Good Governance Indicators Research Articles

Regulatory impact of informality on gasoline consumption efficiency in Africa: A proposed two-part complementary hypothesis test

This study provides new evidence for the regulatory impact of informality on gasoline efficiency in Africa. I propose a Two-Part Complementary Hypothesis (hereafter referred to as the TPCH test), advocating a differential approach to promoting gasoline efficiency: (1) an inverted U-shaped relationship between informality and gasoline inefficiency, and (2) a U-shaped relationship between government regulation and informality, with a significant level effect. The findings indicate an inverted U-shaped effect of informality on gasoline efficiency and a level-negative effect of regulation on informality. These results suggest a differential strategy for enhancing gasoline efficiency. Government regulation is more effective in economies at the pre-saturation stage (characterized by normal growth levels of informality) but proves ineffective in economies at the post-saturation stage (characterized by abnormal growth levels of informality), where energy-saving behaviors may be self-motivated. This is corroborated by the inefficiency equation, where indicators of good governance, such as the rule of law, control of corruption, and regulatory quality, are statistically significant in advancing energy efficiency goals. Gasoline efficiency performance varies across countries, with the higher performers also being the continent's most economically advanced. However, these estimates risk downward bias if outliers or unobserved/observed heterogeneity are not considered.

Effect of Government Effectiveness on Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

The absence of good governance has been causing the stagnant economic growth of sub-Saharan Africa. Government effectiveness is one of the indicators of good governance and is considered a paramount condition for economic growth. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of government effectiveness on economic growth using panel data from 40 sub-Saharan African countries spanning from 2008 to 2021. After conducting the Hausman Model specification test between random and fixed effects models, the fixed effects regression model was employed. The main finding of this study shows that government effectiveness positively and significantly influences economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan countries are recommended to improve their governance and administrative efficiency for the betterment of economic growth and prosperity.

Non-Moro IP Inclusion in Education Governance: Historical Notes on Institutional Policies and IP Population in MSU-IIT, Iligan City

This article presents a historical overview of institutional initiatives concerning the inclusion of Non-Moro Indigenous Peoples as indicators of good governance in education. This underscores the importance of not only integrated but an inclusive education for every student from both the mainstream and the margins. Gleaned from the experience of MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), this study elaborates the following: (1) what are the policies and programs contributing to the inclusion of Non-Moro IPs in MSU-IIT, and (2) how MSU-IIT administered the Non-Moro IP population and what are the challenges encountered. This research utilized qualitative methods with data coming from MSU-IIT offices and online databases, corroborated with purposive-snowball interviews. Discussions show that the IP students have faced a number of obstacles that have interfered with their college experience, whether they relate to admissions or retention including dropping out of classes, financial constraints and struggle in major coursework leading to the necessary improvement on their overall scholastic performance. MSU-IIT has also responded to the challenge of exclusion through, but not limited to, the General Education Program, the Five-Year Development Plan covering Education and Student Support Pillars, the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusivity (EDI) Policy, and other academic and non- academic pathway initiatives.

Governing communal diversity as good governance

AbstractThis study asks whether existing standards of good governance have incorporated ideals and measures to manage communal diversity. The context is an intellectual landscape in which the efficacy of heterogeneity policies has typically been compared through their impact on the likelihood of violent conflict. Alternate approaches would fine‐tune the outcome variable and/or enlist new independent variables. The Ethnic Power Relations project provided measures of the groups' co‐determination position (egip, excl) and measures of empowerment through self‐governing start to follow suit, such as improved indicators of territorial autonomies, decentralization, and language use rights. We also crafted a measure of functional autonomies, based on the ENTA Network's case‐study collection. With the exception of territorial autonomies, all existing measures of policies that accommodate the difference tend to improve the group's relationships with other groups and with the country as a whole. They also correlate well with the general good governance indicators.

