of government institutions on the attainment of good governance for sustainable development in Nigeria during the Buhari Administration (2015-2023). It focuses on government institutions' statutory functions in relation to good governance, sustainable development policies, and legislative and policy reforms to promote good governance and sustainable development. Theoretical Framework: This study is underpinned by institutional theory, which de-emphasizes self-interest. The establishment and upkeep of governance institutions exemplify an unwavering dedication, irrespective of the outcomes. The theory of institutions elucidates the growth and structural dynamics of public sectors, drawing upon illustrative instances of successful organizations across various nations. Government institutions and state agencies in Nigeria bear the responsibility of executing good governance policies and assessing their impact on sustainable development. Method: The study employed a straightforward sampling strategy to gather data from 101 individuals from 17 government agencies in Nigeria. A questionnaire was employed as a means of data collection. The questionnaire's validation process involved using Lawshe's template, resulting in a content validity ratio (CVR) of 1. Additionally, the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the Cronbach alpha technique, yielding a coefficient alpha value of 0.80. The survey was conducted using a method that did not include direct contact with the participants and the data obtained was analyzed by calculating the frequency of responses and expressing them as percentages. Findings: A higher number of participants recognized their legal responsibilities in accordance with good governance. Sustainable development policies were ineffective, limiting their success. From 2015 to 2023, Buhari's policies failed to ensure lasting good governance and development. Statistical significance was established using chi-square statistics, showing a p-value of .000 (p < 0.05). Thus, effective governance duties of government institutions are linked to sustainable development policy success. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and inefficiency plague institutions seeking excellent governance for sustainable development. Conclusion: Sustainable development requires a balance between effective policies and governance structures. The Federal Republic of Nigeria's constitution requires government institutions to carefully follow their constitutional commitments.

5.C. Skills building seminar: Leveraging local government policies to improve food systems for public and planetary health

Abstract Changing food systems is one of the most promising and impactful ways to address nutrition and health, climate change and environmental degradation. The International Network for Food and Obesity/NCDs Research Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) developed the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) to measure the extent of implementation of healthy food environment policies by governments compared to international best practice. The Food-EPI provides a mechanism to assess government policies and infrastructure support to create healthy food environments. The Food-EPI tool covers seven food policy areas, including composition, labelling, promotion, prices, provision, retail and trade, and six measures of infrastructure, including leadership, governance, funding, monitoring, platforms and health-in-all-policies. The Food-EPI process includes the drafting of a comprehensive evidence document on the implementation of policies, verified by government stakeholders and the assessment of those policies, as well as identification of priority policy actions by an expert panel at the national level. The tool and process were pilot tested and implemented in New Zealand in 2014 and then again in 2017 and 2020. Since 2014, about 50 countries have implemented Food-EPI at the national level, including more than 10 European countries. There is increasing demand for a similar monitoring tool and process which can be used at the municipal/city government level to assess government actions addressing food systems for both public and planetary health. Local governments can often make more rapid progress than national governments, but on the other hand may not have jurisdiction in all critical policy areas. INFORMAS recently developed a new Food Systems Policy Index, based on a compilation of international recommendations for good practice government policies to address food systems and a scoping review on the potential effectiveness of the recommended good practice policies and interventions to improve nutrition and environmental sustainability outcomes. The new index covers policies addressing food supply chains and food environments, and is being implemented in a range of West and East African and European countries and cities. The purpose of the workshop is to discuss the role and potential of local level government (cities and municipalities) policies in addressing food systems to improve both public and planetary. The workshop will have several key presentations, some with a more global perspective and some with a very practical local perspective. Together with the panelists and the audience, the key opportunities and challenges will be discussed for European cities and municipalities to address food systems, as well as the role of monitoring and benchmarking policy implementation to increase local actions on food systems. Key messages • Monitoring and benchmarking the policy implementation to address food systems to improve public and planetary health by governments is key to increase accountability for action. • A better understanding on the role and potential of local government policies in addressing food systems can be beneficial to accelerate and innovate policy implementation.

Democracy, Peace, and Religion in Nigeria: Can Religion Be Used to Consolidate or Undermine Democracy and Peace?

This study looks at the relationships between religion, democracy, and peace. It is based on this premise that this article examines how religion is used to consolidate democracy and promote peace in societies, using Nigeria as its framework of analysis. Using the qualitative method of analysis where emphasis is placed on primary and secondary documents, which involve articles, reports, and newspaper articles triangulating with key informant interviews (KIIs) and stakeholder analysis, the findings of this article suggest that religion plays a significant role in the consolidation of democracy and peace given its important place in advocating some principles and ideals of democracy, which involve equity, fairness, freedom, pluralism, respect for diversities, and defending minority rights, amongst others. However, challenges associated with the weaponization of religion to pursue selfish political agenda and interests by both religious and political elites in Nigeria has become more of a norm than what is expected between both variables. This has helped in the creation of a hostile and unstable political environment, and in the pervasion of democratic and political institutions and agencies responsible for promoting accountable leadership, good governance, representative governance, political interference, and repressive policies, limiting the rights and freedoms of citizens who continue to impede the enhancement of a strongly consolidated democratic culture and peace in transition democracies such as Nigeria. This article suggests the need for relevant actors to ensure that institutions of the state are strengthened to provide the dividends of democracy. This can be achieved by addressing the challenge of the negative use of religion by the elites to advance unholy political interests and agenda. It is also important to create machinery to address the structural problems that breed poverty; political, economic, and social exclusion; and human rights abuses, limiting political and electoral freedoms. Addressing these challenges also requires relevant stakeholders and actors to understand that the process is multi-pronged, which also requires acknowledging, accommodating, and accepting individual and group diversities and, above all, requires the patience and the political will of these actors to ensure its actualization. Addressing these concerns will significantly strengthen and enhance the consolidation of democracy and peace in fragile and transition societies.