Good Face Validity Research Articles

Use of Appraisals of DisAbility Primary and Secondary Scale-Short Form (ADAPSS-sf) in individuals with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

To investigate the psychometric properties and utility of the Appraisals of DisAbility Primary and Secondary Scale-Short Form (ADAPSS-sf), a measure of cognitive appraisals, among adults with pediatric-onset SCI. To examine the relation of the ADAPSS-sf to demographics, injury characteristics, and secondary health and psychosocial outcomes. A structured telephone interview was conducted to obtain measures of ADAPSS-sf, pain, sleep, secondary health complications, and psychosocial functioning. Community in United States and Canada. Individuals who sustained an SCI at 18 years of age or younger (N = 115) were initially interviewed at age 19 years or older and followed annually. Study findings support sound psychometrics of the ADAPSS-sf. The measure demonstrated strong test-retest reliability and internal consistency. There were no differences on ADAPSS-sf scores in relation to current age, gender, race, etiology, injury severity, or injury level. Individuals who sustained SCI at an older age were more likely to endorse negative appraisals of their injury. Results suggest that higher negative SCI-related appraisals were related to higher mental health difficulties. Negative SCI-related appraisals were associated with sleep difficulties, pressure injuries, pain, distress from pain, and poor overall subjective ratings of health. This study confirms the use of the ADAPSS-sf in a pediatric-onset SCI adult population by demonstrating its good internal validity, test-retest reliability, convergent and face validity, and brevity. Moreover, the current study revealed that such appraisals are associated with both psychosocial and secondary health outcomes, further supporting the ADAPSS-sf as a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers.

Support Needs Approach for Patients (SNAP) tool: a validation study

ObjectivesPatient-identified need is key to delivering holistic, supportive, person-centred care, but we lack tools enabling patients to express what they need to manage life with a long-term condition. The Support...

Face, Content, and Construct Validity of the Take-Home EoSim Augmented Reality Laparoscopy Simulator for Basic Laparoscopic Tasks.

Background: The eoSim® laparoscopic augmented reality (AR) simulator has instrument tracking capabilities that may be suitable for implementation in laparoscopic training. The objective is to assess face, content, and construct validity of this simulator for basic laparoscopic skills training. Methods: Participants were divided into three groups: novices (no training), intermediates (<50 laparoscopic procedures), and experts (>50 laparoscopic procedures). Three basic tasks were completed on the simulator: thread transfer (1), cyst dissection (2), and tube ligation (3). A questionnaire was completed on realism, didactic value, and usability of the simulator. Measured outcome parameters were as follows: time, distance, time off screen, average speed, acceleration, and smoothness. Results: Mean ± standard deviation scores on realism were positive (Task 1 or T1; 3.9 ± 0.7, P = .13, T2; 3.7 ± 0.7, P = .07, T3; 3.7 ± 0.07), as well as didactic value (T1; 3.9 ± 0.8, P = .71, T2; 3.9 ± 0.8, P = .31, T3; 4.0 ± 0.8, P = .40). Usability was valued the highest, with mean scores between 3.9 and 4.3 (T1; P = .71, T2; P = .80, T3; P = .85). Scores did not differ significantly between groups. Experts were significantly faster (Task 1; P < .001, Task 2; P = .042, Task 3: P < .001) with higher handling speed for tasks 2 and 3 (Task 1; P = .20, task 2; P = .034, task 3; P = .049). Results for other outcome parameters also indicated experts had better instrument control and efficiency than novices, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The eoSim laparoscopic AR simulator is regarded as a realistic, accessible, and useful tool for the training of basic laparoscopic skills, with good face validity. Construct validity of the eoSim AR simulator was demonstrated on several core variables, but not all.