Efektivitas Penilaian Tingkat Kesehatan Perbankan Menggunakan Metode RGEC pada Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tahun 2018-2020

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of assessing banking soundness levels using the PT RGEC method. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk in 2018-2020. In this research, researchers used several research variables which include Risk Profile (NPL and LDR), Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Earnings (ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO) and Capital (CAR). Based on research on the effectiveness of assessing the level of banking health at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk, using the RGEC method, shows that the bank's health status is in accordance with the standards set by Bank Indonesia regulations. For the 2018 period it can be concluded that PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk received a composite rating of 1, namely "Very Healthy" with a composite score of 90%, for the 2019 period it can be concluded that PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk received a composite rating of 1, namely "Very Healthy" with a composite score of 92.5%, for the 2020 period it can be concluded that PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk received a composite rating of 1, namely "Very Healthy" with a composite score of 90%. As well as the bank's health level in terms of Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, earnings and Capital indicators at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk for 2018-2020 is "Very Healthy". It is hoped that future researchers will be more careful in carrying out calculations, can use better methods than this research and can add ratios so that the results of the research are more robust.

<b>The Impact of Good Governance Indicators on Foreign Direct Investment in Yemen, Egypt, and Tunisia during the period (1996-2012).</b>

تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على واقع مؤشرات الحكم الرشيد في كل من مصر وتونس واليمن، وذلك على مستوى كل مؤشر من المؤشرات المدروسة في الدول المختارة، ودراسة تطور حجم الاستثمارات الأجنبية المباشرة في تلك الدول للوصول إلى التنمية الاقتصادية، ومن ثم دراسة أثر مؤشر الحكم الرشيد على الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، وقد استندت الدراسة على فرضية أن الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر يُعد عاملاً تابعًا يزيد كلما زادت مؤشرات الحكم الرشيد بوصفه عاملاً مستقلاً، وقد أظهرت تحليل مؤشرات الدراسة أن العلاقة بين مؤشرات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر كونه يمثل نسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي ومؤشرات الحكم الرشيد مرتفعة، كما أظهر التحليل أن علاقة ارتباط ذات دلالة إحصائية بين مؤشر الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر ومؤشرات الحكم الرشيد في حق التصويت والمساءلة، والاستقرار السياسي، ومُدركات الفساد، فيما لا توجد علاقة ذات دلالة مع مؤشرات فاعلية الحكومة، ومؤشر التنظيم وجودة الأداء، بسبب ضعف الهياكل الاقتصادية في الدول المختارة، وغلبة الطابع البيروقراطي عليها، وحاجة دول الدراسة المختارة إلى تلك المؤشرات لأهميتها في جذب الاستثمارات الأجنبية المباشرة.

Good Governance and Tourism in South Asian Emerging Economies: The Mediating Role of Foreign Direct Investment

This study examined the role of good governance in promoting tourism in emerging South Asian countries and also tested the mediating role of foreign direct investments (FDI). The study used panel data collected from seven South Asian countries from 1996 to 2018. Panel data regression models were estimated to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that the country’s good governance has a positive and significant influence on tourism receipts and arrivals. Moreover, the mediation analysis results supported that foreign direct investments mediated the relationship between good governance indicators like government effectiveness, political stability, voice and accountability, and control over corruption and tourism. Based on the results, the study proposed the governance-led FDI and FDI-led tourism hypotheses, the study’s main contribution. The study has implications for the government regulatory agencies relating to governance, tourism departments, foreign prospect investors, and policymakers.

