Good Dyeing Properties Research Articles

Bioprospecting Hypoxylon fendleri for pigment production and assessment of its dyeing efficacy on silk fabric

Fungal dyes are promising natural source of pigment for the textile industry due to their environmentally friendly production process. The present study evaluated the efficacy of buffy brown pigment extracted from Hypoxylon fendleri for dyeing silk fabric following fungal identification using morphological features coupled with sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region. The physiochemical parameters namely, pH, temperature, and incubation time along with glucose and peptone concentrations were optimized for in vitro pigment production using the desirability function. A pH of 7 at 28 °C temperature, 75 g/L glucose and 10 g/L peptone with an incubation time of 17 d was found to be optimum with a desirability value of 0.56. The chromatic properties of the dyed fabric were characterized on the basis of CIELAB coordinates. The fastness of color produced on silk fabric was assessed using standard tests for washing, perspiration, and rubbing fastness. Finally, the dye (pigmented liquid extract) obtained from H. fendleri showed good and uniform dyeing properties on silk fabric and could be an alternative natural source for dyeing silk fabric. Moreover, the use of natural dyes will aid in mitigating the hazardous environmental impacts of the synthetic dyeing industry.

The natural anthraquinone dye emodin: Eco/genotoxicological characterization for aquatic organisms

Emodin is an anthraquinone secondary metabolite produced by several species of plants and fungi. Emodin is known for its pharmacological versatility, and, in the textile industry, for its good dyeing properties. However, its use in the textile industry can result in the formation and disposal of large volumes of wastewater. Emodin mutagenicity has been shown in bacteria and in human cells, but little is known about its possible toxic, genotoxic, or mutagenic effects in aquatic organisms. We have evaluated the eco/genotoxicity of emodin to aquatic organisms. Emodin was toxic to Daphnia similis (EC50 = 130 μg L−1) and zebrafish embryos (LC50 = 25 μg L−1). No toxicity was observed for Raphidocelis subcapitata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, or Parhyale hawaiensis. Additional biochemistry/molecular studies are needed to elucidate the toxic/mutagenic pathways of emodin in aquatic organisms. The PNEC value for emodin was 0.025 μg L−1. In addition to mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, emodin was mutagenic in the micronucleus assay in the amphipod P. hawaiensis. Among the anthraquinone dyes tested to date, natural or synthetic, emodin was the most toxic to aquatic species.

Solvent‐Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy‐Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensors

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance. Herein, polyetherimide–Al2O3 (PAl) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP, PH) nanofiber membranes were used as tribo‐positive and tribo‐negative materials, respectively. Phytic acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI)/cotton fabric (PPCF) and ethylenediamine (EDA)‐crosslinked PAl (EPAl) nanofiber membranes were used as triboelectrode and triboencapsulation materials, respectively. The result showed that when the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a circle with a radius of 1 cm, under the pressure of 50 N, and the frequency of 0.5 Hz, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (Isc) reached the highest value of 66.6 V and −93.4 to 110.1 nA, respectively. Moreover, the PH‐based TENG could be used as a fabric sensor to detect fabric composition and as a sensor‐inductive switch for light bulbs or beeping warning devices. When the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a 5 × 5 cm2 rectangle, a 33 μF capacitor could be charged to 15 V in 28 s. Interestingly, compared to PAl nanofiber membranes, EPAl nanofiber membranes exhibited good dyeing properties and excellent solvent resistance. The PPCF exhibited <5% resistance change after washing, bending, and stretching.

Textiles Dyeing with Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Extract Using Natural Mordant

ABSTRACT Agricultural waste represents a potential source of raw materials as natural dyes. The peel from pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a waste product, it is used in the textiles industry as dye. The objective of the study is to improve dyeing properties of pomegranate peel dyed silk fabric. We analyzed the pigment composition of pomegranate peel extract through ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; evaluated natural mordants and metallic mordants on fabrics dyed with pomegranate peel extracts by testing the K/S value, color characteristics, and color fastness; examined the morphology of dyed fabrics before and after color fixing treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The major pigment component in pomegranate peel is ellagic acid. An orthogonal array experiment revealed that the optimum dyeing conditions were pH 9, 60°C 60 min for silk fibers. Under the natural mordant, the K/S value of dyed fabric could acquire maximum (8.70). Moreover, the K/S value and color fastness of dyed fabrics could be further enhanced to 11.74 and level 5 by color-fixing treatment of natural gum rosin. Overall, the dyed silk samples with pomegranate peel represented good dyeing properties with natural mordant and natural color-fixing agent of gum rosin.

