Good Criterion Research Articles

The validation of a Mandarin version of the Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ-Chinese) in Chinese samples.

Empathy involves both empathic ability and empathic motivation. An important topic has been how to measure empathic ability and motivation simultaneously in both clinical and non-clinical samples and across different cultures. The Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ) is a self-report questionnaire that measures empathic ability and motivation in a questionnaire. The current study aimed to validate the Mandarin Chinese version of the ECQ (ECQ-Chinese) in three Chinese samples. In study 1, a total of 538 Chinese participants (Sample 1) completed the ECQ-Chinese via an online survey, and existing measures of empathy and related constructs which were used for criterion validity. In study 2, a total of 104 participants (Sample 2) were recruited again from sample 1 and completed the ECQ-Chinese three weeks later to investigate test-retest reliability. In study 3, a further 324 participants (Sample 3) completed the ECQ-Chinese for confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the ECQ-Chinese has a good internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, and criterion validity (Study 1), and a good test-retest reliability (Study 2). Further, Study 3 found that a 22-item ECQ-Chinese consisting of five subscales had a good construct validity, convergence validity and discriminate validity, demonstrating it to be a suitable tool for the measurement of empathic ability and motivation in Chinese samples and to carry out cross-cultural studies of empathy and its components.

Psychometric properties of the ORTO-R in a community-based sample of women and men from Poland

PurposeOver the past two decades, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been increasingly investigated. Recently, a new revision version of the ORTO-15, namely ORTO-R, was used. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of Polish version of the ORTO-R for evaluating ON thoughts and behaviors.MethodIn three studies, a total of 3081 participants was selected by random sampling through several universities and companies. In Study 1, we used original items of ORTO-15, in Study 2 we used both, the ORTO-15 items and the revised items from ORTO-R, and in Study 3 we used only the items from the ORTO-R. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for determining the factorial structure of the Polish version of the ORTO-R. We also assessed internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the ORTO-R.ResultsThe model composed of the revised items (ORTO-R) was characterized of good convergent and criterion validity. Furthermore, ORTO-R appeared to be more internally consistent as compared to ORTO-15.ConclusionThe 6-item ORTO-R is valid and reliable method to assess orthorexic thoughts and behaviors among Polish-speaking population and could be applied in future research. Using revised version of the items is strongly preferred to using the items in their original ORTO-15 form.

Criterion validity of the spatial exploration test of upper limb mobility to evaluate the active horizontal workspace of children with spinal muscular atrophy

Purpose To determine the criterion validity of the SET-ULM (Spatial Exploration Test of Upper Limb Mobility), a functional workspace test. Materials and Methods A prospective study from July 2017 to November 2018 in 30 children with SMA type 1 or 2. All children underwent assessment with the SET-ULM and the Motor Function Measure (MFM). Results We included 30 children. Median (Q1; Q3) MFM D1 (standing ability, ambulation and transfers), D2 (axial and proximal motor function), D3 (distal motor function) scores, Total MFM and Total SET-ULM active score were respectively 2.6% (2.6–3.8); 45.8% (19.9–65.3); 57.7% (36.9–80.9); 35.4% (16.7–43.2) and 70.2% (49.7–97.9). Total SET-ULM active score was strongly correlated with the MFM D2 dimension score (rho 0.82; p < 001), with the D3 dimension (rho 0.86; p < 0.001) and with the Total MFM score (rho 0.89; p < 0.005). Total SET-ULM active score differed between SMA types (p < 0.01). Conclusion The SET-ULM has good criterion validity for the evaluation of available horizontal active upper limb workspace in children with SMA1 and SMA2. Future studies should evaluate reliability and sensitivity to change during a longitudinal follow-up study, as well as in a longitudinal trial of therapeutic effectiveness. Clinical Trials NCT03223051 IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The Spatial Exploration Test for Upper Limb Mobility is a useful adjunct to the Motor Function Measure. It provides a precise evaluation of horizontal reaching ability. The Spatial Exploration Test for Upper Limb Mobility will be of great clinical utility for the evaluation of the effects of treatments for spinal muscular atrophy.

