Good Cardiorespiratory Fitness Research Articles

Effect Aerobic Exercise On Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Athlete

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness or fitness is one of the endogenous factors that can affect athlete performance, this is because good cardiorespiratory fitness shows good endurance capabilities. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be improved one of them with aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise done regularly is expected to increase the level of cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of exercise with aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness that is applied regularly by FC Bintang Utama Semarang athletes at GOR Manunggal Jati Semarang City in preparation for the Mayor Cup competition. Methods: The research method uses an experimental design on athletes at FC Bintang Utama Semarang with the number of respondents involved as many as 30 athletes with an age range of 14-17 years. Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness results are measured using the bleep test. The bleep test evaluation was carried out on the first day and the last day of the study. Analysis of the results of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness with the results of statistical tests using the paired T Test obtained the final result of 0.00 where this value is smaller than 0.05 which indicates an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness level. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that aerobic exercise done regularly can improve cardiorespiratory fitness.

Block practice therapy of football players' passing ability post ankle injury

Purpose. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderly. Method. This research is an analytical observational study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. The sample involved 43 elderlies with characteristics: age 66.79 ± 4.24; weight 62.4 ± 11.66; and height 157.83 ± 6.77. The blood pressure measurements were carried out using a tensimeter, while the cardiovascular measurements were carried out using a 2-minute step test based on the senior fitness test procedure. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory ability and blood pressure. Results. The Pearson’s data analysis test results showed a negative correlation between cardiorespiratory capacity and systolic blood pressure (r(41) = −0.516, p = < 0.001) and diastolic (r(41) = −0.442, p = 0.003). Conclusion. The higher the cardiorespiratory level in the elderly, the lower the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, good cardio respiration is known to provide positive benefits in better blood pressure regulation in the elderly. Exercise may be needed so that the elderly obtains good cardiorespiratory fitness and, at the same time, normal blood pressure.

The analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderlies

Purpose. The study aimed to analyze the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular capacity in the elderly. Method. This research is an analytical observational study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. The sample involved 43 elderlies with characteristics: age 66.79 ± 4.24; weight 62.4 ± 11.66; and height 157.83 ± 6.77. The blood pressure measurements were carried out using a tensimeter, while the cardiovascular measurements were carried out using a 2-minute step test based on the senior fitness test procedure. Pearson’s correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory ability and blood pressure. Results. The Pearson’s data analysis test results showed a negative correlation between cardiorespiratory capacity and systolic blood pressure (r(41) = −0.516, p = < 0.001) and diastolic (r(41) = −0.442, p = 0.003). Conclusion. The higher the cardiorespiratory level in the elderly, the lower the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, good cardio respiration is known to provide positive benefits in better blood pressure regulation in the elderly. Exercise may be needed so that the elderly obtains good cardiorespiratory fitness and, at the same time, normal blood pressure.

Exercise performance and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a global health problem that correlates with the increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, quality of life, mortality and global health expenditures. While many of cardiovascular risk factors have been related to the development of AF, a satisfied lifestyle behavior, including regular exercise and a good cardiorespiratory fitness, could be the upstream intervention to modify the risk factors and reduce the AF incidence. Purpose We examined the relationship of the exercise performance with risk of incident atrial fibrillation and its subsequent comorbidities. Methods From 2003 to 2012, we retrospectively included 19,680 consecutive patients without previous diagnosis of AF, who were referred to exercise treadmill testing for clinical reasons. The baseline characteristics and the exercise parameters during exercise testing were accessed in all enrolled subjects. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models identified the independent association between exercise performance and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation, risk of ischemic stroke and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Cubic spline regression model assessed the risk of new-onset AF across fitness level. Results Among a total of 15,450 subjects (mean age, 54.9 ± 11 years; 59% male) with a median follow-up duration of 137 months, 515 (3.33%) new-onset AF cases were found. There was an 8% lower risk of AF incidence (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.97), a 12% lower risk of ischemic stroke incidence (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.94), and a 14% lower risk of MACE (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.88) for every 1 peak achieved metabolic equivalents (METs) increase in the exercise treadmill testing after adjusting confounding factors. In the subgroup analysis, the peak achieved METs during exercise treadmill testing was significantly associated with the risk of new-onset AF across various subgroups, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and underlying diseases. There were significant interactions in age subgroup (P for interaction 0.0047) and subgroup stratified by the presence of chronotropic incompetence (P for interaction 0.0212). Conclusions Exercise capacity is inversely correlated with AF incidence across fitness level. A better exercise performance indicates a lower AF incidence, ischemic stroke incidence and MACE. Regular physical activity may help to reduce inflammation and improve the function of the heart, which may help to prevent the development of AF. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.Kaplan–Meier curveSubgroup analysis

