Good Control Research Articles

A Water-Soluble Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen for NIR-I/NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases

Advanced breast cancer is prone to bone metastasis, which is the most common bone metastatic tumor. Current clinical methods for diagnosing breast cancer bone metastases rely on serological markers, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. However, these technologies cannot meet patients’ needs due to the delayed screening, complex procedures and expensive equipment. Optical imaging currently exhibits inexhaustible and vigorous vitality in the field of diagnosis thanks to its advantages of simplicity, good controllability and high resolution. Nevertheless, the development of prominent chromophores for the diagnosis of breast cancer bone metastases is an appealing yet significantly challenging task. In this contribution, we rationally designed and synthesized three water-soluble aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens, named PEGTPA-BTD, PEGTPA-NTD, and PEGTPA-NSD, by introducing different moieties as electron acceptors and PEGylated triphenylamine derivatives as electron donors and hydrophilic moieties. In vitro experiments showed that PEGTPA-NSD has a longer absorption and emission wavelength, where the emission wavelength can extend into NIR-II region. Besides, PEGTPA-NSD could self-assemble into stable nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Cell experiments showed that PEGTPA-NSD had no obvious dark toxicity to tumor cells or normal cells, and were easily taken in by tumor cells for cell imaging. What’s more, PEGTPA-NSD NPs possessed excellent fluorescence imaging performance and biocompatibility in vivo for breast cancer bone metastases in NIR-I and NIR-II region, respectively. In summary, PEGTPA-NSD is the first reported aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) that can self-assemble to nanoparticles in aqueous solution for NIR-I/NIR-II fluorescence imaging of breast cancer bone metastases. These findings would provide new strategies for optical diagnostic imaging of breast cancer bone metastases to better advance clinical technology development.

Dynamic Electromechanical Co‐Stimulation Based Enhancement of Skeletal Muscle Tissues for Fast Biosyncretic Robots Actuation

AbstractBiosyncretic robots composed of living and synthetic materials have garnered significant attention due to their high energy conversion efficiency, good biocompatibility and human‐robot interaction safety. Among common living actuation materials, artificial skeletal muscle tissue (ASMT) stands out for its good size scalability, controllability, and potential high driving force. However, due to the low differentiation efficiency of myoblasts, the performance of ASMT lags behind that of natural skeletal muscle tissue, thereby hindering the progress of biosyncretic robots. Here, inspired by the training mode of human skeletal muscle, an electromechanical co‐stimulation system for enhancing the performance of ASMTs is proposed. This system is capable of simultaneously applying electrical and mechanical stimulation to ASMTs. Moreover, the mechanical resistance can be dynamically adjusted during ASMT growth based on real‐time measurements of the contractile force of the ASMT. The results show that the enhanced ASMTs demonstrate improved differentiation and performance and can actuate a robot at a maximum speed of 2.38 mm s−1, which is faster than those of most currently reported ASMT‐based robots. This study introduces a novel approach for enhancing the performance of ASMTs, with substantial implications for the fields of biosyncretic robots and tissue engineering.

Application and Challenge of Metalloporphyrin Sensitizers in Noninvasive Dynamic Tumor Therapy

Dynamic tumor therapies (mainly including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT)) offer new approaches to cancer treatment. They are often characterized by their noninvasive nature, high selectivity, and low toxicity. Sensitizers are crucial for dynamic therapy. Developing efficient sensitizers with good biocompatibility and controllability is an important aim in dynamic therapy. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins attract great attention due to their excellent photophysical properties and low cytotoxicity under non-light. Compared to porphyrins, metalloporphyrins show greater potential for dynamic therapy due to their enhanced photochemical and photophysical properties after metal ions coordinate with porphyrin rings. This paper reviews some metalloporphyrin-based sensitizers used in photo/sonodynamic therapy and combined therapy. In addition, the probable challenges and bottlenecks in clinical translation are also discussed.