Study on PET Recovery from Polymeric Mixtures, Using the Floatation Technique, and Valorization of the Collected Particles by Dyeing Them

The aim of this study is to separate PET flakes by applying floatation technique, initially from binary polymer blends and later from the mixture of five common polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polstyrene and poly(ethylene terephthalate). A connection line between polymer and fiber is presumed in this study, because the dyeing of recovered polyester with three disperse dyes followed. The separation of plastics was performed in a Plexiglas air floatation column. The Lutensol® TO 8 surfactant of non-ionic origin was used to selectively wet the plastics. The parameters studied were pH values, surfactant concentration and treatment time. The dyeing of the recovered PET was performed with Serilene Blue RL, Serisol Crimson ECF and Serisol Yellow ECF dyes at 90 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C and pH = 4.6. The results obtained showed a good separation of polyester from both the binary mixtures and the mixture of five polymers with a recovery rate of up to 95 ± 2%. The influence of pH and concentration of surfactant is significantly demonstrated, while the effect of the treatment time is considered negligible. Finally, recovered polyester showed very good dyeing properties with all three disperse dyes, since the color exhaustion rate reached approximately 95% for the temperature of 130 °C, which is the usual dyeing temperature of polyester.

Color construction of polyimide fibers based on charge transfer complex regulation and swelling effect

High glass transition temperature and charge transfer complex (CTC) of polymeric chains in polyimide (PI) fibers are known as big obstacles for good dyeing properties. To address this issue, a novel dyeing mechanism involving CTC regulation and swelling effect was proposed to explain the dyeing improvement of polyimide fibers with suitable carriers. It is believed that the carrier with certain structures can adjust the CTC effect of the polyimide fibers, so that the original color of polyimide can be changed, and more dyes can be adsorbed. Based on this mechanism, three organic carriers, including N-methylformanilide (MFA), phenoxyethanol (PPA) and dimethylacetamide (DMAc) were utilized for the treatment and dyeing of polyimide fibers. Notably, much deeper dyeing color was obtained for the fibers dyed with MFA than the other two carriers, which can be ascribed to the capability of MFA for the CTC transformation in the PI fibers. Moreover, the fibers dyed by MFA and PPA have good color fastness, while the fibers dyed by DMAc have obvious ring dyeing phenomenon and poor color fastness, which corresponds to the swelling depth of the fibers. These results will provide a basis for the selection of carrier for efficient color construction of polyimide fibers.

Effect of dispersant on disperse dyeing for polyester fabric in silicone waterless dyeing system

Disperse dye has a good dyeing property in silicone waterless dyeing system. However, the application of dispersants in this dyeing system has some problems such as unlevel dyeing, dull color, color spot. In this investigation, the effect of dispersant on the disperse dyeing was studied by adding sodium salt of poly naphthalene sulphonic acid into silicone waterless dyeing system. If the dispersant and the dyeing accelerant were used in the same bath, the fixation and level dyeing property of disperse dye would be influenced. Moreover, the more the amount of dispersant, the more dye aggregates on the fabric surface. The particle size and scanning electron microscope analysis were used to further investigate the aggregation of dyes. The results showed that more disperse dyes would be dispersed in the accelerant phase, and the aggregation of disperse dyes was enhanced, thus the aggregations of dyes and dispersants would be sticked on the fabric surface, which was the main reason leading to the poor level dyeing property. Therefore, the dispersant cannot be employed in the silicone waterless dyeing system with accelerant, which indicates the commercial disperse dye is not suitable for dyeing polyester fabric in the silicone waterless dyeing system.

One-Step Dyeing and Antimicrobial Finishing of PET Fabric with Novel 4-Arylazopyrazolone Disperse Dyes

Azopyrazole disperse dyes 8–12 could be synthesized either by condensing ethyl 3-hydroxy-2-aryldiazenyl butenoates 3–7 with S-methyl hydrazine carbodithioate 1 or by coupling the parent pyrazole 2 with diazotized aniline, p-substituted anilines and/or 4-aminoantipyrine. These dyes were applied to polyester fabrics using a high-temperature dyeing method at 120 °C and displayed yellow to orange hues. Raman spectra of the dyed samples undoubtedly excluded ring dyeing and were found to agree with the proposed structures. The synthesized disperse dyes were found to possess very good dyeing properties, as indicated by color strength measurements, and all of them except dye 12 had a color strength (K/S) value ranging from 19–23. The dyed fabrics exhibited excellent fastness to washing and dry and wet rubbing as well as light fastness, which varied from moderate to very good. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized pyrazoles 2 and 8–12 as well as the dyed fabric samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were measured, and the results showed very good activity.