2663 Essentials in Minimally Invasive Gynecology (Emig) Manual Skills Pilot Validation Trial

Study Objective Evaluate the EMIG-FLS Laparoscopic Simulation System and the EMIG Hysteroscopy Simulation System for face validity and functionality in a pilot testing environment. Design A pilot cohort study Setting Three teaching institutions in the US Southwest Patients or Participants Twenty-seven residents and gynecologists who fit one of three categories of exposure to hysteroscopic and laparoscopic surgery and surgical simulation. Twelve were postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1); five were PGY-3, 1 was ABOG certified, and 5 were either fellows in-training or had completed a Fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (FMIGS). Interventions After completing a screening survey, each subject was exposed to a structured orientation to the two simulation systems and then tested with proctor supervision on the 5 laparoscopic and 2 hysteroscopic exercises. A short 5-point Likert questionnaire designed to determine face validation and question clarity was administered to each subject at sites 2 and 3. Measurements and Main Results Face validity was high for each of the 7 exercises (means ranged from 4.8 to 4.9 out of 5) and subjects considered instructions to be clear (means ranged from 4.7 to 4.9). The recorded exercise times generally reduced with increasing levels of training although the sample sizes were not designed to determine significance given the pilot design. Similarly, exercise errors were generally less frequent with increasing experience. The systems, including the devices and recording mechanisms performed well and proctor evaluation and training were satisfactory. Conclusion The EMIG laparoscopic and hysteroscopic simulations systems were considered to have good face validity and appear to be suitable for a construct validation trial to confirm their utility in distinguishing amongst trainees and practitioners with a wide spectrum of endoscopic surgical experience. The recording and specimen storage mechanisms will allow for multiple proctors to rate a candidate's performance, thereby enhancing evaluation consistency and quality.

Development and evaluation of a questionnaire instrument for chemical intolerance, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Purpose The purpose was to develop a questionnaire instrument to measure difficulties in activities and participation, and impact of environmental factors in chemical intolerance, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and to assess its validity and reliability. Method Development in three steps: (1) choosing items of relevance for chemical intolerance with an expert group, (2) conducting interviews with persons with chemical intolerance, using sampling to redundancy, (3) conducting a survey with 112 respondents at a first assessment and 91 at a second assessment for test-retest. Results The final version of the instrument consists of 57 items divided in three parts, which showed good internal consistency in each part, Cronbach alpha: 0.73–0.87. It had good content validity, readability and face validity. Test-retest showed good to very good (≥0.61) Kappa agreement for 37 items, and moderate (0.41–0.60) for 17 items. Three items had poor or fair (<0.41) Kappa agreement. Conclusion The instrument was found to be valid and reliable. It can be used as a clinical tool to help persons with chemical intolerance to receive the best suited help and support for each individual, identify key points in rehabilitation, measure rehabilitation outcome and establish priority for treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The questionnaire instrument based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health which was developed and evaluated in this study, can be used to measure difficulties in activities and participation, and impact of environmental factors in chemical intolerance. Persons with chemical intolerance report lack of support from healthcare and society. Using this questionnaire instrument can help forming the best suited help and support for each individual based on his/her preconditions. This questionnaire instrument can be used to identify key points in rehabilitation and measure rehabilitation outcome.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation Of The Persian Version Of Test Of The Adherence To Inhalers (TAI).

PurposeDespite the importance of using inhalers concerning chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients generally have problems regarding adherence to medication regimen. The first step in understanding medication adherence is its assessment which requires a reliable tool. The aim of this study was to translate and perform the psychometric assessment of Test of Adherence to Inhalers (TAI).Patients and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, the 10-item TAI was utilized. Patients with COPD referring to Amir-al-Momenin and Vali-Asr hospitals in Arak, Iran, were the study population. The tool was translated using forward–backward translation, and its validity was evaluated via face validity, content validity, and concurrent validity. The reliability of the tool was assessed using test–retest and Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsA total of 100 patients with COPD participated in the study, where the results showed that the tool has a good face validity. The CVR was 0.83, the CVI was 0.95, and the concurrent validity with General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) was moderate which was not significant (r = 0.613, p = 0.06). The results of the reliability test further showed that in the test–retest, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.986, ICC was 0.972, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.986.ConclusionThe tool was translated to Farsi language, with the results indicating that Farsi TAI is a valid and reliable tool for measuring inhaler adherence in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

Measuring Acculturation of Pakistani Women: A Psychometric Evaluation of Urdu Version of the Short Acculturation Scale

Objectives:The purpose of the study was to translate and validate the psychometric properties of the Short Acculturation Scale-Urdu version (SAS-U) for Pakistani women in Hong Kong.Methods:This is a methodological study, and a convenience sample of 263 Pakistani women was recruited to participate in the study. The SAS was translated from English to Urdu using forward and backward translation and reviewed by an expert panel for semantic equivalence and content validity. Face validity was done by five bilingual Pakistani women. Construct validity was established by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was examined by the bivariate correlation of proxy indicators such as language preference, with the overall and subscales of SAS-U. Reliability was established by internal consistency and test–retest reliability. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 22.0 and LISREL version 8.80 were used for data analysis.Results:The translated SAS-U had good content validity and face validity. CFA revealed that the second-order model with three first-order factors and the results was supported by the following indices: root mean square error of approximation = 0.055, standardized root mean square residual = 0.031, χ2/df = 1.80, nonnormed fit index = 0.99, and comparative goodness-of-fit index = 1.00. Language preference correlated significantly with the overall and subscales of SAS-U (r > 0.6, P < 0.01). SAS-U demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and acceptable test–retest reliability (weighted kappa = 0.68–0.93).Conclusions:The results provide support for the psychometric properties of the SAS-U – it is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring levels of acculturation among Pakistani women in Hong Kong.