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRY AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AMONG UiTM FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the important components among football players. Physiological characteristics of individuals such as anthropometry may influence the level of CRF. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between anthropometry and CRF among UiTM Football Players. A causal- comparative research design, consisting of 24 male participants representing Universiti Teknologi MARA Football Club (UiTM FC) were recruited. Anthropometry was measured via body weight and body height and CRF was measured using a bleep test and the result of the test was calculated to estimate maximum volume of oxygen (VO2 max). Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between anthropometry and CRF. Mean score for anthropometry was 65.17 ± 5.90 for body weight (kg) and 171.18 ± 4.66 for body height (cm). Mean score for CRF was 47.20 ± 4.34 (ml/kg/min). Results show a very weak relationship between body weight and CRF (r = 0.027). Meanwhile, there was a positive and weak relationship between body height and CRF (r = 0.265). In conclusion, evidence from this study showed no association between anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, possibly a good anthropometry characteristic possibly gives the advantage of having good cardiorespiratory fitness. Ideal body weight and height is a potential physiological characteristic in determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness. Anthropometric does have a role as part of holistic monitoring of talented players in future development. Viewing the limitations of this study, further studies involving larger sample size are needed to find actual association with this hypothesis.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness level and insulin resistance in adolescents with various obesity categories.

An association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, especially in those with various obesity categories, has not been systematically studied. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of CRF on insulin resistance in severely obese adolescents, despite their continuous rise. To investigate the association between CRF and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, with special emphasis on severely obese adolescents. We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study that included 200 pubertal adolescents, 10 years to 18 years of age, who were referred to a tertiary care center due to obesity. According to body mass index (BMI), adolescents were classified as mildly obese (BMI 100% to 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex) or severely obese (BMI ≥ 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex or ≥ 35 kg/m2, whichever was lower). Participant body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined from submaximal treadmill exercise test. CRF was expressed as VO2max scaled by total body weight (TBW) (mL/min/kg TBW) or by fat free mass (FFM) (mL/min/kg FFM), and then categorized as poor, intermediate, or good, according to VO2max terciles. Data were analyzed by statistical software package SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A weak negative correlation between CRF and HOMA-IR was found [Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) = -0.28, P < 0.01 for CRFTBW; (rs) = -0.21, P < 0.01 for CRFFFM]. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of CRF on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 6.840, P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; F(2200) = 3.883, P = 0.022 for CRFFFM]. Subsequent analyses showed that obese adolescents with poor CRF had higher HOMA-IR than obese adolescents with good CRF (P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; P = 0.018 for CRFFFM). Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction confirmed significant effect of interaction of CRF level and obesity category on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 3.292, P = 0.039 for CRFTBW]. Severely obese adolescents had higher HOMA-IR than those who were mildly obese, with either good or poor CRF. However, HOMA-IR did not differ between severely obese adolescents with good and mildly obese adolescents with poor CRF. CRF is an important determinant of insulin resistance in obese adolescents, regardless of obesity category. Therefore, CRF assessment should be a part of diagnostic procedure, and its improvement should be a therapeutic goal.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk among in-patients with depression compared to healthy controls.

