Good Fit Research Articles

Significant Cocoon Emission and Photosphere Duration Stretching in GRB 211211A: A Burst from a Neutron Star−Black Hole Merger

The radiation mechanism (thermal photosphere or magnetic synchrotron) and the progenitor of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are under hot debate. Recently discovered, the prompt long-duration (∼10 s, normally from the collapse of massive stars) property of GRB 211211A strongly conflicts with its association with a kilonova (normally from the merger of two compact objects, NS–NS, NS–BH, or NS–WD, duration ≲2 s). In this paper, we find that the probability photosphere model with a structured jet can satisfactorily explain this peculiar long duration, through the duration stretching effect (∼3 times) on the intrinsic longer (∼3 s) duration of an NS–BH merger, the observed empirical 2SBPL spectrum (with soft low-energy index α of ∼−1), and its evolution. In addition, much evidence of the NS–BH merger origin is found, especially the good fit of the afterglow-subtracted optical−near-IR light curves by the significant thermal cocoon emission and the sole thermal “red” kilonova component. Finally, a convincing new explanation for the X-ray afterglow plateau is revealed.

Constraints on cosmic star formation history via a new modeling of the radio luminosity function of star-forming galaxies

Context. Radio wavelengths offer a unique possibility to trace the total star-formation rate (SFR) in galaxies, both obscured and unobscured. To probe the dust-unbiased star-formation history, an accurate measurement of the radio luminosity function (LF) for star-forming galaxies (SFGs) is crucial. Aims. We make use of an SFG sample (5900 sources) from the Very Large Array (VLA) COSMOS 3 GHz data to perform a new modeling of the radio LF. By integrating the analytical LF, we aim to calculate the history of the cosmic SFR density (SFRD) from z ∼ 5 onwards. Methods. For the first time, we use both models of the pure luminosity evolution (PLE) and joint luminosity+density evolution (LADE) to fit the LFs directly to the radio data using a full maximum-likelihood analysis, considering the sample completeness correction. We also incorporate updated observations of local radio LFs and radio source counts into the fitting process to obtain additional constraints. Results. We find that the PLE model cannot be used to describe the evolution of the radio LF at high redshift (z > 2). By construct, our LADE models can successfully fit a large amount of data on radio LFs and source counts of SFGs from recent observations. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) also demonstrates that the LADE model is superior to the PLE model. We therefore conclude that density evolution is genuinely indispensable in modeling the evolution of SFG radio LFs. Our SFRD curve shows a good fit to the SFRD points derived by previous radio estimates. In view of the fact that our radio LFs are not biased, as opposed those of previous studies performed by fitting the 1/Vmax LF points, our SFRD results should be an improvement on these previous estimates. Below z ∼ 1.5, our SFRD matches a published multiwavelength compilation, while our SFRD turns over at a slightly higher redshift (2 < z < 2.5) and falls more rapidly out to high redshift.

The influence of inoculum source and pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in the dark fermentation process

The production of biohydrogen from food waste (FW) by dark fermentation (DF) is a promising technology for commercialisation, as it is both a clean fuel and a suitable means of sustainable waste management. The described experiments compared the biohydrogen production yields obtained after the use of inoculum from two different sources: digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lodz and sludge from the anaerobic treatment of dairy industry wastewater (DIW) (unconcentrated and double-concentrated). In addition, the effect of different temperatures (70, 90 and 121°C) of inoculum pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in DF was tested. The process was carried out batchwise at 37°C. The highest yield of hydrogen production was obtained after the inoculum pretreatment at 70°C. In addition, a higher amount of hydrogen could be obtained by using sludge from the WWTP as the inoculum (96 cm3 H2/gTVSFW) than unthickened sludge from the DIW (85 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). However, after thickening the sludge from the dairy industry, and at the same time balancing the dry matter of both sludges, the hydrogen production potential was comparable for bothsludges (for the WWTP sludge – 96 and for the DIW sludge – 93 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). The kinetics of hydrogen production was described by modified Gompertz equation, which showed a good fit (determination coefficient R2 between 0.909 and 0.999) to the experimental data.