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS UNDER NORMAL AND TEMPERATURE STRESS IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.)

The world is facing severe climate change today, mainly due to global warming, a continuous rise in earth’s temperature. Its most striking effect is being felt on agriculture especially in the yield and quality of crop that ultimately threatens the ever-growing population's food security. Like many other crops, soybean, a climate-sensitive crop, is greatly affected by rising temperatures. So, it is the dire need of the hour to develop climate-ready genotype of soybean. That is why research was conducted to check the effect of high temperatures on soybean genotypes and to determine the correlation among morphological traits. After the germplasm collection, two experiments were conducted, one in the laboratory and the other in the wirehouse of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, in 2019-2020. Split plot arrangement was made with a Completely Randomized Design and a Randomized Complete Block Design for lab and field experiments, respectively. Three temperature treatments namely To =30ºC (Control), T1 =35ºC and T3 =40ºC were replicated thrice. Data of different morphological traits were recorded and subjected to ANOVA and correlation coefficient analysis. Results of ANOVA for varieties and their interaction with high temperature were significant for most of the traits. Correlation coefficient analysis explained that the No. of leaves/plant, pods/plant, days to 50% flowering and pod setting positively associated with high temperature. On the other hand, seeds/pod and 100-seed weight had a negative correlation with the rise of temperature. The number of leaves and seeds/pod had a positive and significant correlation with 100-seed weight, which means that an increase in these traits would benefit in terms of yield. So, the plant with a higher No. leaves and seeds/pod would be a good criterion for selecting the high-yielding and climate-ready genotype that would benefit in the future against elevated temperature.

Validation of the CaReQoL asthma: a patient reported outcome measure for monitoring the perceived effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in adult patients with severe refractory asthma

BackgroundThe CaReQoL Asthma assesses the care-related quality of life outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation retrospectively in patients with severe asthma. The questionnaire comprises five domains (physical functioning; social functioning; coping with asthma; knowledge about asthma; medication).AimTo investigate construct and criterion validity of the CaReQoL Asthma, as well as its responsiveness and minimal important change (MIC), in comparison with other health measures (AQLQ, ACQ and FEV1).MethodsEighty three adults with severe refractory asthma filled out the CaReQoL Asthma at 6 and 12 months after a 12-week personalized multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation program in a tertiary asthma centre, either in Switzerland or The Netherlands. Construct validity and responsiveness were assessed by testing pre-defined hypotheses about associations with changes in AQLQ, ACQ and FEV1 scores. Criterion validity and MIC was assessed using Global Perceived Effect (GPE). Factor analyses, Cronbach’s alpha, Spearman's correlations, paired t-tests and Student–Newman–Keuls tests were performed.ResultsCronbach’s alphas of the questionnaire domains ranged from 0.82 to 0.95. Good construct validity and responsiveness were found; 84% of the assessed correlations confirm pre-defined hypotheses and reflect both weak and moderate to strong correlations. Good criterion validity was also identified, with CaReQol scores discriminating better than other health measures between levels of GPE at 6 months post-rehabilitation. The MIC for the total score was estimated at 0.84.ConclusionThese study results suggest that the CaReQoL Asthma is a valid and responsive instrument and shows to be a comprehensive and tailored questionnaire for evaluating and monitoring outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with severe refractory asthma. In order to further substantiate the reliability and validity of the CaReQoL Asthma, as well as to monitor outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with severe asthma, it is recommended to use the CaReQoL Asthma in addition to other disease specific instruments.

THE PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATOR IN SEMIPARAMETRIC REGRESSION FOR LONGITUDINAL DATA WITH SPLINE APPROACH

Regression analysis aims to determine the relationship between response variables and predictor variables. There are three approaches to estimate regression curves, there are parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric regression. In this study, the form of spline semiparametric regression curve estimator for longitudinal data assessed. Based on the estimator that be obtained by using Weighted Least Square (WLS) optimization applied to model electricity consumption in Madura by choosing a model for longitudinal data based on linear spline estimator with two knot. The good criterion of the model is using the GCV value, the coefficient of determination and the value of MSE. The best model is a model that has a high coefficient of determination and a small MSE value. This spline model has a determination coefficient value of 99,72911% and MSE 32,50458.

Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving

ABSTRACT Objectives This study developed the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to dementia Caregiving (J-VLQAC) and assessed its reliability and validity. Methods A 2-wave longitudinal survey with an interval of two weeks was conducted with Japanese dementia family caregivers (n = 521 at T1; n = 424 at T2). Results Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a poor fit to our data for the original 2-factor model. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a new 3-factor model (i.e., Own Values, Family Values, and Health Values). Both models showed similar good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest reliability. Significant correlations between the J-VLQAC and the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ) and measures assessing related constructs (e.g., cognitive fusion) supported good criterion validity and acceptable level of construct validity for both models. Compared to the original 2-factor model, the new 3-factor model showed higher incremental validity, which was assessed through the hierarchical regression analysis examining whether the J-VLQAC predicts depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction over and above the VQ. Conclusions The J-VLQAC has good reliability and acceptable validity. Clinical implications The information gathered from the J-VLQAC can be used to tailor psychological support and help caregivers engage in activities that reflect their personal values.

Test-retest reliability of a simple bedside-quantitative sensory testing battery for chronic neuropathic pain.

The sensory phenotype is believed to provide information about the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. However, the use of standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST) protocols is limited due to high expenditures of time and costs. Thus, a simple bedside-QST battery was recently developed showing good agreement when compared with laboratory QST. The aim of this study was to preliminary validate this bedside-QST protocol. Patients experiencing chronic pain with neuropathic features (n = 60) attended 3 visits. During the first visit, laboratory QST and bedside-QST were performed by the same trained investigator. Three hours and 3 weeks later, bedside-QST was repeated. Patients completed questionnaires regarding their pain (intensity, quality), depression/anxiety, and quality of life. Test-retest reliability and convergent/divergent validity were investigated. Most of the bedside-QST parameters, including also those recommended in our first study as being indicative for sensory phenotypes, revealed a moderate to excellent test-retest reliability. Overall, results for short-term reliability and interval-scaled parameters were slightly better. Most of the bedside-QST parameters did not correlate with the depression and anxiety score, suggesting a good divergent validity. Bedside-QST has good criterion and divergent validity as well as reliability. This battery consists of 5 low-cost devices that can be quickly and easily used to characterize the sensory phenotype of patients with neuropathic pain. A combination of bedside-QST parameters can be used to investigate patients' subgroups with specific pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify treatment responders.

Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale - Gender Spectrum in a Chinese population: scale validation and associations with mental health, self-harm and suicidality.

Individuals with gender dysphoria display an incongruence between birth-assigned gender and gender expression. However, there is no existing Chinese measure for gender dysphoria. This study aims to validate the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale - Gender Spectrum (UGDS-GS) in a Chinese population, and compare the psychometric properties of the UGDS-GS with one frequently used scale for gender dysphoria measurement, the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA). A total of 2646 Chinese participants were recruited. The following information was collected: sociodemographic variables, gender identity, sexual orientation, gender dysphoria measured by the UGDS-GS and the GIDYQ-AA, anxiety, depression and suicide assessment. Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the fitness of the model. Discriminant validity was tested with one-way analysis of variance. The UGDS-GS showed good psychometric properties, with the GIDYQ-AA demonstrating slightly better psychometric properties than the UGDS-GS. UGDS-GS also showed strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.89), and good convergent validity and criterion validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed a one-factor structure (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test, 0.93; χ2 = 13 342.50; d.f. = 153; P < 0.001). The UGDS-GS was positively associated with anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, attempted suicide and self-harm. We also found the results were robust in different samples. The validated UGDS-GS can significantly stimulate and promote gender dysphoria assessment in Chinese populations, allowing for assessment in a more diverse subset of gender minorities.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Patients with Upper Extremity Arthritis: Overview of Systematic Reviews