Compared to the general population, individuals with depression have an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, little is known so far whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) moderates this relationship. Therefore, we examined whether common physiological cardiovascular risk factors differ between patients with depression and healthy (non-depressed) controls, whether patients and controls differ in CRF, and whether higher CRF is associated with a lower cardiovascular risk in both patients and healthy controls. Additionally, we examined whether within the patient sample, cardiovascular risk factors differ between patients with mild, moderate and severe depression, and whether the relationship between symptom severity and cardiovascular risk is moderated by patients' CRF levels. Data from a multi-centric, two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) was analyzed, including 210 patients (F32, single episode: n = 72, F33, recurrent major depression: n = 135, F31-II, bipolar type II: n = 3) and 125 healthy controls. Waist circumference, body mass index, body fat, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and blood glucose were considered as cardiovascular risk markers. CRF was assessed with a submaximal ergometer test. Differences between groups were examined via χ2-tests and (multivariate) analyses of covariance. Compared to healthy controls, patients with depression had a higher cardiovascular risk as evident from about half of the examined indicators. In the total sample, participants with good CRF had more favourable scores across nearly all risk markers than counterparts with poor CRF. For most variables, no interaction occurred between group and fitness, indicating that in patients and controls, similar differences existed between participants with poor and good CRF. Few differences in risk markers were found between patients with mild, moderate and severe depression, and no interaction occurred between depression severity and CRF. Patients with depression and healthy controls differ in several cardiovascular risk markers, putting patients at increased risk for CVDs. In contrast, people with good CRF show more favourable cardiovascular risk scores, a relationship which was observed in both healthy controls and patients with depression. Physical health of psychiatric patients should receive the clinical attention that it deserves. Lifestyle interventions targeting healthy diet and/or physical activity are recommended as a physically active and healthy lifestyle contributes equally to patients' mental well-being and cardiovascular health.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors.

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors' anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity could be prevented with good cardiorespiratory fitness levels and regular physical activity. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity with cardiac magnetic resonance parameters. A total of 96 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and answered physical activity questionnaires. We calculated the odds ratio of the preventive fraction of regular physical activity (≥150min/wk) and adequate cardiorespiratory fitness levels (above the median ≥31.4mL·kg-1·min-1) on cardiac magnetic resonance parameters (left ventricular [LV] and right ventricular [RV] morphological and functional parameters). An adequate cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a significant preventive fraction for LV (up to 84% for LV end-diastolic volume) and RV volumes (up to 88% for RV end-systolic volume). The adjusted analyses highlighted a preventive fraction of 36% to 91% between an adequate cardiorespiratory fitness and LV and RV parameters, late gadolinium enhancement fibrosis, and cardiac magnetic resonance relaxation times. No associations were reported with regular physical activity. This study provides additional evidence regarding the benefits of an adequate cardiorespiratory fitness level for childhood cancer survivors' cardiac health.

Associations between cigarette smoking status and health-related physical fitness performance in male Taiwanese adults.

BackgroundThe highest proportion of smoking behavior occurs in male adults in Taiwan. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship between smoking behavior and health-related physical fitness according to education level, health status, betel nut-chewing status and obesity in male adults aged 18 years or older in Taiwan.AimsThis study aimed to determine the associations between cigarette smoking and health-related physical fitness performance in male Taiwanese adults.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted on 27,908 male adults (aged 23–64 years) who participated in Taiwan's National Physical Fitness Survey 2014–2015. Data from a standardized structured questionnaire, anthropometric variables, and health-related physical fitness measurements were analyzed. Individuals were categorized as never smoking cigarettes, former smoker, and current smoker. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and health-related physical fitness performance.ResultsNever smoking group exhibited a lower (p < 0.05) proportion of abdominal obesity, higher (p < 0.05) proportion of perceived good health status, and greater (p < 0.05) performance in 1-min sit-up and sit-and-reach tests when compared with current smoking and former smoking group. Former smoking group had the highest (p < 0.05) performance in 3-min step test among all groups. Current smoker was significantly negatively (p < 0.05) associated with 3-min step, 1-min sit-up and sit-and-reach tests. Notably, former smoker was significantly positively (p < 0.05) associated with 3-min step and 1-min sit-up tests, but still negatively (p < 0.05) associated with sit-and-reach performance.ConclusionCurrent smoker was associated with an increased the risk of abdominal obesity, reduced the perceived health status and health-related physical fitness performance. Quitting smoking had beneficial effect on the perceived good health status, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in male Taiwanese adults, but not on flexibility performance. Further research on the ameliorate mechanism underlying this phenomenon is warranted.

Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive function in middle school students: a systematic review

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in middle school students. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed for articles published from March 2011 to March 2021 in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI (a Chinese database). Studies were included if: (1) the investigated population was aged between 6 and 18 years, (2) they reported the following outcome indicators: VO2max or VO2peak, cognitive function and/or at least one of the following three dimensions: executive function, attention network, intelligence. Studies that did not meet the aforementioned inclusion criteria or that had a study population with pathological obesity or other related diseases were excluded. Forty-nine articles were included, and the information on the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function was retrieved for the systematic review. Results: As for the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function, consistent evidence showed that adolescents with good cardiorespiratory fitness had better executive function. It should be noted that, compared to other variables corresponding to physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness is the most important factor of the attention network. Cardiorespiratory fitness was also found to be a mediating variable for the relationships between birth weight and intelligence. Conclusion: In previous studies, cardiorespiratory fitness was found to be related to different dimensions of middle school students’ cognitive function, including executive function, attention network and intelligence. Evidence also indicated that cardiorespiratory fitness was the most important type of physical fitness related to a certain dimension of cognitive function.

Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness using the six-minute walk test in adults: Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing

BackgroundThe six-minute walk test (6MWT) distance could facilitate the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in clinical practice as recommended. We aimed to develop a CRF classification using the 6MWT distance in asymptomatic adults considering the treadmill maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) as the gold standard method. MethodsWe evaluated V˙O2max and 6MWT distance in 1295 asymptomatic participants aged 18–80 years (60% women). Age- and sex-related CRF was classified based on the percentiles as very low (<5th percentile), low (5th–25th percentile), regular (26th–50th percentile), good (51st–75th percentile), excellent (76th–95th percentile), and superior (>95th percentile) for both V˙O2max and 6MWT distance. We investigated the 6MWT distance cut-off (%pred.) with the highest sensitivity and specificity for identifying each V˙O2max classification. ResultsV˙O2max declined by 8.7% per decade in both men and women. The 6MWT distance declined by 9.3% per decade in women and 9.5% in men. We formulated age- and sex-related classification tables for CRF using the 6MWT distance. Moreover, the 6MWT distance (%pred.) showed excellent ability to identify very low CRF (6MWT distance ≤ 96%; AUC=0.819) and good ability to differentiate CRF as low (6MWT distance=97%–103%; AUC=0.735), excellent (6MWT distance=107%–109%; AUC=0.715), or superior (6MWT distance>109%; AUC=0.790). It was not possible to differentiate between participants with regular and good CRF. ConclusionThe CRF classification by the 6MWT distance is valid in comparison with V˙O2max, especially for identifying adults with low CRF. It could be useful in clinical practice for screening and monitoring the cardiorespiratory risk in adults.

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Kidney Function of Sugarcane Cutters From Brazil.