Design of Novel Reactive Dyes Containing Cationic Groups: Mechanism and Application for Environmentally Friendly Cotton Dyeing

In this work, four novel, high fixation reactive dyes containing cationic groups were synthesized using m-aminophenyltrimethylammonium salt or 4-(ethylsulfurate sulfonyl) aniline as the diazo component, 3-(N,N-diethylamino) acetanilide or 3′-aminoacetanilide as the coupling component and m-aminophenyltrimethylammonium salt or N-(2-aminoethyl) pyridinium chloride as the cationic group. The synthesized dyes containing multiple cationic groups were characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The spectral properties were measured by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Compared with conventional reactive dyes containing cationic groups, the synthesized dyes exhibited good water solubility upon introduction of a quaternary ammonium into the chromophore. The structural design of synthetic azo dyes allows enhanced the water solubility due to the introduction of a cationic group. The dyeing properties of the synthesized dyes to cotton fabric were explored at various temperatures and salt and alkaline concentrations. The results showed that the synthesized dyes possessed good dyeing properties with nearly 80% fixation and good color fastness on cotton (3–5) in the absence of salt. The success of the salt-free dyeing of cotton fabric with these dyes is an excellent example of environmentally friendly cotton dyeing. This study provides an important platform for the design of novel reactive dyes for cotton dyeing to reduce effluent pollution.

The color, photophysical and electrochemical properties of azo-imine ligands and their copper(II) and platinium(II) complexes

Five novel imine based organic ligands (HL1-HL5) and their Cu2+ and Pt2+ metal complexes have obtained and characterized by the micro-analyses, 1H(13C)NMR, Uv–Vis absorption, emission-excitation (PL), FT-IR and mass spectral techniques. The absorption and PL spectra for all compounds have been studied in both solution and solvent free. Results obtained from the PL spectral values of azo-imine ligands and their metal complexes have shown that there is a shift from the green band to the red band depending on the position of the OH groups and especially for the Pt2+ complexes. The 1HNMR spectra of some of the Pt2+ complexes were also recorded. The results of the micro-analytic and spectroscopic methods disclosed that the metal ions coordinates to the ligands via the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the azomethine and phenolic hydroxy groups. The dyeing properties of the disperse black 9 (DB9), the ligands (HL1-HL5) and their complexes (Cu2+ and Pt2+) have been evaluated in terms of their dyeing behaviour on the wool fabric. The dyed wool fabrics exhibit very well to excellent washing fastness properties. However, they do not have good dyeing properties without mordant. In dyeing process, the amino edge of the wool interacts with the hydrophilic imino diethanol edges of the dyes. The Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates are adjacent to the National Television Standard Committee (NTSC) standard value for red color.

Novel textile dye obtained through transformation of 2-amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid by free and immobilised laccase from a Pleurotus ostreatus strain

Transformation of 2-amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid into novel and eco-friendly orange dye (N15) was performed using native and immobilised laccase (LAC) from Pleurotus ostreatus strain. A several parameters affecting laccase-mediated transformation efficiency included the selection of type and pH value of buffer, reaction temperature, substrate and laccase concentration as well as the type of carrier and LAC storage conditions were evaluated. The optimal conditions for N15 dye synthesis were 40 mM sodium-tartrate buffer pH 5.5 containing 3 mM of the substrate, efficiently transformed by 2 U of free laccase per 1 mmol of the substrate. Laccase was immobilised on porous Purolite® carriers, which had never been tested as a support for oxidoreductases. Immobilised laccase, characterised by a high immobilisation yield, was obtained by adsorption of laccase on a porous acrylic carrier with octadecyl groups (C18) incubated in optimum conditions of 40 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 1 mg of laccase per 1 g of the carrier (wet mass). The immobilised LAC showed the highest storage stability for 21 days and higher thermostability at 40 ℃ and 60 ℃ in comparison to its native form. The N15 dye showed good dyeing properties towards natural fibres, and the dyed fibre demonstrated resistance to different physicochemical factors during use, which was confirmed by commercial quality tests. The N15 dye is a phenazine, i.e. a heterogenic compound containing amino-, methoxy-, and three carboxyl functional groups with the molecular weight of approximately 449.37 U.

