Good Cross-cultural Validity Research Articles

Scale of Parental Playfulness Attitude (PaPA): Psychometric Properties With Latino Caregivers in the United States

Parent-child play is a beneficial and meaningful co-occupation. Therapists who want to optimize parent-child play for Latino- and Latina-American dyads need valid, reliable measures to assess caregiver playfulness in addition to preexisting measures of child playfulness. To evaluate data collected from Latino-American caregivers with the Scale of Parental Playfulness Attitude (PaPA), a 28-item parent self-report to determine its construct validity, internal reliability, and cross-cultural validity. Quantitative exploratory design applying a latent-trait psychometric model. Online survey. Convenience sample of 50 Spanish-speaking parents from the mainland United States recruited via snowballing (88% mothers, ages 24-47 yr; M = 34.8 yr; 82% first-generation Americans). The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 yr; literate in Spanish; primary caregiver to a child age 2.5-7 yr. Data from an existing sample of 50 parents dwelling in Puerto Rico were used to examine cross-cultural validity. Rasch analysis demonstrated evidence for adequate construct validity: positive point-measure correlations, 93% fit of items, logical item hierarchy, and good progression of the rating scale. Range and mean for parent playfulness exceeded those of the items; principal-components analysis revealed one contrast of 4.46 eigenvalues, bringing unidimensionality into question. Evidence suggested excellent internal reliability (person-reliability index = 0.85, strata = 3.55) and good cross-cultural validity (25 of 28 items formed a similar hierarchy for parents dwelling in the mainland United States and Puerto Rico). Although the PaPA can be used to assess caregiver playfulness with culturally diverse Latino-American dyads, further research is required. What This Article Adds: This study provides evidence for the construct validity and internal reliability of a tool that measures parent playfulness in the context of parent-child play. The PaPA is an important tool for occupational therapists working with Latino-American families.

Coping with rheumatic stressors (CORS) questionnaire: Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation

BackgroundRheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this regard, the Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) questionnaire was developed to measure how patients with RMDs cope with stressors such as pain, limitations or dependency. The CORS is not currently available in Spanish, and therefore the adaptation of this instrument is needed.ObjectiveFirst, to cross-culturally adapt the CORS into Spanish for Spain. Secondly, to test the conceptual equivalence of the translated version in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).MethodsA translation of the CORS into Spanish was performed adhering to the forward-backward procedure described by Beaton. Two translators produced independent forward translations of the item content, response options, and instructions of the CORS into Spanish. Both versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back-translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee including all the translators, one methodologist and a rheumatologist, held a meeting and reached consensus on discrepancies to develop a final draft version of the Spanish CORS. Then, a field test with cognitive debriefing was conducted, involving a sample of 10 patients with axSpA.ResultsThe translation process of the CORS was completed after the discussion of some discrepancies throughout the process. The first translation was done without major complications. Back-translation presented some discrepancies. These led to minor modifications in the wording in one response option and 15 questionnaire items. The scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing, led to minor modifications; for example, three respondents indicated that one of the statements in the instructions was syntactically complex (“indique cuán a menudo usted ha llevado a cabo dicho comportamiento”) which led to its adjustment. The process indicated that the final CORS Spanish questionnaire was clear and understandable to all patients.ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the CORS showed good cross-cultural validity and good face validity according to the field test. Before the Spanish CORS is implemented, further validation is in progress to test the psychometric properties of the instrument in patients with axSpA.

A cross-cultural mixed methods validation study of the spinal cord injury quality of life basic dataset (SCI QoL-BDS).