To evaluate clinical parameters, markers of kidney function, and skeletal muscle damage in a group of sugarcane cutters during harvesting season. Seventeen volunteers were assessed for anthropometrics and cardiorespiratory fitness. Blood and urine samples were collected 48-hours after the last work session. Blood was analyzed for glucose, creatine kinase, cholesterol, and a complete hemogram. Urine and blood samples were also analyzed for markers related to kidney function. Volunteers were young (26 ± 6 y), had low body fat (13 ± 5%), and good cardiorespiratory fitness (41 ± 6 mL/kg/min). Classical markers of kidney function (eGFR, creatinine, cystatin C) were within the normal range. However, ten volunteers presented elevated resting serum creatine kinase (221 ± 68 U/L). Manual sugarcane harvesting is associated with sustained skeletal muscle damage which may increase the risk for kidney injury in Brazilian sugarcane cutters.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of Different Types Of Physical Exercises In Adults

A link between physical inactivity, central obesity, and inflammation likely exists suggesting physical activity and inactivity as critical regulators of systemic inflammation. PURPOSE: To investigate the responsiveness of a systemic inflammatory marker to different types of physical exercises. METHODS: A sample of 302 individuals from both genders was taken among (2013-2016) participants of the dynamic cohort "Move for Health", a lifestyle-modification program(LiSM) with supervised physical exercises and dietary counseling. The evaluation instruments were: IPAQ (long form-version 8); anthropometric, plasma analysis of high-sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and physical fitness. After the clinical trial, the groups were assembled voluntarily in any of the exercise-protocols : hydro-gymnastics (HYD, 240min-400MET/week, n=50), high intensity interval training (HIIT, 240min-496MET/week, n=63), strength training in gym (ST, 360min-545MET/week, n=43) and mixed walking-strength (MIX, 30 min of walking 60-80% HRmax and ST, 540min-743MET/week, n=146). All groups received similar dietary counseling. Assessments were undertaken at baseline and after 10 weeks of supervised intervention. Continuous and categorized data were evaluated at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The 55.5 ± 10.8 years old sample, 88% females, 80.5% overweight, 91% reporting at least 150min/wk, 63% with good cardiorespiratory fitness, 78% good hand-grip strength but 73% presenting poor flexibility. At baseline, groups were similar and after intervention, all protocols incremented the baseline values of VO2max; flexibility (except in the HIIT) and muscle strength (only in ST and MIX). The level of physical activity increased only in MIX. Waist circumference(WC) reduced 1.3cm(HYD) to 2.2cm(ST), significantly in all but HIIT group. Us-CRP decreased significantly from 0.54(0.04-3.00) to 0.35(0.01-1.43) mg/dL, leading to a reduction of inflammatory stress (IS:CRP>_0.30mg/dL) from 44.7% to 29.8%. Except HYD, hs-CRP decreased in all other groups, while only HIIT reduced significantly(23%) the IS. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-wk LiSM was effective in reducing systemic inflammation, being more effective in HIIT and less in HYD, dissociable from WC changes and specific fitness improvements. Supported by CNPq and CAPES.

The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels on cognitive functions in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Introduction. Most childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors develop chronic treatment-related adverse effects several years after the end of the treatment. Regular physical activity and a good cardiorespiratory fitness can decrease the risks of neurological disturbances and increase cognitive function scores. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of good cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels on cognitive functions.Methods. We enrolled 219 survivors of childhood ALL. The participants underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test, neuropsychological tests of executive functions (i.e. verbal fluency, cognitive flexibility, working memory, processing speed) and completed a physical activity questionnaire. We calculated the odds ratio to obtain the preventive fraction of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness levels on cognitive functions.Results. The cohort is 52% male and 48% female. A total of 182 survivors (83%) have a cardiorespiratory fitness below their predicted (<100%). Our analyses show that there is an association between good cardiorespiratory fitness and processing speed (preventive fraction of 70% for dominant hand (p < 0.01) and 65% for non-dominant hand (p < 0.01)) and with cognitive flexibility identified as the category switching measure of the D-KEFS verbal fluency (preventive fraction of 61%; p < 0.05).Conclusion. Good cardiorespiratory fitness and good levels of physical activity were associated to a preventive fraction for most cognitive function parameters measured. Good cardiorespiratory fitness levels were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of deficits in processing speed (i.e., dominant hand and non-dominant hand) and in cognitive flexibility (i.e., category switching) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors.