An ecofriendly phosphorylation of wool using Maillard reaction for improving cationic dye absorption

Abstract Phosphorylated wool with enhanced ability to absorb cationic dyes is helpful to dye wool fabrics using cationic dyes with good dyeing properties, which is more economic and ecofriendly compared to the traditional dyeing process of acid dyes with poor wet fastness. Phosphorylation can be performed by applying chemical reagents which tend to cause a problem of environmental pollution and the fibers can be damaged seriously under harsh reaction conditions, or using enzymes which are currently somewhat discouraged due to significant cost of the enzymes and their decreased stability at the reaction conditions. In this study, non-toxic glucose 6-phosphate was applied to phosphorylated modification of wool via Maillard reaction under a mild condition to enhance the dyeing properties of wool fabric for cationic dyes. The reaction between glucose 6-phosphate and wool keratin was demonstrated from the results of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), particle diameter, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Energy Dispersive X-ray test (EDS). It was found that phosphorylation modification scarcely changed the mechanical properties of the wool fabric. Maillard browning on the wool could be avoided by accurately controlling the reaction time. Dyeing properties of phosphorylated wool fabric with cationic dyes were markedly enhanced. The exhaustion of phosphorylated wool fabric for two cationic dyes: Cationic Brilliant Red 5 GN and Brilliant Yellow B 6 GL increased from 38.6% to 18.9%–84.5% and 67% respectively by comparing with that of the wool fabric without modification and better color strength (K/S) and very good wash fastness properties obtained. The results indicated that phosphorylated modification of wool with glucose 6-phosphate could be a potential, safe and cleaner approach to develop a more efficient and economic dyeing process for wool fibers with cationic dyes.

Functionalization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Linear Azo-Phenothiazine Derivatives

Phenothiazine and its derivatives are very important compounds that have many biological and industrial applications. Azo-compounds on the other hand have also been identified to possess good dyeing and biological properties as well. This work is focused on the synthesis of new linear phenothiazine azo-dye compounds via diazotization reaction as well as the determination of their biological activity against some microogrganisms. The above was achieved by the condensation reaction of 3- nitoaniline and phenol in presence of potassium hydroxide and DMF (solvent) to furnished 3-nitrodiphenylamine. Sulphonation of this compound in presence of molecular iodine gave 4-nitro-[10H]-phenothiazine. The conversion of nitro group in 4-nitro-[10H]-phenothiazine to an amino group was achieved by treating it with dilute hydrochloric acid and iron (III) chloride. The amino compound formed, (4-amino-[10H]-phenothiazine) was thereafter converted to an unstable diazonium ion in the presence of sodium nitrite and concentrated hydrochloric. The ion formed above was immediately coupled with the following compounds; 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline and phenol respectively to furnish four new azophenothiazine compounds namely; 4-azo-(4-amino-2-nitroanilino)-[10H]-phenothiazine, 4-azo-(2-amino-5-nitroanilino)-[10H]- phenothiazine and 4-azo-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-[10H]-phenothiazine with good percentage yields. The synthesized compounds were tested for activity against some microorganisms and they showed some level of inhibition.

Removal and separation of mixed ionic dyes by solvent extraction

To reduce environmental pollution from dyeing wastewater, reverse micelles were prepared and used for the removal and separation of anionic Color Index (CI) Reactive Yellow 3 and cationic CI Basic Red 14 in mixed dye aqueous solution. The effect of the amount of dye and surfactant on removal rates of dyes was investigated. An ion-exchange reaction model was used to fit the experimental data. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were employed to evaluate the state of dyes in mixed dye aqueous solution during the removal process. In addition, the removed dyes were recovered by back extraction and reused for dyeing fabrics. The results obtained indicated that the removal of dyes was increased with increasing the amount of surfactants, while the dye concentration exhibited the reverse trend. The dye extraction process could be described by the ion-exchange reaction equations. The mixed dyes could be removed and separated for the attractive force between dyes and the counter ionic surfactant. The mixed dyes were separated and recovered, which exhibited a good dyeing property.

Laccase-mediated synthesis of a phenoxazine compound with antioxidative and dyeing properties – the optimisation process

This study demonstrates the optimisation of the main parameters of the laccase-mediated biosynthesis of high-intensity-coloured orange phenoxazine compound, 2-amino-3-oxo-3H-phenoxazine-8-sulfonic acid, and the antioxidative and dyeing properties. Among optimised parameters were the pH value, the activity of laccase, and the high concentration of the precursor as the necessary step in terms of dye synthesis scale-up. The high concentration of the precursor of ca. 10 g/L can be transformed totally by laccase at the activity of 30 U/g during 12 hours, in an optimised and standardised process in nearly 100% yield of synthesis. The obtained dye exhibited good dyeing properties determined according to the ISO standards. Antioxidative activities were detected for phenoxazinone dye using two independent methods, the chemiluminescence assay and the ABTS free radical-scavenging test, with the values of EC50 for the tested phenoxazine dye amounting 189.8 μg/mL and 1428 μg/mL, respectively. Despite the presence of the phenoxazine core in the structure of this dye, no antibacterial capacity was noted.