Mixed methods inquiry using cognitive interviews and thematic content analysis. Cross-validation of the concept of quality of life (QoL) and of the International Spinal Cord Injury Quality of Life Basic DataSet (SCI QoL-BDS) items across five sites in four countries: United States, Australia, Brazil, and the Netherlands. Analysis aimed to uncover patterns, differences, and similarities suggesting conceptual equivalence for overall QoL and the three SCI QoL-BDS items. International, community. Semi-structured cognitive interviews with 51 participants across five sites and four countries. Participants with spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D) completed the SCI QoL-BDS items and one additional question. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded using NVivo software. Coded data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Seventeen themes were identified. Responses by sites were compared for conceptual equivalence. Across the five sites, equivalence in the conceptual meaning of QoL was found based on the frequent commonalities in terminology employed to describe it. Despite sample differences in terms of demographic and SCI characteristics, participants across all sites replied to the SCI QoL-BDS items in a similar way, suggesting good item equivalence. Qualitatively, the differences noted with respect to the use of themes for each question suggest some variability on how participants with SCI/D describe QoL. In spite of these contextual differences, there is a high degree of commonalty not explained by participants' demographic or injury/disease characteristics. The SCI QoL-BDS shows good cross-cultural validity among the international sites included in this study.

Validation of the Questionnaire on Sexual and Reproductive Health Literacy for Adolescents Age 15 to 19 Years in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Background:Beyond sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge, it is sexual and reproductive health literacy (SRHL) that reflects the capacity to deal with sexuality. Many interventions have been conducted to increase SRH knowledge in adolescents, but SRHL has rarely been measured, and a well-validated tool is needed to measure it. Objective: This study aimed to validate a tool to measure adolescent SRHL.Methods:Reliability, validity, and cultural equivalence were investigated using data from expert consultations, cognitive interviews, and two-pilot studies. Then adaptation was made to the SRHL questionnaire for correct use among Southeast Asian adolescents in Lao and in wider groups.Key Results:The SRHL tool was comprised of 39 question items focusing on teenage pregnancy, contraception, and abortion. Conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence were all met. Interviewer-administrated mode was found to be optimal. Each question offers the answer choices very difficult, difficult, easy, and very easy, with a good to excellent Cronbach's alpha (0.8–0.9); there were no missing items and no floor/ceiling effects. Construct validity was high as 6 of 7 hypotheses were confirmed.Conclusion:Validation was completed with good cross-cultural validity. The tool was shown to be effective in determining the level of SRHL in adolescents in Laos and potentially in other countries with similar cultures. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2022;6(1):e37–e50.]Plain Language Summary:To find out how much adolescents know about sexual and reproductive health, an appropriate instrument of measurement is needed. Using different methods, we investigated the performance of a new tool, namely the SRHL questionnaire, which has 39 questions and should be used with an interviewer to assist in recording responses. This new tool could be used effectively to determine the level of literacy on sexual and reproductive health among adolescents.

First Validation of the Full PROMIS Pain Interference and Pain Behavior Item Banks in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Pain interference and pain behavior are highly relevant outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a universally applicable set of item banks measuring patient-reported health, and if applied as computerized adaptive tests (CATs), more efficiently and precisely than current instruments. The objective was to study the psychometric properties of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS pain interference (PROMIS-PI) and the PROMIS pain behavior (PROMIS-PB) item banks in patients with RA. A total of 2,029 patients with RA completed the full PROMIS-PI (version 1.1, 40 items), and 1,554 patients completed the full PROMIS-PB (version 1.1, 39 items). The following psychometric properties were studied: unidimensionality, local dependence, monotonicity and graded response model (GRM) fit, cross-cultural validity (differential item functioning [DIF] for language [Dutch versus Flemish]), other forms of measurement invariance, construct validity, reliability, and floor and ceiling effects. The PROMIS-PI and PROMIS-PB banks were sufficiently unidimensional (Omega-hierarchical [Omega-H] 0.99, 0.95, and explained common variance 0.95, 0.78, respectively), had negligible local dependence (0.3-1.4% of item pairs), good monotonicity (H 0.75, 0.46), and a good GRM model fit (no misfitting items). Furthermore, both item banks showed good cross-cultural validity (no DIF for language), measurement invariance (no DIF for age, sex, administration mode, and disease activity), good construct validity (all hypotheses met), high reliability (>0.90 in the range of patients with RA), and an absence of floor and ceiling effects (0% minimum or maximum score, respectively). Both PROMIS-PI and PROMIS-PB banks showed good psychometric properties in patients with RA and can be used as CATs in research and clinical practice.