Selective-Area Growth of InGaAs Nanowires on SOI and the Vertical Transistor Application

The gate-all-around (GAA) structure avoids the problems inherent in miniaturizing field-effect transistors (FETs), such as off-state leakage current and short-channel effects. Among GAA structures, vertical GAA (VGAA) structures are expected as promising building blocks for future three-dimensional integrated circuit applications. The vertical III-V nanowires (NWs) on Si are expected as the fast channel materials for the VGAA structures on Si platforms. Thus, the combination of the VGAA structure with III-V NWs on Si significantly enhances on-state current while maintaining good gate controllability under low supply voltage. In addition, III-V NWs/Si tunnel junctions, which are formed by the direct integration of vertical III-V NWs on Si, can be utilized as VGAA tunnel FETs (TFETs) for low-power switch. Here we report on direct integration of vertical InGaAs NWs on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates by selective-area growth and demonstrations of InGaAs NW-channel VGAA transistors (FETs and TFETs) on SOI.

Photochemical Fabrication of Ag‐Modified Hierarchical Cu@Cu2O/CuO Nanocomposite Toward Room Temperature NO2 Detection

Developing room temperature (RT) gas sensor based on metal oxide semiconductor material has long been challenging. Herein, a 1D hierarchical Ag‐modified Cu@Cu2O/CuO nanocomposite has been designed by low‐temperature etching self‐assembly combined with photochemical deposition method based on Cu nanowires (NWs). After a step of alkaline solution etching, the surface of Cu NWs is self‐assembled to form a hierarchical Cu@Cu2O/CuO, and then Ag nanoparticles are modified on its surface by photochemical deposition to obtain the desired material. All the preparation processes are carried out at RT and have good controllability. When applied as sensing material, the optimal Cu@Cu2O/CuO/Ag nanocomposite exhibits high response of ≈337.0 to 10 ppm NO2 with excellent selectivity and fast response/recovery (60/400 s) at 25 °C. It is worth noting that such a strategy of loading Ag nanoparticles improves its gas sensitivity by about 42.4 times, and the resulting sensor shows good sensitivity and screening ability to NO2 in the low concentration range. Finally, the nanostructure of the material is characterized systematically and the sensing mechanism is discussed.

Porous Spindle-Knot Fiber by Fiber-Microfluidic Phase Separation for Water Collection and Nanopatterning.

Porous spindle-knot structures have been found in many creatures, such as spider silk and the root of the soybean plant, which show interesting functions such as droplet collection or biotransformation. However, continuous fabrication of precisely controlled porous spindle-knots presents a big challenge, particularly in striking a balance among good structural controllability, low-cost, and functions. Here, we propose a concept of a fiber-microfluidics phase separation (FMF-PS) strategy to address the above challenge. This FMF-PS combines the advantages of a microchannel regulated Rayleigh instability of polymer solution coated onto a fiber with the nonsolvent-induced phase separation of the polymer solution, which enables continuous and cost-effective production of porous spindle-knot fiber (PSKF) with well-controlled size and porous structures. The critical factors controlling the geometry and the porous structures of the spindle-knot by FMF-PS have been systematically investigated. For applications, the PSKF exhibited faster water droplet nucleation, growth, and maximum water collection capability, compared to the control samples, as revealed by in situ water collection growth curves. Furthermore, high-level fabrics of the PSKFs, including a two-dimensional network and three-dimensional architecture, have been demonstrated for both large-scale water collection and art performance. Finally, the PSKF is demonstrated as a programmable building block for surface nanopatterning.

Science Teachers Preparedness for Artificial Intelligence in Practical Instruction Control and Delivery to Oyo State Public Secondary Schools

The dispatch of practical instructions to schools and supervisors prior to the actual conduct of the practical examination over the years has not received the same level of attention as that given to the movements of people and goods and, therefore, is prone to challenges. However, the process could be automated using artificial intelligence. Previous studies have investigated the effects of automation on the control and delivery of goods in the transport management sector, mostly in the Western world. Therefore, this study assessed science teachers’ challenges and readiness for artificial intelligence in practical instruction control and delivery systems. The study adopted ex-post facto design and used one hundred science teachers as participants. Science Teacher Readiness for Automated Practical Instruction Control and Delivery (r = 0.83) was used to collect data. The data collected were analysed descriptively. There are more male (73%) science teachers than female (27%). 84% of the respondent listed cost as one of the challenges, and 83% of the respondents indicated resistant to change and technical difficulties, ethical issue 67% and integration with existing system 65%) 64 The science teachers are moderately ready 64% while 24% are lowly ready and 12% are highly ready for the deployment of automated practical instruction control and delivery system. Artificial intelligence for science practical instruction delivery has greater benefits than the manual way of delivery; however, science teachers are ready for its deployment despite its challenges. Therefore, efforts should be geared towards overcoming the inherent challenges so that the benefits can be fully enjoyed.