Portrait of Environmental Governance in Waste Management in Malang City

The government has set the main national targets for waste management, namely 30% waste reduction and 70% waste handling by 2025. However, waste generation in Malang City continues to increase yearly and is included in the high category in East Java. This study aims to analyze waste management in Malang City from an environmental governance perspective. The environmental governance perspective can be analyzed using Belbase's theory with seven indicators of good environmental governance, namely 1. the rule of law, 2. participation and representation, 3. access to information, 4. transparency and accountability, 5 decentralization, 6. institutions and institutions, 7. access to justice. Data collection was carried out using interviews, observation, and literature study. The data analysis used in this study is the interactive model analysis of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. The portrait of environmental governance in Malang City waste management must fully reflect the principles of good environmental governance. This is because there are still records in the indicators of the rule of law, participation, and representation, as well as institutions and institutions. Constraints faced in waste management in Malang City include needing to be fully implemented, not yet maximal public awareness in reducing and sorting household waste, as well as institutions and institutions that could be more optimal in waste management.

Test of Good Governance in Nigeria using World Bank indicators

The concern for good governance and its role in development process has increased since 1980s. Nigeria has experienced uninterrupted democracy since 1999. This study carryout a test of good governance in Nigeria using the six indicators of good governance used by World Bank. Specifically, the study determine the effect of voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence and terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption on economic development in Nigeria using per capita GDP as a proxy for economic development. Inflation rate and oil price were included in the model in order to produce a robust model. Annual data covering 1999 to 2022 were collected from World Bank website. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data while Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model and Bound tests were used to estimate relationship. Findings revealed that the performance of governance in Nigeria in all the six indicators during the period of study was weak. This consequently affect per capita income negatively both in the short-run and long-run. It was concluded that governance has negative effect on economic development in Nigeria. It was recommended that the government should use worldwide indicators to conduct self-evaluation and carry out reforms that will help to improve governance in Nigeria for the purpose of achieving development or improving the wellbeing of Nigerians.

Impact of Good Governance on Health Outcome, Education Output and Economic Growth among Selected African Countries

Good governance is an essential component that drives better health outcomes and education output required as a catalyst that will stimulate economic growth, and this constitutes a vital social objective due to a good level of human capital development. The study evaluated the impact of good governance on health outcomes, education output and economic growth among selected African countries using panel data from 2000 to 2020. The Panel unit root tests indicated that real gross domestic product, health outcome, and indicators of good governance are stationary at a level. In contrast, education output, education expenditure, health expenditure and foreign aid are stationary at first difference. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) results show that good governance indicators have positive and statistically significant effects on real gross domestic product in the selected African countries. Education expenditure has a positive and statistically significant effect on real gross domestic product in the selected African Countries. Primary school enrolment has a positive and statistically significant effect on real gross domestic product in the selected African Countries. Life expectancy has a positive and statistically significant effect on real gross domestic product in the selected African Countries. Health expenditure has a negative but statistically significant effect on real gross domestic product in the selected African Countries. Foreign aid has a positive and statistically significant effect on real gross domestic product in the selected African Countries. The study recommends that African countries should ensure an adequate supply of medical facilities at the level, minimise the incidence of insecurity challenges, and have a good standard of living to increase the life expectancy of African people. All things being equal, the economic growth will increase.

PENGARUH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI SEBELUM DAN SEMASA PANDEMI COVID

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence from Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, Independent Board of Commissioners, and the Audit Committee which is an indicator of Good Corporate Governance as an independent variable, and other variables namely Leverage and Firm Size as control variables, and Pandemic Covid as a dummy variable, on the dependent variable namely Earnings Management in Manufacturing Companies sub-sector Food and Beverage listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Discretionary accruals with the Kothari model used as a proxy for earnings management. The sample was obtained by purposive sampling method with predetermined criteria, and resulted 40 in manufacturing companies sub-sector food and beverage in the 2016-2020 period with a total of 200 data. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used as data analysis methods. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The first regression analysis, namely before the covid pandemic period, showed that Institutional Ownership and Audit Committee had a significant negative effect on Earnings Management, while Managerial Ownership, Independent Board of Commissioners, Leverage, and Firm Size had no effect on Earnings Management. The second regression analysis, before and during the covid pandemic, showed that Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, and Leverage had a significant negative effect on Earnings Management. Meanwhile, the Independent Board of Commissioners, Audit Committee, Firm Size, and the Covid Pandemic have no effect on Earnings Management. Based on this explanation, it can be concluded that the implementation of Good Corporate Governance in Manufacturing companies in the Food and Beverage Subsector can be said to be still relatively ineffective, because only Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership and Audit Committees in this study are able to carry out their duties effectively to minimize the practice of earnings management happened to the company.