How Much Do Sources of Happiness Vary Across Countries? A\xa0Review of the Empirical Literature

This article presents a review of empirical research exploring cross-national differences in the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB). I start by giving an overview of the concept of SWB across psychological, sociological, and economic literature. Measures of SWB have good cross-cultural validity, yet there is currently little consensus regarding the cultural universality of the definition of happiness. An overview of existing empirical literature points toward robust cross-national differences in mean levels of SWB that are associated with national differences in wealth and other socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors. The degree to which individual-level variables are associated with SWB is also subject to cross-national variations. Many individuals’ characteristics contribute to happiness to the extent that they are beneficial, socially desirable, and aspired to in a particular sociocultural context. These results are discussed in light of two theoretical approaches (institutional and fit hypotheses). Directions for future research are proposed.

ThyPROgr: the Greek edition of the ThyPRO questionnaires for patients with benign thyroid diseases.

The thyroid-related patient-reported outcome measure ThyPRO is currently the most reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of thyroid-related quality of life. The objective of the current study was to translate the original (85 items) and short (39 items) versions of ThyPRO into the Greek language as well as to validate and culturally adapt ThyPRO among the Greek population. Translation of patient-reported outcomes was done according to standard methodology. Following the translation process, the Greek version of ThyPRO (ThyPROgr) was validated in consecutive patients with thyroid diseases who visited the outpatient clinics of the Department of Endocrinology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece, between September and December 2016. To test cross-cultural validity, analysis of differential item functioning (DIF) between the original Danish and the new Greek version, using ordinal logistic regression, was applied. Cross-cultural validity of the Greek translation was evaluated for both versions of ThyPRO. The ThyPRO questionnaire was validated in 143 consecutive patients (131 women and 12 men) with thyroid diseases, with a mean age of 62 ± 6 (SD) years. In the 85-item ThyPRO, 17 instances of DIF were detected, most of which were minor, this accounting for the ~ 5% of the variation in scale score. Two instances of DIF among positively worded items were larger, with 8-10% of variance explained. For ThyPRO-39, five minor instances of DIF were found. As judged by the linguistic validation as well as the DIF analyses, ThyPROgr has good cross-cultural validity when compared with the original Danish version. The two versions of ThyPROgr can now be used to assess thyroid-specific quality of life in the Greek population.

Validity and reliability of a Malay version of the brief illness perception questionnaire for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundIllness perceptions involve the personal beliefs that patients have about their illness and may influence health behaviours considerably. Since an instrument to measure these perceptions for Malay population in Malaysia is lacking, we translated and examined the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (MBIPQ) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsThe MBIPQ has nine items, all use a 0–10 response scale, except the ninth item about causal factors, which is an open-ended item. A standard procedure was used to translate and adapt the English BIPQ into Malay language. Construct validity was examined comparing item scores and scores on the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale, HbA1c and the presence of complications. In addition, 2-week and 4-week test-retest reliability were studied.ResultsA total of 312 patients completed the MBIPQ. Out of this, 97 and 215 patients completed the 2- or 4-weeks test-retest reliability questionnaire, respectively. Moderate inter-items correlations were observed between illness perception dimensions (r = −0.31 to 0.53). MBIPQ items showed the expected correlations with self-efficacy (r = 0.35), medication adherence (r = 0.29), quality of life (r = −0.17 to 0.31) and depressive symptoms (r = −0.18 to 0.21). People with severe diabetes-related distress also were more concern (t-test = 4.01, p < 0.001) and experienced lower personal control (t-test = 2.07, p = 0.031). People with any diabetes-related complication perceived the consequences as more serious (t-test = 2.04, p = 0.044). The 2-week and 4-week test-retest reliabilities varied between ICCagreement 0.39 to 0.70 and 0.58 to 0.78, respectively.ConclusionsThe psychometric properties of items in the MBIPQ are moderate. The MBIPQ showed good cross-cultural validity and moderate construct validity. Test-retest reliability was moderate. Despite the moderate psychometric properties, the MBIPQ may be useful in clinical practice as it is a useful instrument to elicit and communicate on patient’s personal thoughts and feelings. Future research is needed to establish its responsiveness and predictive validity.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02730754 registered on March 29, 2016; NCT02730078 registered on March 29, 2016.