Background: Arthritis leads to disabilities impacting patients’ physical and mental health. Objective: To synthesize the evidence on measurement properties of the patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for people with upper extremity arthritis. Design: Overview of systematic reviews (SRs). Methods: We performed an electronic search of 6 databases to retrieve SRs looking at any measurement property related to PROMs for people with upper extremity arthritis. Two authors rated the risk of bias (ROB) of the included SRs using AMSTAR. We extracted data on measurement properties from each SR. Results: From 6 included SRs, 6 PROMs (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale [AIMS], AIMS-2, AIMS-Short Form, Cedars-Sinai Health-Related Quality of Life for Rheumatoid Arthritis (CSHQ-RA), Revised CSHQ-RA, and Influence of Rheumatic Disease on General Health and Lifestyle) were evaluated in 2 or more SRs. The ROB of the included SRs ranged from moderate to high. Low- to moderate-quality evidence was found of good construct and criterion validity, acceptable content validity, and good responsiveness of the AIMS. We found low- to moderate-quality evidence of good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the CSHQ-RA. Conclusion: We found a moderate to high ROB in the included SRs on the upper extremity PROMs for patients with arthritis. More evidence was specific to upper extremity arthritis in measures not in common use versus well-validated measures used in upper extremity conditions and recommended in current core sets. These factors suggest an urgent need for additional research to improve the scope and quality of evidence before recommendations can be made specific to patients with arthritis. Registration Number: on PROSPERO CRD 42019137491

Developing an Attention Assessment Tool for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Timbre, Rhythm, and Pitch.

Music is regarded as a beneficial tool for assessing the clinical symptoms and communication skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism. The present study developed a music-based attention test (MAT) for individuals with autism using music parameters and the algorithm of the comprehensive attention test (CAT). We recruited 51 autistic individuals and 50 neurotypical individuals to participate in the CAT, MAT, and social intelligence tests. The reliability and validity of the MAT were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and criterion-related validity. The MAT had sound internal consistency (high Cronbach's α = 0.948). In addition, the MAT had suitable concurrent validity in the correlation between CAT and MAT, as well as good criterion validity when attention was measured using the MAT and was compared between autistic individuals and neurotypical individuals. Attention evaluated using the MAT was associated with the social quotient in individuals with autism. The MAT could be a relevant tool for gauging attention in individuals with ASD. Furthermore, attention determined using the MAT may be correlated with social quotient in autistic individuals. Future studies should consider that using music in the field of attention could improve the social quotient of individuals with autism.

Evaluation of Achievement Development Program of Bengkulu Tennis School

The problem in this study is the factors that influence tennis coaching including organizational management factors, athlete training, competition programs and training programs for related parties involved in solving the problem. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the Bengkulu Tennis School Athlete Achievement Development Program using the CIPP evaluation model (Context, Input, Process, Product). The evaluation model used in this study is the CIPP model. The research subjects consisted of administrators, coaches, and athletes. Data collection techniques using the method of observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The data analysis technique in this research is descriptive quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results of this study are (1) Context Evaluation, getting a good rating, (2) Input Evaluation, get a good rating, (3) Process Evaluation gets a good rating, (4) Product Evaluation gets a good rating. In this case it is classified as a good criterion in the standard of success of a development. The conclusion from the research results of the Evaluation of the Bengkulu Tennis School Athlete Achievement Development Program is in the category both as a whole and in the aspects of Context, Input, Process, and Product.

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ)

The aim of this study was to adapt the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ) into Turkish population, as well as to examine its validity and reliability estimates. The sample consisted of 610 university students. The original factor structure of the scale was confirmed in Turkish sample by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal reliability coefficient was found as .75 for overall scale (.74 for Positive Engagement subscale, .63 for Acceptance subscale). Significant correlation coefficients were found between the subscales of IAISQ and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ), confirming a good criterion related validity. Overall results suggest that Turkish form of IAISQ is a valid and reliable measure to use for research purposes in order to investigate the Turkish students’ interpersonal affect improvement strategies.