The Effect of Institutional Quality on Economic Growth: Evidence from Tripartite Approaches in the Context of War-Torn Countries

This paper is undertaken to investigate the role of institutional quality in proportion to the economic growth of war-torn countries during the last 20 years. Within this framework, the paper employed three different models to investigate the link that exists between good governance indicators and economic growth. According to the results, the long-run PMG model indicated that political stability and regulatory quality increase war-torn countries’ economic development. Contrarily, it has been demonstrated that the situation of law and corruption in these countries reduces economic growth. Neither the long-term nor short-term estimations from the MG and DFE models showed any noteworthy results. Next, the FMOLS and DOLS revealed that political stability, voice and accountability have a favorable effect on the economic development of these nations. On the other hand, these nations’ regulatory standards had a very detrimental impact on economic growth. Lastly, the fixed-effects model showed that a 1% improvement in these nations’ political stability will result in a 4.5% increase in GDP. This research will aid managers, academics, and policymakers in determining the course of actions needed in their areas of specialization or nations of interest to ensure economic growth and put in place an effective institutional framework through enforced supervision.

The effect of financial performance on islamic ethical identity disclosure of ASEAN sharia banks

This research aims to analyze the influence of Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings and Capital (RGEC) on the disclosure of Islamic ethical identity in Sharia banks in ASEAN. The method used in this analysis is descriptive analysis and regression testing on 23 Islamic banks from 11 ASEAN countries. The research results show that non-performing financing (NPF), which measures risk profile, negatively influences the disclosure of Islamic ethical identity. In contrast, audit committee competency (KAA), as an indicator of good corporate governance, has a positive influence. Likewise, the return on assets (ROA) ratio, which measures earnings, positively influences the disclosure of Islamic ethical identity. However, as a capital indicator, the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) does not have a significant influence. Based on this research, Sharia banks in ASEAN are expected to increase the optimization of their Islamic ethical identity disclosure through risk management, good corporate governance, improving financial performance, and paying attention to capital adequacy. However, this study has limitations, such as a limited sample size and high variability in the dependent variable. Therefore, further research is recommended to expand the sample, add variables, and reduce subjectivity in identifying disclosures of Islamic ethical identity.

Pengaruh Penerapan Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan

This research aims to determine the influence of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, board of commissioners, audit committee and the simultaneous influence of Good Corporate Governance indicators on the financial performance of Bank Raya Indonesia. The type of data used is quantitative data and the data used in this research is secondary data in the form of annual financial reports obtained through IDX and the official Bank Raya Indonesia website. The collection technique uses documentation studies. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis techniques using data processing tools, namely SPSS. The results of this research are that managerial ownership in good corporate governance partially has no effect on the company's financial performance with the test results showing a significance value of 0.115 or greater than 0.05. Institutional ownership of good corporate governance partially has no effect on the company's financial performance with the test results showing a significance value of 0.811 or greater than 0.05. The independent board of commissioners on good corporate governance partially has no effect on the company's financial performance with the test results showing a significance value of 0.354 or greater than 0.05. The audit committee on good corporate governance partially influences the company's financial performance with the test results showing a significance value of 0.008 or less than 0.05. Managerial ownership, institutional ownership, independent board of commissioners and audit committee on good corporate governance simultaneously influence the financial performance of Bank Raya Indonesia, the significance result is 0.006 < 0.05 and obtains a ftable value of 6.39, which means fcount ≥ ftable, namely 20.318 ≥ 6.39.