Cross-cultural validation of the computerized animated activity questionnaire to assess activity limitations in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis

Purpose: The computerized Animated Activity Questionnaire (AAQ) for assessing activity limitations in hip and knee osteoarthritis (HKOA) consists of video animations from which patients can choose the animation that best matches their own performance. The AAQ has demonstrated good validity and reliability. Application of the AAQ in international studies, requires good cross-cultural validity, i.e., minimal Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate cross-cultural validity. Methods: Patients in 7 European countries patients completed the AAQ on a computer. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate DIF across languages (Dutch versus 6 other languages). DIF is defined as follows: If a patient in a country has the same level of activity limitation as a patient in the Netherlands (the reference country in which the AAQ is developed), they should score the same on each item of the AAQ. If there is a statistical significant difference between countries, there is DIF. We used frequently described criteria in literature to assess DIF between countries. Criteria for non-uniform DIF were set as a statistical significance (p <0.001) pseudo R-square change according to Nagelkerke with a magnitude larger than 0.035 between the AAQ total score and the country variable (with Dutch as the reference group). Criteria for uniform DIF were set as a statistical significant (p <0.001) odds ratio (OR) of the country variable with a magnitude outside the interval 0.53-1.89. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, weight, height, and affected joint. The influence of each individual item with DIF on the total score was calculated by means of comparing the correlation between AAQ score with and without the DIF item. A Spearman's correlation of 0.95 or less was interpreted as important influence of the DIF of that item on the total AAQ score. Results: Data of 1239 patients were available. Compared to Dutch (n = 279), none of the 17 items showed DIF in English (n = 202) and French (n = 193). Uniform DIF occurred in the activity 'walking outside' for Spanish versus Dutch (OR 0.28) and Norwegian versus Dutch (OR 0.16), with for both countries scores representing slightly worse functioning compared to Dutch. For Danish versus Dutch, DIF occurred in two items (walking outside on uneven terrain; OR 0.45, walking inside; OR 0.43), also representing slightly worse functioning compared to Dutch. In all these languages, the occurrence of DIF did not influence the total score with correlations of 0.98-0.99 in comparing AAQ scores with and without DIF item (s). For Italian (n = 203) versus Dutch, 6 items showed uniform DIF and 1 item showed non-uniform DIF, which makes it difficult to compare scores obtained in those two countries. Conclusions: Different language versions of the AAQ remain comparable with the original Dutch version except for the Italian version. The AAQ seems to have great potential for international use in research and daily clinical practice, especially in patients with low literacy and non-native speakers, because the use of video animations instead of written text. Future research will focus on responsiveness, interpretation of AAQ scores, and should explore explanations for DIF in Italy by means of qualitative research.

Calibration of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank in patients with chronic pain.

The aims of the current study were to calibrate the item parameters of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank using a sample of Dutch patients with chronic pain and to evaluate cross-cultural validity between the Dutch-Flemish and the US PROMIS Pain Behavior item banks. Furthermore, reliability and construct validity of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank were evaluated. The 39 items in the bank were completed by 1042 Dutch patients with chronic pain. To evaluate unidimensionality, a one-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. A graded response model (GRM) was used to calibrate the items. To evaluate cross-cultural validity, Differential item functioning (DIF) for language (Dutch vs. English) was evaluated. Reliability of the item bank was also examined and construct validity was studied using several legacy instruments, e.g. the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. CFA supported the unidimensionality of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank (CFI = 0.960, TLI = 0.958), the data also fit the GRM, and demonstrated good coverage across the pain behavior construct (threshold parameters range: -3.42 to 3.54). Analysis showed good cross-cultural validity (only six DIF items), reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.95) and construct validity (all correlations ≥0.53). The Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank was found to have good cross-cultural validity, reliability and construct validity. The development of the Dutch-Flemish PROMIS Pain Behavior item bank will serve as the basis for Dutch-Flemish PROMIS short forms and computer adaptive testing (CAT).

Cross-cultural validity of the thyroid-specific quality-of-life patient-reported outcome measure, ThyPRO.