Spatial variability and forecast of soil water in the ultra‐deep loess profile across a south–north transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau

AbstractKnowledge of the spatial variability and forecast of soil water in the ultra‐deep (>21 m) loess profile are important for understanding the chemical, physical, and biological processes in the CZ. In this study, we regularly monitor soil water content (SWC) in deep soil profile along regional transect on the Loess Plateau. Descriptive statistical analysis found that the coefficient of variation (CV) of mean SWC in Ansai and Shenmu were 16.036% and 13.606%, respectively, indicating moderate variability. The CV of mean SWC in Yangling, Changwu, and Fuxian were 4.111%, 7.951%, and 6.117%, respectively, showing low variability. Geo‐statistical analysis indicated that mean SWC showed strong spatial dependence. Wavelet analysis showed that the approximative trend of mean SWC in five sampling sites showed an increased trend along depth series. In addition, a good fit line equation (R2 = 0.329) was established by using observed values and ANN‐forecast of three sites (Yangling, Fuxian, and Shenmu). And the RMSE values of five sample sites, respectively, were 1.302, 4.546, 2.662, 6.231, and 4.293. This study fills the gap in research' ultra‐deep (>21 m) soil water changes and forecast, evidence from soil borehole data. At the same time, our research provides valuable information for the vegetation restoration and modelling of deep soil water.

Traditional Antibiotic Stewardship Not a Good Fit for the ED

Traditional Antibiotic Stewardship Not a Good Fit for the ED

Development and validation of the Trans- and Nonbinary-Affirming Parental Practices (TAPP) measure.

Parental support is instrumental in protecting the mental health of trans and nonbinary youth (TNB). Yet minimal measures exist that measure parental support, and current measures typically measure parental attitudes or general perceptions of supportiveness rather than measuring specific TNB-affirming behaviors. This study aimed to fill this gap by developing and validating the Trans- and Nonbinary-Affirming Parental Practices scale. The scale items were developed based on existing psychological literature on TNB-affirming parenting behaviors as well as adapting existing measures. The sample consisted of 570 parents or caregivers of TNB youth ages 5-27 (M = 15). The vast majority of participants were White (90%) and cisgender women (92%). The sample was randomly split to conduct both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Factor analysis found good fit for a four-factor structure with 14 items. Each subscale represented a type of TNB-affirming parental behavior: communicating support, affirming language, advocating for their TNB child, and seeking affirming resources. The measure demonstrated invariance with both heterosexual participants and participants with minoritized sexual identities and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. The Trans- and Nonbinary-Affirming Parental Practices measure can be useful in intervention research aimed at increasing TNB-affirming behaviors among parents and caregivers of TNB youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Delayed X-Ray Brightening Accompanied by Variable Ionized Absorption Following a Tidal Disruption Event

Supermassive black holes can experience super-Eddington peak mass fallback rates following the tidal disruption of a star. The theoretical expectation is that part of the infalling material is expelled by means of an accretion disk wind, whose observational signature includes blueshifted absorption lines of highly ionized species in X-ray spectra. To date, however, only one such ultrafast outflow (UFO) has been reported in the tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN–14li. Here we report on the discovery of a transient absorption-like signature in X-ray spectra of the TDE AT2020ksf/Gaia20cjk (at a redshift of z = 0.092), following an X-ray brightening ∼230 days after UV/optical peak. We find that while no statistically significant absorption features are present initially, they appear on a timescale of several days and remain detected up to 770 days after peak. Simple thermal continuum models, combined with a power-law or neutral absorber, do not describe these features well. Adding a partial-covering, low-velocity ionized absorber improves the fit at early times but fails at late times. A high-velocity (v w ∼ 42,000 km s−1), ionized absorber (UFO) provides a good fit to all data. The few-day timescale of variability is consistent with expectations for a clumpy wind. We discuss several scenarios that could explain the X-ray delay, as well as the potential for larger-scale wind feedback. The serendipitous nature of the discovery could suggest a high incidence of UFOs in TDEs, alleviating some of the tension with theoretical expectations.

Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Social Capital, and Technological Innovation on Competitiveness of MSMEs in Kintamani, Bali

This study looks at how social capital, technological innovation, and entrepreneurial orientation affect the competitiveness of MSMEs (micro, small, and medium enterprises) in Kintamani, Bali. The relationship between entrepreneurial behaviour, community interaction, technology adoption, and business competitiveness was investigated through quantitative analysis using a sample of 276 firms with random sampling technique and indicator comparison in SEM-PLS. Findings indicate a strong positive correlation between competitiveness, social capital, technological innovation, and entrepreneurial behaviour. In addition, this study reveals how social capital serves as a moderator to strengthen the beneficial effects of entrepreneurial mindset on competitiveness. The model shows a good fit, highlighting how well it captures the complex dynamics within Kintamani's distinct cultural and geographical environment. The findings of this study provide implications in enhancing MSME competitiveness, and practical insights that will direct plans for sustainable growth in this unique region by focusing on improving social capital, adapting to technology and increasing the level of entrepreneurial orientation for MSMEs in Kintamani Bali.

Validity and reliability of Korean version of the nursing staff preparedness for palliative and end-of-life care in long-term care homes: A methodological study

Purpose: Globally, the issue of palliative and end-of-life care (PEOLC) in nursing homes is a common concern, and the need to measure the preparedness of nursing staff for end-of-life care is increasing. This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the self-reported scale for the Staff Preparedness for PEOLC in long-term care homes. Methods: A total of 161 staff took part in the study; among them were nine nurses, 19 nursing assistants, 133 care workers at four nursing homes located in Wonju and Suncheon cities, South Korea. The scale was translated according to the guidelines of World Health Organization guidelines and Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments, and its reliability and validity were evaluated through assessing its internal consistency, stability, and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis, CFA). Results: CFA confirmed that the measurement tool had a good fit (comparative fit index=.96, Turker-Lewis index=.95, root mean-squared error of approximation=.07). The items’ internal consistencies of the items were found to be reliable with Cronbach’s alpha=.94; the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between test and retest of the tool was .86 (p<.001); and the intraclass correlation coefficient value was .91 (95% confidence interval: .85~.96). Conclusion: The Korean version of the Staff Preparedness for PEOLC in long-term care homes was confirmed to be a useful and reliable scale for measuring the preparedness of nursing staff in Korean long-term care facilities in Korea for PEOLC.

Psychometric evaluation of the bottom-up developed Experiencing Grace Scale

The experience of grace is currently attracting increased empirical interest. Validated instruments to assess aspects of the experience of grace in a secularized context are scarce which limits current psychological research on grace in other than highly religious populations. We present a bottom-up construction of the Experiencing Grace Scale (EGS) and evidence supporting its reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the four subscales: Appraising Grace, Giving Grace, Receiving Grace, and Divine Grace. Reliability analysis showed overall good internal consistency and test–retest stability. Convergent validity was demonstrated by means of expected associations between subscales of the EGS and other relevant measures. Predictive validity was confirmed by associations between subscales of the EGS at measurement Wave 1 with mental well-being scales at Wave 2. The EGS contributes to further research on the experience of grace and its relationship to other psychosocial variables in the field of positive psychology.

Determinants of Evidence Implementation by Nurses: #Evidencer Model for the Use of Evidence-Based Practice (#EvidencerMUSEBP)—A Structural Equation Model