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ)

The aim of this study was to adapt the Interpersonal Affect Improvement Strategies Questionnaire (IAISQ) into Turkish population, as well as to examine its validity and reliability estimates. The sample consisted of 610 university students. The original factor structure of the scale was confirmed in Turkish sample by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal reliability coefficient was found as .75 for overall scale (.74 for Positive Engagement subscale, .63 for Acceptance subscale). Significant correlation coefficients were found between the subscales of IAISQ and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ), confirming a good criterion related validity. Overall results suggest that Turkish form of IAISQ is a valid and reliable measure to use for research purposes in order to investigate the Turkish students’ interpersonal affect improvement strategies.

Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist (SPSRC)

Sensory processing abilities play important roles in child learning, behavioural and emotional regulation, and motor development. Moreover, it was widely demonstrated that numerous children with neurodevelopmental disabilities show differences in sensory processing abilities and self-regulation compared with those of typical children. For these reasons, a complete evaluation of early symptoms is very important, and specific tools are necessary to better understand and recognize these difficulties during childhood. The main aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate in a population of Italian typically developing (TD) children the Sensory Processing and Self-Regulation Checklist (SPSRC), a 130-item caregiver-reported checklist, covering children's sensory processing and self-regulation performance in daily life. Preliminary testing of the SPSRC-IT was carried out in a sample of 312 TD children and 30 children with various developmental disabilities. The findings showed that the SPSRC-IT had high internal consistency, a good discriminant, and structural and criterion validity about the sensory processing and self-regulation abilities of children with and without disabilities. These data provide initial evidence on the reliability and validity of SPSRC-IT, and the information obtained by using the SPSRC-IT may be considered a starting point to widen the current understanding of sensory processing difficulties among children.

Desain dan Uji Coba Media Motion Comic Berbasis SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, Society) pada Materi Asam Basa

This research aimed at designing SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, Society) based Motion Comic media on Acid Base lesson valid based on the validation by the experts of material and media, teacher practicality and student response. It was R&amp;D (Research and Development) with 4-D development model. It was conducted at State Senior High School 01 Kampar Kiri Tengah to the eleventh-grade students of Natural Science 3. Motion Comic media could be stated proper, if it completed the valid and practical aspects. Validity could be seen from the result of validation by using validation sheet. The validation result percentage by the expert of material overall was 92.22% with very valid criterion. The validation result percentage by the expert of media overall was 82.85% with very valid criterion. Teacher practicality test was conducted to 2 teachers, and the result was 85.71% with very practical criterion. Student response was obtained from 12 students, and the questionnaire result was 84.64% with very good criterion.

Slovak validation of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30

Objectives. In recent years, interpersonal forgiveness has become a focus in psychology research. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30 (EFI-30) was developed to assess situational forgiveness toward someone who has hurt us deeply and unjustly. The goal of this study is to validate the Slovak version of the EFI-30, which was translated by the authors, on a representative sample of the Slovak population (in terms of gender and age). Sample and settings. Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (n=1209 participants: 50.4% women and 49.6% men) in the productive age from 18 to 65 years (M=41.22, SD=12.78). Statistical analyses. The data obtained from the 30-item scale were subjected to a factor analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method. The internal consistency of the subscales and the EFI-30 was measured. Criterion validity was assessed by correlations with the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory–18-Item Version and the Forgiveness of Others subscale from the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Construct validity was assessed by correlations with well-being, happiness, depression, anxiety, and anger. Results. Items relating to the affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions of forgiveness were saturated with a single common factor. The short pseudo-forgiveness subscale formed a specific factor that correlated negatively with forgiveness. The EFI-30 results obtained by persons scoring high on the pseudo-forgiveness scale were therefore excluded from the analysis. The questionnaire had high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α &gt; 0.9), good criterion validity (high correlations with other forgiveness scales) and good construct validity (positive relationships with well-being and happiness, negative ones with anxiety, depression, and anger).