Thyroid diseases are common and often affect quality of life (QoL). No cross-culturally validated patient-reported outcome measuring thyroid-related QoL is available. The purpose of the present study was to test the cross-cultural validity of the newly developed thyroid-related patient-reported outcome ThyPRO, using tests for differential item functioning (DIF) according to language version. The ThyPRO consists of 85 items summarized in 13 multi-item scales and one single item. Scales cover physical and mental symptoms, well-being and function as well as social and daily function and cosmetic concerns. Translation applied standard forward-backward methodology with subsequent cognitive interviews and reviews. Responses (N = 1,810) to the ThyPRO were collected in seven countries: UK (n = 166), The Netherlands (n = 147), Serbia (n = 150), Italy (n = 110), India (n = 148), Denmark (n = 902) and Sweden (n = 187). Translated versions were compared pairwise to the English version by examining uniform and nonuniform DIF, i.e., whether patients from different countries respond differently to a particular item, although they have identical level of the concept measured by the item. Analyses were controlled for thyroid diagnosis. DIF was investigated by ordinal logistic regression, testing for both statistical significance and magnitude (ΔR (2) > 0.02). Scale level was estimated by the sum score, after purification. For twelve of the 84 tested items, DIF was identified in more than one language. Eight of these were small, but four were indicative of possible low translatability. Twenty-one instances of DIF in single languages were identified, indicating potential problems with the particular translation. However, only seven were of a magnitude which could affect scale scores, most of which could be explained by sample differences not controlled for. The ThyPRO has good cross-cultural validity with only minor cross-cultural invariance and is recommended for use in international multicenter studies.

ACTIVLIM-Stroke: A Crosscultural Rasch-Built Scale of Activity Limitations in Patients With Stroke

This study describes the development of a Rasch-built scale measuring activity limitations in stroke patients, named ACTIVLIM-Stroke. This new Rasch-built measure was constructed based on stroke patients' perceptions of difficulty in performing daily activities. Patients were recruited from inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments in Belgium and Benin. A 73-item questionnaire was completed by 204 participants. A random subsample of 83 subjects was given the questionnaire a second time. Data were analyzed using RUMM2030 software. After successive Rasch analyses, the ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire, a unidimensional and linear 20-item measure of activity limitations, was constructed. All 20 items fulfilled Rasch requirements (overall and individual item fit, category discrimination, invariance, local response independence, and nonredundancy in item difficulty). This simple patient-based scale encompasses a large range of activities related to self-care, transfer, mobility, manual ability, and balance. The ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire exhibited high internal validity, excellent internal consistency, and good crosscultural validity. The test-retest reliability of item difficulty hierarchy (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.99) and patient location (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92) were both excellent. Furthermore, it showed good external construct validity using correlations with the Functional Independence Measure motor and the Barthel Index and a higher discriminating capacity than either of these widely used indices. The ACTIVLIM-Stroke questionnaire has good psychometric qualities and provides accurate measures of activity limitations in patients with stroke. It is recommended for evaluating clinical and research interventions in patients with stroke, because it provides a higher discrimination and might be more sensitive to change.

Physical and Cognitive Domains of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: Validation in a Multiethnic Population of Asian Older Adults

We sought to assess the validity of the physical and cognitive domains of Lawton and Brody's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale and its cross-cultural applicability across ethnic groups in an Asian population of community-living older adults. Using data from a random population sample of noninstitutionalized Chinese, Malay, and Indian older adults 60 years old and older in Singapore (N = 1072), we modeled the dimensional structure of the 8-item IADL Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and assessed its convergent and divergent validity using known group differences and strengths of association. Factor analyses yielded two strong and reliable factors representing underlying physical and cognitive dimensions of IADL. The validity of the model was supported by the pattern of associations of the IADL with age, gender, education, self-reported health status, hospitalization, physical comorbidities, dementia and depression, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Notably, cognitive IADL showed a greater total effect on MMSE cognitive performance score than did physical IADL, with the effect of physical IADL on MMSE score mostly explained by cognitive IADL. Reasonably good cross-cultural validity was demonstrated among Chinese, Malays, and Indians, with strongest validity for Indians. The eight-item IADL Scale has physical and cognitive domains and is cross-culturally applicable. The cognitive IADL domain taps a set of activities directly related to cognitive functioning.