Existing studies have identified specific factors influencing some dimensions of evidence-based practice (EBP) competence and use. However, the way these factors interact still needs to be clarified. The purpose of the study was to test a model based on the Determinant Frameworks that explain the relationships and the direct pathways between the characteristics of the nurses, the context, and the implementation strategies and the dimensions of EBP competence, attitude, knowledge, skills, and use of EBP. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Spain during January and February 2020, involving 2,370 nurses employed in public health centers across all autonomous communities within the National Health System. An online survey was administered to gather data, addressing various topics related to the nurses’ characteristics, the context in which they worked, the implementation strategy, and their competence in evidence-based practice (EBP). As depicted in the conceptual framework, a structural equation model was constructed to test the hypothesized relationships among key study variables. The model obtained showed a good fit (χ2/df = 3.20, p<0.001; RMSEA = 0.030 [90% CI 0.025, 0.036]; CFI = 0.989; GFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.983). The context, more specifically, the dimensions of nurse participation in the center’s affairs, nursing foundations for quality of care, nurse manager ability leadership and support of nurses, and implementation strategy have a direct and positive effect on EBP use. Training in EBP, reading scientific articles, and having a doctorate are associated with higher competence and knowledge in EBP. The final fit shows the #Evidencer model for the use of EBP (#EvidencerMUSEBP) with two main components: the contextual and strategic factors that influence the implementation of EBP and the characteristics of the professionals, such as their training and reading of articles, which have an impact on EBP competence. This model could guide healthcare organizations in proposing comprehensive interventions to improve EBP use and the competency of nurses.

Franchise management strategy driving franchisee performance in the service sectors in Thailand

AbstractThis empirical study aims to investigate the impact of different dimensions of franchise management strategies on franchisee performance in the professional service sector. The hypothesized relationship was supported by agency theory, which explains the situation of two parties, one representing the other in day‐to‐day transactions. The samples were 259 managers and supervisors who had worked for franchise service businesses located in Thailand and had regular contact with the franchisor of the global firm. Purposive and snowballing methods were employed to distribute questionnaires to the target respondents. The results of structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of the data to the proposed model. Hypothesis testing revealed noteworthy direct influences of four franchise management strategies, namely innovative culture, supportive service, information exchange, and recommendation, on the performance of franchisees. This study offers valuable insights into the importance of implementing effective franchise management strategies and their direct implications for franchisee performance. The findings have practical implications for franchise businesses, highlighting key areas of focus for enhancing franchisee success and overall business performance.

Preoperative blood markers and intra-abdominal infection after colorectal cancer resection.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates among digestive tract tumors. Intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a common postoperative complication that affects the clinical outcomes of patients with CRC and hinders their rehabilitation process. However, the factors influencing abdominal infection after CRC surgery remain unclear; further, prediction models are rarely used to analyze preoperative laboratory indicators and postoperative complications. To explore the predictive value of preoperative blood markers for IAI after radical resection of CRC. The data of 80 patients who underwent radical resection of CRC in the Anorectal Surgery Department of Suzhou Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University were analyzed. These patients were categorized into IAI (n = 15) and non-IAI groups (n = 65) based on whether IAI occurred. Influencing factors were compared; general data and laboratory indices of both groups were identified. The relationship between the indicators was assessed. Further, a nomogram prediction model was developed and evaluated; its utility and clinical applicability were assessed. The risk factors for IAI after radical resection of CRC were neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. NLR was correlated with PLR and SII (r = 0.604, 0.925, and 0.305, respectively), while PLR was correlated with SII (r = 0.787). The nomogram prediction model demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.968 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.948-0.988] in the training set (n = 60) and 0.926 (95%CI: 0.906-0.980) in the validation set (n = 20). The average absolute errors of the calibration curves for the training and validation sets were 0.032 and 0.048, respectively, indicating a good model fit. The decision curve analysis curves demonstrated high net income above the 5% threshold, indicating the clinical practicality of the model. The nomogram model constructed using NLR, PLR, SII, and CEA levels had good accuracy and reliability in predicting IAI after radical resection of CRC, potentially aiding clinical treatment decision-making.

The Chinese Adaptation and Validation of the Adolescents' Ageism Toward Older Adults Scale.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the adolescents' ageism toward older adults scale (AGES) in the Chinese cultural context and examine its psychometric properties among Chinese adolescents. Methods: The study consists of two phases with two separate samples. In phase one (sample 1: n = 407), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is conducted to determine the factor structure of the C-AGES. In phase two (sample 2: n = 379), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is performed to confirm the factor structure and assess the model fit of the C-AGES. Results: EFA reveals a two-factor structure consisting of 17 items for the C-AGES. CFA in sample 2 confirms the factor structure and demonstrates good model fit. The C-AGES also exhibits high criterion validity, internal consistency, and cross-gender invariance. Discussion: The results suggest that the C-AGES is a valid measurement tool for assessing agism among Chinese adolescents.