Removal, Separation, and Recovery of Mixed Ionic Dyes by Solvent Extraction Using Reverse Micellar Systems

Abstract The mixed ionic dyes anionic Color Index (CI) Reactive Blue 19 and cationic CI Basic Red 14 in aqueous solution were removed and separated by solvent extraction using reverse micellar systems. The results obtained by ultraviolet–visible spectra indicated that the dyes could be removed totally for the attractive force between dyes and counter-ionic surfactant. The recovered dyes were reused for dyeing fibers, which exhibited good dyeing property.

Removal and recovery of CI reactive red 195 from effluent by solvent extraction using reverse micelles

To reduce environmental pollution by CI reactive red 195, solvent extraction of the dye from water was performed by using reverse micelles prepared from hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and amyl alcohol. The effects of dye concentration, surfactant concentration, sodium chloride concentration, and pH on the removal percentage of the dye were investigated. A pseudo-first-order kinetic model and an ion-exchange reaction model were used to fit the experimental data. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and particle size distribution were analyzed to evaluate the state of the dyes in the reverse micelles. In addition, the dyes were recovered by backward extraction and then reused for dyeing cotton fabric. The removal percentage of CI reactive red 195 increased with increasing concentrations of surfactant and sodium chloride. Increasing dye concentration and pH values resulted in less removal of dyes. The dye extraction process could be described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and by the ion-exchange reaction equations. The state of the dye in the reverse micelles was similar to that in bulk water. The mean particle diameter of the reverse micelles was 10.8 nm. Dye recovery was improved by adding a counterionic surfactant. The recovered CI reactive red 195 had a good dyeing property for cotton fabric.

Application of a hydrolyzable cationic agent, poly(acryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride), in salt‐free reactive dyeing for good dyeing properties

AbstractPoly(acryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PAOTAC), in which cationic groups were connected with the polymer skeleton through ester bonds, was applied in the salt‐free reactive dyeing of cotton with the aim of achieving good dyeing properties. Exhaust and exhaust–pad–steam dyeing procedures were used with the cotton cationized with PAOTAC in the absence of salt; for comparison, both dyeing procedures were also applied with the untreated cotton in the presence of salt. The dyeing results show that only the exhaust–pad–steam dyeing procedure was suitable for dyeing cationic cotton to achieve a high dye fixation. Color yields, colorimetric properties, fastness properties, dyeing levelness, and penetration behaviors with different dyeing methods were evaluated. Compared with the dyeings with untreated cotton in conventional exhaust dyeing, dyeings with cationic cotton in the exhaust–pad–steam procedure showed equivalent or even better fastness with generally higher color yields and good dye penetration. Possible reasons for the improved salt‐free dyeing properties were proposed, and the hydrolysis of ester bonds within PAOTAC under the dyeing conditions was proven by IR spectroscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Dyeing of Silk/PLA Mixture with Reactive Dyes

Silk/PLA mixture is a new textile material, and it combines the outstanding characteristics of silk and PLA fibers. During the wet process, this mixture is subjected to some problems owing to the poor resistance of PLA fiber to alkali. The silk component in this mixture can be dyed with acid dyes under acidic condition, and with reactive dyes under alkaline condition. In the present work, silk/PLA mixture was dyed with Everzol ED reactive dyes in the case of the use of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as alkalis for the fixation of dyes. The alkali dosage and dyeing temperature on the uptake of dyes by this mixture were discussed. Also, the dyeing rates, building-up properties and color fastness of reactive dyes were determined. It was found that Everzol ED reactive dyes exhibited good dyeing properties for silk/PLA mixture under weakly alkaline condition in the presence of sodium bicarbonate.

Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and application of some novel quinazolinone based monoazo reactive dyes on various fibres

The main target of this paper was to synthesize novel reactive dyes that not only give good dyeing property but also show pharmacological activity i.e. antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal). In this regard ten novel monoazo quinazolinone based reactive dyes (7a–j) were made by coupling of diazotised 3-{4-[4-amino-2-nitrobenzyl]-3-nitrophenyl}-7-chloro-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3 H)-one (4) with various p-chloro anilino cyanurated coupling components (6a–j). The structures of all these synthesized dyes were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral methods. The antimicrobial activity, colorimetric data, solvent effect and fastness properties of these dyes were also investigated.