The Effect of Profitability, Good Corporate Governance, and Environmental Disclosure on Firm Value in Mining Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the influence of profitability, good corporate governance, and environmental disclosure on the firm value of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The research method utilized is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The study population encompasses all mining companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) within the period from 2019 to 2022. In this study, a non-probability sampling technique was employed, specifically purposive sampling, resulting in a sample size of 72 from a span of 18 companies over 4 years. The variables under scrutiny include Return on Assets (ROA) as a measure of profitability, the proportion of independent board commissioners as an indicator of good corporate governance, the number of GRI disclosures as an indicator of environmental disclosure, and Tobin’s Q as a gauge of firm value. The analytical methodology and hypothesis testing were carried out using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method with SmartPLS 3.2.9 software. The PLS analysis consists of three stages: Outer Model, Inner Model, and Hypothesis Testing. The hypothesis testing results show that profitability has a significant impact on firm value, while good corporate governance and environmental disclosure do not exhibit a significant influence on firm value. These findings contribute to the understanding of how these factors interplay within the mining sector. However, this study has several limitations, including the variables used, the company's disclosures, and the limited period. Subsequent research can address these limitations and delve deeper into exploring the relationships of these variables or other variables with firm value.

The Interactive Effect of Good Governance and Oil Rent on Life Expectancy in Iran

Background: Oil revenues, as an important part of the government's revenues in Iran's oil-dependent economy, play an important role in providing public sector expenditures, including the health sector and consequently have an impact on health outputs. On the other hand, the way of using and managing oil revenues is an important factor in the way of this effect. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of good governance and oil rent on life expectancy in Iran.
 Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study investigated the short-term and long-term equilibrium relationship between health output index, per capita income, oil rent, good governance index, and the cross (interactive) effect of good governance and oil rent from 1985 to 2020 using the time series data of Iran. The data used were collected from World Bank global development indicators database and international country risk guide. Also, model estimation was conducted using and autoregressive distributed lag and data analysis was performed using Eviews 10 software.
 Results: The results show that in the short and long term, the increase in oil rent improves the health output index in the country. One percent increase in the share of oil rent from gross domestic product (GDP), in the long and short term, increases the life expectancy in the country by about 0.101 and 0.668 percent, respectively. However, the interactive effect of oil rent and good governance index in the short and long term is negative and significant with coefficients of - 0.084 and - 0.515; which shows that oil rent leads to a decrease in life expectancy by weakening good governance indicators.
 Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that oil rent is inherently useful in promoting health in the country; but its improper use and management causes the health sector to not benefit from it and even become a loss.

Military Expenditure, Governance, and Environmental Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article examines how good governance counteracts the effects of military expenditure on carbon emissions in forty African countries. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used to analyze time series data from 2010 to 2020. Military expenditure per capita is used to measure military expenditure per penetration, while CO2 emissions per capita are used as an indicator of environmental degradation. The following findings are established. First, from the non-interactive regressions, we find suggestive evidence that arms expenditure increases CO2 emissions. All indicators of good governance contribute to the increase of CO2 emissions. Second, with interactive regressions, we find that improved governance has a negative effect on CO2 emissions per capita. Third, the results are robust to a sensitivity check, considering the synergy effects of governance. This paper provides policy recommendations on low-carbon economies, military expenditure and governance that could help to ensure environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions. In addition, the study findings can provide guidance to other developing countries seeking to implement effective approaches to environmental sustainability while strengthening climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.

An assessment of the Impact of Good Governance on Health Outcome among Selected African Countries

Good governance is an essential component that drives better health outcome and education output required as a catalyst that will stimulate economic growth, and this constitutes a vital social objective as a result of good level of human capital development. The study evaluated the impact of good governance on health outcome among selected African countries using panel data from 2000 to 2020. The Panel unit root tests indicated that real gross domestic product, health outcome, and indicators of good governance are stationary at level while health expenditure and foreign aid are stationary at first difference. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) results show that indicators of good governance have positive and statistically significant effects on health outcome in the selected African Countries. Real gross domestic product has a positive and a statistically significant effect on health outcome in the selected African Countries Life expectancy has a positive and statistically significant effect on health outcome in the selected African Countries. Health expenditure has a positive and statistically significant effect on health outcome in the selected countries. Foreign aid has a positive and statistically significant effect on health outcome in the selected African Countries. The study recommends that African Countries should ensure that indicators of good governance such as political stability, accountability and voice, and control of corruption are moving smoothly without any interruption, by so doing economic growth of African countries will increases.