Identifying driving factors in cascaded packed bed latent thermal energy storage: An experimental validation

The cascaded packed bed latent thermal energy storage (PBLTES) system, an innovative and efficient technique, remains unexplored experimentally in terms of driving factors and cyclic stability. To address this gap, this study designed a cascaded PBLTES system, employing three phase-change-materials with varied phase transition temperatures. Parametric experiments were conducted to measure phase transition in capsules and temperature changes in heat transfer fluid. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to establish relationships between driving factors and thermal performance metrics. This study developed multiple linear regression models based on experimental correlations to evaluate and predict thermal performance under various conditions. These results indicated that the employed multiple regression models are capable of making reliable quantitative predictions regarding the thermal behavior of cascaded PBLTES systems. The models showed a good fit to the experiment data (lowest R2 value at 0.776). The results also showed that the flow rate significantly affected total and phase transition times of the cascaded PBLTES for charging/discharging, with substantial Standardized Linear Regression Coefficients of −0.79/-0.8 and −0.74/-0.72, respectively. In contrast, inlet temperature, with coefficients of −0.18/0.15 and −0.34/0.21, has about a quarter of the flow rate's impact. These findings provide compelling experimental substantiation for the design of cascaded PBLTES.

Entrepreneurial leadership, nurses' proactive work behavior, and career adaptability: a structural equation model.

Healthcare organizations with practitioners who exhibit proactive work behavior and career adaptability acquire a competitive advantage in the face of many adversities. Entrepreneurial leadership (EL) is a new leadership approach that has a huge impact on followers' behavior, although research into its theory and empirical evidence is still in its infancy. A non-probability convenience sample methodology (n = 450) was utilized to choose study participants, who were equally dispersed among the two private hospitals in Alexandria. A cross-sectional study was carried out in all departments of the hospitals, which were chosen at random using a simple random procedure. Three validated scales were used in this study to measure the study variables and establish a structural equation model. The result of this study revealed that nurses perceived moderate mean scores of all variables; entrepreneurial leadership (140.84 ± 11.94), proactive work behavior (46.02 ± 5.85), and career adaptability (85.55 ± 10.35). In addition, the structured equation model revealed a goodness fit index and presents that entrepreneurial leadership significantly affects nurses' proactive work behavior with an estimated β of 0.555, coefficient of regression C.R. of 4.006, at P value < 0.001. Also, it significantly affects career adaptability with an estimated β of .834, a coefficient of regression C.R. of 3.491 at P value < 0.001. The developed structural equation model confirmed the significant impact of entrepreneurial leadership (EL) on nurses' proactive work behavior (PWB) and career adaptability (CA)". Therefore, this study offers important implications for nurse managers, staff nurses, hospital human resources management practice, and academics.

Imaging Pleistocene volcanic edifices along the Egyptian Red Sea margin: Insights from reflection seismics and 3D constrained inversion of gravity and magnetic data

Several volcanic buildups have been documented using gravity and magnetic data at specific locations in the Northern Red Sea (NRS). Most of these volcanoes were never sampled, and only a few were imaged by seismic or bathymetry data. Furthermore, the confidentiality of commercial datasets does not allow adequate knowledge of these structures and their morphology and physical properties. In this study, 2D and 3D seismic reflection data and 3D constrained inversion of magnetic and gravity data have been used to infer densities and magnetic susceptibilities of volcanic features in the central part of the NRS and to evaluate the distribution and geometry. This study indicates that the results of the 3D inverted models show a good fit with the volcanic structures inferred from seismic data and, thus, that the inversion technique adopted can be a reliable tool for detecting other edifices where seismic data are missing. The 3D inverted density and magnetic susceptibility models suggest that at least eight isolated structures with similar gravity and magnetic properties exist in the study area. They are associated with high densities and magnetic susceptibility anomalies with average values of 2700 kg/m3 and 0.025 SI, respectively. These magmatic structures are deeply rooted in the sedimentary cover and emerge at elevations of 100 to >650 m relative to the seabed. They developed in a sector interpreted as containing thinned continental crust, accompanied by the ascension of magma through prominent rift-related normal faults. Magmatic activity likely started in the Pleistocene and continues to the present day.