Mixed-methods research to evaluate a novel patient-centered cancer care coordination instrument.

280 Background: Effective care coordination (CC) is a critical component of high-quality cancer care; however, efforts to improve cancer care coordination are hampered by limited patient-centered measures. This mixed-methods research reports on patients’ feedback and the utility of a novel care coordination instrument (CCI) designed to assess cancer care coordination. Methods: 7 focus group discussions were conducted with 68 cancer patients receiving active therapy to evaluate validity of the CCI. Subsequently, the CCI was modified and administered to additional 200 cancer patients derived from community-based private and hospital clinics. The CCI is a 29-item, multiple-choice questionnaire and includes subscales that evaluate CC in 3 domains (Communication, Navigation, Operational) across 4 areas of CC (patient-physician; between providers; during inpatient-to-ambulatory care transitions; during transitions across phases of care). Results: Qualitative analysis of focus group discussions demonstrated that the CCI has good face and content validity. Content analysis identified the following themes: Survey, Education/Knowledge, Navigator, Communication, Support, Access, Providers, and Team. Questions with unclear wording or high proportions of not applicable or missing responses were refined or removed. Results of the revised survey indicated that the CCI is able to distinguish patient- and practice characteristics associated with optimal/poor CC. Specifically, cancer types (leukemia, myeloma) and having a patient navigator predicted high overall patients’ ratings of CC ( p &lt; .05). Marginally significant differences were found for practice setting ( p = .085). A multiple regression model with all predictors entered simultaneously revealed that the presence of a family/friend caregiver significantly predicted better CC ( p &lt; .001); however, the benefits of a patient navigator were no longer significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the utility of the CCI for assessing patients’ perspectives of cancer CC. Use and integration of this instrument in oncology practices/clinics can identify areas of potential interventions for CC improvement and lead to a better quality of care.

Myofascial pain syndrome and trigger points: evaluation and treatment in patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger point, a hyperirritable painful spot involving a limited number of muscle fibers. The literature suggest that myofascial trigger points should be considered peripheral pain generators and this critical review will summarize recent findings concerning the clinical evaluation and the treatment of myofascial trigger points. The clinical features of myofascial trigger points and their contribution to the patient pain and disability have been detailed in several recent studies, which support the clinical relevance of the condition. Recent studies reported that manual palpation to identify MTrPs has good reliability, although some limitations are intrinsic to the diagnostic criteria. During the last decade, a plethora of treatments have been proposed and positive effects on pain and function demonstrated. The myofascial trigger point phenomenon has good face validity and is clinically relevant. Clinicians are encouraged to consider the contribution of myofascial trigger points to the patient's pain and disability through a careful medical history and a specific manual examination. Patients with myofascial trigger points will benefit from a multimodal treatment plan including dry needling and manual therapy techniques. Internal and external validity of research within the field must be improved.

Ophthalmic Simulated Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric for manual small-incision cataract surgery

PurposeTo develop and test the validity of a surgical competency assessment tool for simulated small-incision cataract surgery (SICS).SettingParticipating ophthalmologists contributed from 8 countries.DesignQualitative and quantitative development and evaluation of face and content validity of an assessment rubric, and evaluation of construct validity and reliability.MethodsThe SICS Ophthalmic Simulated Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric (Sim-OSSCAR) was developed and assessed for face and content validity by an international group of experienced ophthalmologists. Groups of novice and competent surgeons from 4 countries were recorded performing surgery, and masked assessments were performed by 4 expert surgeons, to determine construct validity and reliability.ResultsThe Sim-OSSCAR for SICS was assessed by a panel of 12 international experts from 8 countries. In response to the question, “Do you think the OSSCAR represents the surgical techniques and skills upon which trainees should be assessed?,” all respondents either agreed or strongly agreed. Face validity was rated as 4.60 (out of 5.0). The content was iteratively agreed to by the panel of experts; final content validity was rated as 4.5. Interobserver reliability was assessed, and 17 of 20 items in the assessment matrix had a Krippendorff α correlation of more than 0.6. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that competent surgeons perform better than novices (P = .02).ConclusionsThis newly developed and validated assessment tool for simulation SICS, based on the International Council of Ophthalmology's Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric, has good face and content validity. It can play a role in ophthalmic surgical education.