A flexible strategy to fabricate trumpet-shaped porous PDMS membranes for organ-on-chip application.

Porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane is a crucial element in organs-on-chips fabrication, supplying a unique substrate that can be used for the generation of tissue-tissue interfaces, separate co-culture, biomimetic stretch application, etc. However, the existing methods of through-hole PDMS membrane production are largely limited by labor-consuming processes and/or expensive equipment. Here, we propose an accessible and low-cost strategy to fabricate through-hole PDMS membranes with good controllability, which is performed via combining wet-etching and spin-coating processes. The porous membrane is obtained by spin-coating OS-20 diluted PDMS on an etched glass template with a columnar array structure. The pore size and thickness of the PDMS membrane can be adjusted flexibly via optimizing the template structure and spinning speed. In particular, compared to the traditional vertical through-hole structure of porous membranes, the membranes prepared by this method feature a trumpet-shaped structure, which allows for the generation of some unique bionic structures on organs-on-chips. When the trumpet-shape faces upward, the endothelium spreads at the bottom of the porous membrane, and intestinal cells form a villous structure, achieving the same effect as traditional methods. Conversely, when the trumpet-shape faces downward, intestinal cells spontaneously form a crypt-like structure, which is challenging to achieve with other methods. The proposed approach is simple, flexible with good reproducibility, and low-cost, which provides a new way to facilitate the building of multifunctional organ-on-chip systems and accelerate their translational applications.

Методичні аспекти формування облікової політики товарів у системі управління підприємством

The article studies methodological aspects of accounting and controlling goods in enterprises to form an informational foundation for managerial decision-making. The study’s relevance is associated with the widespread nature of trade operations in enterprises across various sectors of economic activity. The statistical data analysis has proven that the volume of trade operations is increasing, and such operations are conducted across different economic sectors. The development of trade activities enhances the importance of goods in enterprise operations, thus underscoring the need to develop theoretical and methodological provisions for accounting and controlling goods. The purpose of the article is to systematize the theoretical and methodological foundations of goods accounting and control and to determine the role of these processes in an enterprise’s operations and overall management system. The role of accounting and control of goods in the management system of an enterprise’s activities is substantiated. It is determined that the quality development of such a system will facilitate the collection of timely and accurate information on inventory and serve as a tool for ensuring the enterprise’s financial stability. The existing methodological foundations of this process have been systematized to enable the development of a goods accounting system for enterprises. Regulatory acts governing the accounting and control of goods operations are summarized in two directions: external and internal. The main aspects of goods accounting regulated by the examined documents are characterized. The main elements of goods accounting policy, which serve as the foundation for forming information support for managerial decisions, are highlighted; thus, enterprise management must develop and coordinate them. The system of accounts for recording transactions involving enterprise goods is specified, along with the correspondence of accounts for reflecting such operations, including the documentary support for their representation. The necessity of goods control is substantiated, and the primary methods for its implementation are specified. The research results can be applied in the practical activities of enterprises to organize a system of accounting and control of goods. Keywords: information support, control, accounting, regulation, goods, managerial decisions.

Modelling of Vehicle Longitudinal Dynamics for Speed Control

Longitudinal dynamics control is one of the essential tasks for an autonomous vehicle, where it deals with speed regulation to ensure smooth and safe operations. To design a good controller, a simple yet reliable mathematical model is needed so that it can be used as a plant and to tune the controller. Although there are many types of mathematical models available in the literature, finding the right one for control application is essential. The model cannot be too complex and can be too simple. Thus, the main objective of this work is to derive a simple yet reliable vehicle longitudinal model so that it can be used as a simulation plant in MATLAB Simulink to test or tune various types of control algorithm's performance. The model consists of three main parts which are the vehicle body dynamics, simplified power train dynamic, and braking dynamic. To validate the reliability of the model, standard urban drive cycles will be used as a reference speed and a hierarchical PID control structure with inverse plant model is used to control the pedal inputs replacing the driver in simulation environment. Results show that the controller managed to track the drive cycle with an acceptable pedal pressing response which is between 40% throttle press and 20% brake press that in line with the normal operation of a vehicle. Although only simulation result is presented, the model can be used as a good starting point for further development and testing of different types of control algorithms for future work.