Preparation and Modification of Biochar Derived from Agricultural Waste for Metal Adsorption from Urban Wastewater

This work evaluates the efficiency of three biochar samples toward the adsorption of manganese, iron, and selenium present in a sample of urban wastewater. The biochar was produced from the pyrolysis of rice husks at 350 °C for 6 h (RHB) and subsequently modified using HCl (RHBHCl) or NaOH (RHBNaOH) to increase its surface area. The RHBNaOH sample exhibited the highest removal efficiency for the three metals. The metals’ adsorption removal efficiency for RHBNaOH was in the order Mn (76%), Se (66%), and Fe (66%), while for RHBHCl, it was Fe (59%), Mn (30%), and Se (26%). The results show that the as-prepared RHB can remove the metals, even if in low amounts (Fe (48%), Mn (3%), and Se (39%)). The adsorption removal for the three types of adsorbents follows the Langmuir isotherm model. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to determine the adsorption mechanism for each of the three adsorbents. Both models showed a good fit with R2 (&gt;0.9) for the RHBNaOH and RHB sorption of Fe, Mn, and Se. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of biochar for the removal of metals from real wastewater.

Path analysis of influencing factors for maternal antenatal depression in the third trimester.

Maternal antenatal depression (AD) is a nonpsychotic depressive episode during pregnancy that can harm both the pregnant woman and the fetus. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic interrelationships between AD and its influencing factors by constructing a path model. This survey-based cross-sectional study included 1071 pregnant women who underwent pregnancy examinations in three hospitals in Nantong City, China, between February and June 2023. General information and information regarding maternal AD, pregnancy stress, prenatal anxiety, social support, marital satisfaction, sleep quality, and resilience were collected. Multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 25.0 was employed to determine the factors influencing pregnancy depression, and Amos25.0 was used to construct a structural equation model. AD incidence was 19.4% (208/1071). The independent risk factors affecting AD in pregnant women have been integrated into the established path analysis model. The model demonstrated a good fit (χ2/DF = 1.238, comparative fit index = 0.999, goodness-of-fit index = 0.998, normed fit index = 0.996, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.990, incremental fit index = 0.999, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.015). While prenatal anxiety (0.230) and hyperthyroidism (0.048) only had direct effects on AD, mental resilience was the biggest factor affecting AD, followed by pregnancy stress, marital satisfaction, prenatal anxiety, sleep quality, social support, and hyperthyroidism. Improved mental resilience, social support, sleep quality, and marital satisfaction; reduced pregnancy stress and prenatal anxiety; and effective hyperthyroidism treatment might reduce AD. This study underscored the significance of delivering actionable strategies and tangible assistance to pregnant women to reduce AD.

STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL-BASED PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR TRANSFERRING PPP WATER PROJECTS: A CHINA PERSPECTIVE

A series of performance measurement need to be carried out throughout the project life cycle to ensure the successful transfer of public-private partnership (PPP) assets and meet stakeholder needs. More and more water projects are stepping into the transfer phase, but less studies carry out in-depth and systematic discussion on the performance measurement of PPP water projects at the transfer phase. Hence, to fill this gap, this research establishes a new performance measurement system (PMS) for evaluating the performance of the PPP projects stepping into the transfer phase based on the key performance indicators (KPIs). Through case study, expert interview and questionnaire, this paper formulates the logical basis behind PPP water projects at the transfer phase and subsequently constructs the transfer performance measurement system (TPMS) of these projects. Then, it conducts a confirmatory analysis of the impact relationship between the indicators based on structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings of expert interview and questionnaire indicate that there are 7 primary and 26 secondary indicators, and the model has a good fit. The TPMS will provide governments, operators and other stakeholders with a comprehensive and complete understanding as to indicators required of an effective performance measurement of PPP water projects.