S5A-02 SESSION 5A: GENERALITIES IN CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS – PART II PARENT AND PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES FOR HEAD SHAPE IN SINGLE SUTURE SYNOSTOSIS.

Introduction: Most studies reporting surgical outcomes in craniosynostosis are often cohort based and lack longitudinal and continual reporting making it difficult to see trends in practice and compare centres. In addition clinician ratings are not predictive of psychological adjustment. To address these issues in Oxford we have developed a parent and patient reported outcome measure (PROM) for head shape in single suture synostosis. Methods: From Jan 2017 all patients over the age of 7 and all parents of children with single suture synostosis treated at the Oxford Craniofacial Unit were asked to fill in a questionnaire to score how noticeable they thought the head shape was to other people before and after surgery as well as how much the head shape bothered them. Results: In the first year of this on going study 246 forms were filled in by parents and 118 by children over the age of 7, representing 95% of all outpatient attendances. All parents and children reported a significant improvement in how noticeable the head shape was to others after surgery. Equally, all parents and children were less bothered by the head shape after surgery. The greatest improvement was seen in sagittal synostosis and the least in unicoronal synostosis. The prospective data mirrored that of the restrospective data. Conclusion: This novel PROM shows good face validity, clinical utility and demonstrates good responsiveness to change. It allows for continual longitudinal reporting of an important surgical outcome measure in single suture synostosis. It is an in built intra-observer memory error check and has the potential to compare results using different techniques and from different centres.

Validation of a Psychosocial Chronic Stress Model in the Pig Using a Multidisciplinary Approach at the Gut-Brain and Behavior Levels.

Psychological chronic stress is an important risk factor for major depressive disorder, of which consequences have been widely studied in rodent models. This work aimed at describing a pig model of chronic stress based on social isolation, environmental impoverishment and unpredictability. Three groups of animals of both sexes were constituted. Two were exposed to the psychosocial stressors while receiving (SF, n = 12) or not (SC, n = 22) the antidepressant fluoxetine, and a third group (NSC, n = 22) remained unstressed. Animals were observed in home pens and during dedicated tests to assess resignation and anxiety-like behaviors. Brain structure and function were evaluated via proton MRS and fMRI. Hippocampal molecular biology and immunodetection of cellular proliferation (Ki67+) and neuron maturation (DCX+) in the dentate gyrus were also performed. Salivary cortisol, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and various plasmatic and intestinal biomarkers were analyzed. Compared to NSC, SC animals showed more resignation (p = 0.019) and had a higher level of salivary cortisol (p = 0.020). SC brain responses to stimulation by a novel odor were lower, similarly to their hippocampal neuronal density (p = 0.015), cellular proliferation (p = 0.030), and hippocampal levels of BDNF and 5-HT1AR (p = 0.056 and p = 0.007, respectively). However, the number of DCX+ cells was higher in the ventral dentate gyrus in this group (p = 0.025). In addition, HOMA-IR was also higher (p < 0.001) and microbiota fermentation activity was lower (SCFAs, SC/NSC: p < 0.01) in SC animals. Fluoxetine partially or totally reversed several of these effects. Exposure to psychosocial stressors in the pig model induced effects consistent with the human and rodent literature, including resignation behavior and alterations of the HPA axis and hippocampus. This model opens the way to innovative translational research exploring the mechanisms of chronic stress and testing intervention strategies with good face validity related to human.