Insurance Penetration and Institutional Spillover on Economic Growth: A Dynamic Spatial Econometric Approach on the Asian and Europe Region

The contemporary environment is interrelated, and interactions between markets, countries, and international actors at different levels exist in every corner of the globe. Amid this, the failures of the free-market system have paved the way for institutionalism, which proposes minimising transaction costs, substantial property rights, and enabling proper contract enforcement. Studies on institutions and insurance development spillover concerning growth relationships are rare and a critical area needing exploration. This study explores the behaviour of economic development in terms of potential spatial dependencies and spatial institutional and insurance development spillover on economic growth. To measure insurance development by the life insurance and non-life insurance penetration, economic growth by per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and indicators of good governance for institutions in the nations. The study explored the spatial impact between countries using panel data of 56 countries between 2002 and 2020 representing the Asian and European regions. We did this by using dynamic spatial econometric modelling (DSEM) on institutional and insurance development and seeing the spatial implications and the spatial institutional impact moderated by insurance development on growth. Results indicate that developing the life insurance and non-life insurance of surrounding countries creates a spillover impact on the local countries’ economies. In contrast, institutions have created a reverse spatial spillover impact on local countries. However, life insurance development, moderated through accountability and government effectiveness, has created a spatial spillover between countries. Both life and non-life penetration moderated by the control of corruption and overall institutions have shown a reverse spillover on countries’ economies. This suggests that global governance is a positive-sum game, and monitoring and governance structures have failed at the international level concerning separate countries. Therefore, it is seen that to prevent institutional failure at the state level, good governance and links with the global governance structure could disrupt or energise local institutions.

The impact of executives' compensation and corporate governance attributes on voluntary disclosures: Does audit quality matter?

PurposeThis article investigated whether the executives' compensation and corporate governance attributes are aligned with stakeholders' demands for higher corporate voluntary disclosures. Moreover, the study also examined the moderating role of the auditor's reputation in the direction of association among executive compensation, corporate governance attributes, and voluntary disclosures.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a sample of S&P BSE index constituents' 90 Indian firms for 2017–2019. The voluntary disclosure scores were fetched from the India Disclosure Index Report published by FTI Consulting. This analysis was carried out in two parts by applying four panel-data regression models in the agency and signalling theories framework. First, the study examined the association between executive compensation, board strength, composition, gender diversity, and voluntary disclosures. Second, the article investigated the moderating role of the “Big 4” in the direction of association among executive compensation, corporate governance attributes, and voluntary disclosures.FindingsThe willingness of executives to share private information with stakeholders depends on the compensation they receive from their employer. The higher compensation paid to executives leads to a higher “tone from the top,” which is better aligned with stakeholder interests. Further, the research also found that bigger board sizes, a higher proportion of independent and woman directors (indicators of good governance), and an auditor's reputation are associated with increased voluntary disclosure.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings showed that the executives' compensation and corporate governance attributes are aligned with stakeholders' demand for higher voluntary information from firms. Moreover, the study also found that the “Big 4” play a moderating role in this direction. The choice of a reputed auditor indicates the firms' long-term positive future perspectives, which strengthens investor confidence in the financial market.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that fair executive compensation can address the agency problem.Originality/valueThis research furnishes managers and different stakeholders with significant implications of executives' compensation, corporate governance, and auditor's reputation in the best interests of a firm through reducing potential risks of information asymmetry.