Submandibular Approach to the Mandible (Cadaver)

The submandibular, or Risdon approach, is an extraoral approach for treating fractures of the mandibular body and angle. Despite the fact that the intra-oral approach has been used recently for open reduction and internal fixation, the submandibular approach is applied to more difficult fracture patterns such as comminuted, atrophic, and defect fractures. This approach allows better manipulation of the fragments, good control of the lingual cortex and inferior border, and application of selected hardware. Here we demonstrate how to perform a submandibular approach in a cadaver.

How Perception, Actuation, and Communication Impact the Emergence of Collective Intelligence in Simulated Modular Robots.

Modular robots are collections of simple embodied agents, the modules, that interact with each other to achieve complex behaviors. Each module may have a limited capability of perceiving the environment and performing actions; nevertheless, by behaving coordinately, and possibly by sharing information, modules can collectively perform complex actions. In principle, the greater the actuation, perception, and communication abilities of the single module are the more effective is the collection of modules. However, improved abilities also correspond to more complex controllers and, hence, larger search spaces when designing them by means of optimization. In this article, we analyze the impact of perception, actuation, and communication abilities on the possibility of obtaining good controllers for simulated modular robots, that is, controllers that allow the robots to exhibit collective intelligence. We consider the case of modular soft robots, where modules can contract, expand, attach, and detach from each other, and make them face two tasks (locomotion and piling), optimizing their controllers with evolutionary computation. We observe that limited abilities often do not prevent the robots from succeeding in the task, a finding that we explain with (a) the smaller search space corresponding to limited actuation, perception, and communication abilities, which makes the optimization easier, and (b) the fact that, for this kind of robot, morphological computation plays a significant role. Moreover, we discover that what matters more is the degree of collectivity the robots are required to exhibit when facing the task.

Controllable synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of poly (lauryl methacrylate-soybean oil) as a lubricant additive

Traditional free radical polymerization has poor controllability, and traditional petroleum-based lubricant additives have adverse effects on the environment. Poly (lauryl methacrylate (LMA)-soybean oil (SBO)) (P(LMA-SBO) was synthesized using Salen-Cu(II) complex as a catalyst and azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator by the Schlenk techniques. The structure of P(LMA-SBO) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by evaluating the solidification point depression performance by the Chinese standard method GB/T 510-2018, and the wax crystal morphology was studied by optical microscopy. The results show the catalytic activity could be 22.88 × 104 g·mol−1·h−1 and the number average molecular weight (M n) of the copolymer is 8.71 × 104 with a low dispersity (Ɖ) of 1.37 under the optimal conditions, which indicates good controllability of the polymerization. Adding 1.0%(w) P(LMA-SBO) to the lubricating oil fraction (350–500 °C) could reduce the solidification point by 15 °C. Therefore, the Salen-Cu (II) catalyst was successfully applied to the controlled polymerization of LMA and SBO. The vegetable oil-based solidification point depressant of P(LMA-SBO) could be used as a potential alternative to replace the traditional solidification point depressant in the future.

Theoretical Investigation of Laser Ablation Propulsion Using Micro-Scale Fluid in Atmosphere

Laser ablation propulsion based on liquid propellants is a type of propulsion technology with a high specific impulse and good controllability that can be applied to space thrusters, gas metal arc welding, and extreme ultraviolet light. However, its basic mechanisms, such as flow evolution and thrust formation, have not yet been described in detail. In this study, the laser ablation of micro-scale fluid in the atmosphere was investigated. Flow evolution with different laser energy and fluid mass was observed using a schlieren system. According to the characteristic of flow evolution, a theoretical model of laser ablation propulsion in the atmosphere was established. For the first time, a theoretical hypothesis was proposed that the laser energy is divided into two parts, which act on fluid and air respectively. The model indicates that the impulses generated by fluids and air follow power laws with the laser energy, while the exponentials are 0.5 and 1, respectively. In the atmosphere, due to the shielding effect of a laser-maintained detonation wave on laser, the energy absorbed by the fluid is basically unchanged, while only the energy absorbed by the air changes. Significantly, the theoretical model is consistent with the impulse experiment and current studies.