Estimating the cost-effectiveness of salt reformulation and increasing access to leisure centres in England, with PRIMEtime CE model validation using the AdViSHE tool

BackgroundPRIMEtime CE is a multistate life table model that can directly compare the cost effectiveness of public health interventions affecting diet and physical activity levels, helping to inform decisions about how to spend finite resources. This paper estimates the costs and health outcomes in England of two scenarios: reformulating salt and expanding subsidised access to leisure centres. The results are used to help validate PRIMEtime CE, following the steps outlined in the Assessment of the Validation Status of Health-Economic decision models (AdViSHE) tool.MethodsThe PRIMEtime CE model estimates the difference in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and difference in NHS and social care costs of modelled interventions compared with doing nothing. The salt reformulation scenario models how salt consumption would change if food producers met the 2017 UK Food Standards Agency salt reformulation targets. The leisure centre scenario models change in physical activity levels if the Birmingham Be Active scheme (where swimming pools and gym access is free to residents during defined periods) was rolled out across England.The AdViSHE tool was developed by health economic modellers and divides model validation into five parts: validation of the conceptual model, input data validation, validation of computerised model, operational validation, and other validation techniques. PRIMEtime CE is discussed in relation to each part.ResultsSalt reformulation was dominant compared with doing nothing, and had a 10-year return on investment of £1.44 (£0.50 to £2.94) for every £1 spent. By contrast, over 10 years the Be Active expansion would cost £727,000 (£514,000 to £1,064,000) per QALY.PRIMEtime CE has good face validity of its conceptual model and has robust input data. Cross-validation produces mixed results and shows the impact of model scope, input parameters, and model structure on cost-per-QALY estimates.ConclusionsThis paper illustrates how PRIMEtime CE can be used to compare the cost-effectiveness of two different public health measures affecting diet and physical activity levels. The AdViSHE tool helps to validate PRIMEtime CE, identifies some of the key drivers of model estimates, and highlights the challenges of externally validating public health economic models against independent data.

A Two-Stage Tremor Detection Algorithm for Wearable Inertial Sensors During Normal Daily Activities.

Continuous monitoring of tremor with wearable wrist sensors during normal daily activities is more difficult than in a clinical setting when subjects perform prescribed activities because some normal daily activities resemble tremor, many normal movements contain frequency content that overlaps with the tremor frequency, and the tremor amplitude has a large dynamic range during normal daily activities. We describe a novel two-stage algorithm that offers improvement at discriminating tremor from other activities. Some of this improvement is attained by using prior domain knowledge that tremor occurs over a narrow range of frequencies for an individual, but the mean tremor frequency may vary significantly between individuals in a study population. We validated the algorithm in continuous recordings from people with Parkinson's disease and matched control subjects. The algorithm has good face validity, a low rate of false positives on recordings from control subjects (<; 1.1%), and good correspondence with the constancy of rest tremor as measured by this question on the MDS-UPDRS (ρ = 0.54).

MyHEARTSMAP: development and evaluation of a psychosocial self-assessment tool, for and by youth

BackgroundPaediatric mental health-related visits to the emergency department are rising. However, few tools exist to identify concerns early and connect youth with appropriate mental healthcare. Our objective was to develop...

Developing and testing the F-SIM, a measure of social inclusion for people with mental illness

Social inclusion is an important contributor to good mental health and greater mental health outcomes for people with psychiatric disorders. A psychometrically-sound measure of social inclusion is required to facilitate progress in this area. The aim here was to report on preliminary findings from a novel, user-friendly measure of social inclusion that comprehensively assesses the construct. Preliminary testing of the Filia Social Inclusion Measure (F-SIM) was conducted with ninety participants (30 consumers; 30 family members/carers; 30 community members). Participants completed the self-report measure and a usability questionnaire. Preliminary findings demonstrated poorer social inclusion for people with mental illness compared to those without, with differences seen in each of five domains (housing and services, social functioning, occupational functioning, finances and health). Differences were also seen regarding family members or carers, with consistently poorer social inclusion than general community members observed. Participants reported the F-SIM as easy to use, and considered it to measure social inclusion well, indicating good face validity. The F-SIM demonstrates an ability to differentiate between groups. Implications for use and suggestions for future research are detailed. Following further psychometric assessment, the F-SIM will have wide applicability in clinical and research settings.

Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of trabecular meshwork gene expression data to unravel the molecular pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma.