Development and Validation of the Muslim Prayer Ability Scale (MPAS) Among Patients’ With Diabetic Foot Problem

Introduction: The available tools to assess the ability of Muslim patients to pray were develop by the rehabilitation therapist to assist Muslim patients in performing prayer and only focussing physical domain. It was not design to be used by the treating doctors as a method to decide and monitor progress of disease and treatment. The objective of this study is to design and validate a more holistic scale that can measure Muslim ability to perform their daily prayer Method: For scale construction, five experts from back grounds of orthopaedic, psychiatry, Islamic knowledge and Islamic philosophy of science were gathered to construct the domains and items for the new scale. The preliminary of 23 item-scale was then administered to 212 individuals (87 among patients with diabetic foot problem and 125 from the control group) in 2 public hospitals in Kuantan using cross-sectional study method. Reliability is measured using Cronbach’s alpha and the construct validity is measured using the exploratory factor analysis. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS version 24. Results: The Muslim prayer ability scale (MPAS) has a good reliability with Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.79. Based on Construct validation analyses and factor loadings, we established a 19-item scale to measure the ability of Muslim with three items in each domain. All of the items showed good factor loadings of more than 0.5. The 5 identified domains are namely Preparation of praying, Physical movement, Spirituality, Cognitive &amp; Tayammum and Disturbance. The MPAS also has a good criterion validity with 85% sensitivity and 93% specificity in predicting the ability of patients with diabetic foot problem to perform prayer. Conclusion: This study proved that the new MPAS is valid and reliable to be used as tools to measure prayer ability in Muslim patients with diabetic foot problem.

A Mixed-Method Study on Measuring Epistemic Emotions as a Trait

Epistemic emotions are typically assessed as a momentary state related to a specific task, while in this study, the aim was to develop a new trait-oriented instruction in the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales in the context of physics. The Scale measures seven well-established epistemic emotions in academic context, i.e., surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, confusion, anxiety, frustration and boredom. We conducted two studies (i.e., qualitative and quantitative) with 8th-grade students from elementary schools utilising a mixed-method approach. Qualitative analysis indicated a wide range of learning situations in physics in which students typically experience epistemic emotions. Based on those findings, we implemented newly developed trait-oriented instruction of the Scale in the quantitative study. While examining the structural validity of the Scale, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed unexpected results (i.e., the three negative activating epistemic emotions formed one instead of three separate latent factors). Besides this, the Scale had good criterion validity. The results pointed to the important implications for the application of the Scale. Although the Scale showed adequate psychometric properties for assessing epistemic emotions in a trait-oriented approach, the unexpected factorial structure of the Scale should be tested in further research to examine if the reason was the adolescent age of the participants or the results would be the same with students of different age. This study contributed to the existing literature and empirical data about students’ academic emotions by broadening the research on the important, and highly unexplored group of emotions, i.e., the epistemic emotions in a trait-oriented approach.

The Revision and Application of Aurora in China: Based on Successful Intelligence.

Aurora Battery is a corresponding test of successful intelligence. This study aims to examine the factorial structure of the Chinese version of Aurora Battery and to investigate its internal consistency and validity, as well as to discover the developmental features of Chinese students. A total number of 2007 students were recruited from 13 schools across eastern, central, and western China, ranging from 4th to 8th grade (mean age = 12.29 years) and among them, 43.9% are girls. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factorial structure. Among the tested models, a second-order factor model, in which the three ability factors serve as indicators of a general factor, provided an acceptable model fit to the data. Moreover, measurement invariance across gender and grades were supported, which suggests the mean scores of analytical, creative, and practical abilities are comparable in this research. The criterion-related validity analysis suggests that the battery and its three subscales have good criterion validity. The scale reliability analysis shows that the Cronbach's alpha and the McDonald's omega value of the whole test were .84 and .87, respectively, indicating the scale's internal reliability is good. For ability differences among grades, students' analytical and practical abilities increase across all grades, while creativity presents an upward trend from grade 4 to 6, followed by a downward trend from grade 6 to 7, and an increase from grade 7 to 8. Female students outperform male students on both analytical and creative ability, while with no obvious difference on practical abilities.