Holistic Measurement of the Friction Behavior of Wet Clutches

The safe and efficient torque transmission of wet disk clutch systems requires high coefficients of friction. To achieve good controllability and high comfort, a positive slope of the coefficient of friction over sliding velocity is ensured by a reasonable formulation of the lubricant and choice of the friction pairing. This results in low transmittable torque at low sliding velocities. Thus, the occurrence of unwanted micro-slip in dynamic operation modes must be considered for the design of safety-relevant clutch systems. This work presents a methodology for the holistic measurement of the friction behavior of wet disk clutches. It is suitable for numerous applications and supports a sound understanding of frictional properties in the range of sliding velocities occurring in brake shifts through forced slip operation down to static torque transmission. The experimental determination of the holistic friction behavior is crucial for developing optimized design guidelines for modern clutch systems.

Layered magnesium vanadate film electrodes as high-performance cathode materials for thin-film non-aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Thin-film non-aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are recognized as an alternative energy storage technology with large-scale application prospects. The use of organic electrolytes with a wide window of electrochemical stability to construct non-aqueous ZIBs results in high operating voltage and energy density. In this paper, magnesium vanadate (Mg0.01V2O5) films were in situ grown and annealed on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass using low-temperature liquid-phase deposition, and directly assembled into thin-film ZIBs. The battery achieved a stable capacity of 137.5 mA h m−2 after 80 cycles at 167 mA m−2. In addition, it exhibited an initial capacity of 104.1 mA h m−2 at 250 mA m−2 and a capacity retention of 75.6 % after 200 cycles. Good rate performance feedback was also obtained. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the electrochemical reaction process of the Mg0.01V2O5 film electrode was analyzed and the insertion/extraction mechanism of Zn2+ was investigated. Due to the instability of the V2O5 structure, the pre-inserted layer of Mg2+ plays a role as a pillar between layers during preparation, supporting the vanadium–oxygen layer and improving structural stability and battery life. At the same time, thin-film ZIB directly composed of film, diaphragm, electrolyte and zinc sheet has good diffusion dynamics, simplicity and size controllability, making it more suitable for commercial applications. Therefore, the thin-film non-aqueous ZIBs in this work may provide new ideas for mobile novel micro power sources.

Economic barriers to prevent the smuggling of health goods in Iran

IntroductionIn recent years, smuggling of health goods has apparently increased in the country. Despite the preventive and regulatory measures taken to combat this problem, the outcomes seem to be undesirable....

Design, build and test of packaging for vibration control of medical goods delivered by drone

Design, build and test of packaging for vibration control of medical goods delivered by drone

InP Crystal Phase Heterojunction Transistor with a Vertical Gate-All-Around Structure.

Crystal phase transitions can form a new type of heterojunction with different atomic arrangements in the same material: crystal phase heterojunction (CPHJ). The CPHJ has an inherently strong impact on band engineering without concerns over critical thicknesses with misfit dislocations and a semiconductor-metal transition. In-plane CPHJ was recently demonstrated in two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials and utilized for conventional planar field-effect transistor applications. However, scalability such as gate electrostatic control, miniaturization, and multigate structure have been limited because of the geometrical issue. Here, we demonstrated a transistor using the CPHJ with a vertical gate-all-around structure by forming a CPHJ in conventional III-V semiconductors. The CPHJ, composed of wurtzite InP nanowires with zincblende InP substrates, showed an atomically flat heterojunction without dislocations and indicated a Type-II band discontinuity across the junction. The CPHJ transistor had moderate to good gate electrostatic controllability with high on-state currents and transconductance. The CPHJ offer will provide a new switching mechanism and add a new junction and device design choice to the long history of transistors.

Multiple photofluorochromic luminogens via catalyst-free alkene oxidative cleavage photoreaction for dynamic 4D codes encryption

Controllable photofluorochromic systems with high contrast and multicolor in both solutions and solid states are ideal candidates for the development of dynamic artificial intelligence. However, it is still challenging to realize multiple photochromism within one single molecule, not to mention good controllability. Herein, we report an aggregation-induced emission luminogen TPE-2MO2NT that undergoes oxidation cleavage upon light irradiation and is accompanied by tunable multicolor emission from orange to blue with time-dependence. The photocleavage mechanism revealed that the self-generation of reactive oxidants driving the catalyst-free oxidative cleavage process. A comprehensive analysis of TPE-2MO2NT and other comparative molecules demonstrates that the TPE-2MO2NT molecular scaffold can be easily modified and extended. Further, the multicolor microenvironmental controllability of TPE-2MO2NT photoreaction within polymer matrices enables the fabrication of dynamic fluorescence images and 4D information codes, providing strategies for advanced controllable information encryption.