PurposePerforming bioinformatics analyses using trabecular meshwork (TM) gene expression data in order to further elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG), and to identify candidate target genes.MethodsA systematic search in Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress was conducted, and quality control and preprocessing of the data was performed with ArrayAnalysis.org. Molecular pathway overrepresentation analysis was performed with PathVisio using pathway content from three pathway databases: WikiPathways, KEGG and Reactome. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed on the gene expression data. The significantly changed pathways were clustered into functional categories which were combined into a network of connected genes.ResultsNinety‐two significantly changed pathways were clustered into five functional categories: extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammation, complement activation, senescence and Rho GTPase signalling. ECM included pathways involved in collagen, actin and cell–matrix interactions. Inflammation included pathways entailing NF‐κB and arachidonic acid. The network analysis showed that several genes overlap between the inflammation cluster on the one hand, and the ECM, complement activation and senescence clusters on the other hand. GO analysis, identified additional clusters, related to development and corticosteroids.ConclusionThis study provides an overview of the processes involved in the molecular pathogenesis of POAG in the TM. The results show good face validity and confirm findings from histological, biochemical, genome‐wide association and transcriptomics studies. The identification of known points of action for drugs, such as Rho GTPase, arachidonic acid, NF‐κB, prostaglandins and corticosteroid clusters, supports the value of this approach to identify potential drug targets.

Face validity of a synthetic papilla designed for biliary sphincterotomy training

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered one of the most technically demanding endoscopic procedures. Still, limited data are available on simulators in ERCP training. Recently, the Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer was validated as a realistic training model by our study group. As an extension to this model, a novel synthetic papilla has been designed allowing to train biliary sphincterotomy. We aimed to determine the face validity of this synthetic papilla and its didactic value for training sphincterotomy. Methods Expert participants, each with more a than 2500 ERCPs lifetime experience, were invited to perform a biliary sphincterotomy and fill out a questionnaire on the realism of the procedure and the didactic value. Results A total of 40 ERCP experts were included, originating from 16 different countries. Experts’ opinion on realism of performing a biliary sphincterotomy was rated with a median of 7 on a 10-point Likert scale, resemblance of the performed maneuvers 8 and tactile feedback 7. When asked if the cutting was perceived as realistic, experts rated a 6 and the cutting result was rated 8. The potential of the cutting papilla as a training tool for novices was rated 4 on a 4-point scale and there was a high agreement among the experts to include the papilla in the training of novices (rating 4). Conclusion This is the first synthetic papilla available for training sphincterotomy on the Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer and it demonstrates good face validity. ERCP experts highly agree on its didactic value and added value in the training curriculum of novice endoscopists.

Development, piloting and validation of the Recommending Cardiac Rehabilitation (ReCaRe) instrument

BackgroundHealth practitioners’ values, attitudes and beliefs largely determine their referrals to cardiac rehabilitation (CR). ObjectiveTo develop and test the Recommending Cardiac Rehabilitation scale (ReCaRe), designed to assess health professionals attitudes, values and beliefs to CR referral. MethodsReCaRe was appraised for: content validity (Delphi method, expert panel); interpretability and face validity (interview, health professionals); factor structure and internal consistency (survey, health professionals); and test-retest reliability (survey, health professionals). Normative scores were collated. ResultsReCaRe initially comprised 75 items. Initially, a Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated for ratings of item relevance (CVI range; 0.27–1.0), which resulted in the removal of 19 items. After preliminary validation and psychometric testing, 34 items were factor-analysed (n = 24) providing a 17-item, four-factor scale: perceived severity and susceptibility (α = 0.93, κ = 0.37); perceived service accessibility (α = 0.91, κ = 0.67); perceived benefit (α = 0.97, κ = 0.47); perceived barriers and attitudes (α = 0.82, κ = 0.49). ReCaRe normative scores (n = 75) are reported. ConclusionsThis psychometric analysis found ReCaRe to demonstrate good face validity, internal consistency and fair to substantial test-retest reliability. The next step is to validate these initial findings on a larger sample size to confirm whether ReCaRe can enable identification of factors impacting CR referral.

The Team Formulation Quality Rating Scale (TFQS): development and evaluation

Background Team formulation is a core skill in mental health care, but there is currently no valid tool for assessing the quality of this process. Aim The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a new scale, the Team Formulation Quality Scale (TFQS), which assesses both structure and content. Methods Experts were asked to assess the relevance and clarity of each item on the TFQS to measure its content and face validity. Two experienced Clinical Psychologists rated eight audio recorded team formulation sessions and the scores were used to assess the internal consistency and inter-rater reliability of the TFQS. Results The TFQS demonstrated good content and face validity as experts agreed all twenty-three items were relevant to measuring the quality of team formulation and rated it as understandable and comprehensive. The overall internal consistency of the TFQS was good (alpha = 0.718). The inter-rater reliability of the TFQS was consistent with individual case formulation quality measures (ICC = 0.600). Conclusions We have developed the first scale to measure the quality of team formulation. The TFQS showed good validity and is a reliable tool that can be used in training, clinical practice and research related to team formulations.