The Effect of Smartphone Apps Versus Supervised Exercise on Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Body Composition Among Individuals With Mild-to-Moderate Mobility Disability: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundAdequate levels of physical activity (PA) and good cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with profound health benefits for individuals with mobility disability (MD). Despite the vast amount of research published in the field of PA interventions, little attention has been given to individuals with MD.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of an app-based versus a supervised exercise and health coaching program to support adults with MD to increase levels of PA, CRF, and improve body composition.MethodsParticipants with self-perceived MD, aged 18 to 45 years, were included in this 12-week parallel-group randomized controlled trial and allocated at random to an app-based intervention, using commercially available apps—the Swedish Military training app (FMTK), the Acupedo walking app, and the LogMyFood food photography app—or a supervised exercise and health coaching intervention, including 1 weekly supervised exercise session and healthy lifestyle coaching. The primary outcome was the level of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) measured with accelerometers. Secondary outcomes included CRF measured by a submaximal test performed on a stationary bicycle and body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance. All outcomes were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess the between-group differences, as well as the within-group changes through time, in each intervention group.ResultsA total of 110 participants with MD were randomized to an app-based intervention (n=55) or a supervised exercise and health intervention (n=55). The mean age of participants was 34.9 years (SD 6.1), and 81.8% (90/110) of the participants were women. CRF showed a moderate increase in both groups after 12 weeks—1.07 (95% CI –0.14 to 2.27) mL/kg/min increase in the app-based group and 1.76 (95% CI 0.70 to 2.83) mLkg/min increase in the supervised exercise group. However, the intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant differences between the groups in MVPA or CRF after 12 weeks. Waist circumference was significantly lower in the app-based intervention group.ConclusionsCommercially available apps increased levels of CRF and improved body composition over 12 weeks to the same extent as supervised exercise sessions, showing that both are equally effective. However, neither the app-based intervention nor the supervised exercise intervention increased MVPA.Trial RegistrationInternational Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 22387524; http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN22387524.

SLEEP AND CHILDHOOD MENTAL HEALTH: ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sleep is considered an important health indicator and plays a key role in brain development and plasticity. Objective: To ascertain whether there is a relationship between sleep quality and mental health indicators and whether organized physical activity (PA) or cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) act as moderators of this association. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 226 students between six and 11 years of age, male and female, in the early years of elementary education at a public school in Porto Alegre, Brazil, which was selected for convenience. CRF was measured by running test and six-minute walk. Sleep quality and organized physical activity outside of school were verified through an anamnesis, socioeconomic status through an adaptation of the ABEP (Brazilian Association of Research Companies) questionnaire, and mental health indicators with the assistance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, all answered by parents. Frequencies, means, standard deviations and generalized linear models were used for the data analysis, while a 95% confidence interval was used for the analyses. Results: Sleep quality was associated with total difficulties (β=7.659, p&lt;0.001), emotional symptoms (β= 1.754; p=0.001), hyperactivity/inattentiveness (β=3.054, p &lt;0.001), conduct problems (β=1.619, p&lt;0.001) and peer relationship problems (β=1.231; p=0.007) in boys. In girls it was related to total difficulties (β=3.421; p=0.006), and conduct problems (β=1.235; p=0.003). However, the interactions were not significant. Conclusion: Although they occur independently, stress is placed on the importance of sleeping well, engaging in organized PA and having good CRF levels for the improvement and maintenance of mental health. Level of evidence III; Case-control study.

Prevention of Long-term Adverse Health Outcomes With Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Survivors.

Most childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors develop chronic treatment-related adverse effects several years after the end of therapy. A regular practice of physical activity and a good cardiorespiratory fitness have the potential to reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate in a cohort of ALL survivors, the association between a good cardiorespiratory fitness or the respect of physical activity guidelines and major long-term health outcomes. In total, 247 ALL survivors underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test, completed a physical activity questionnaire and a battery of clinical examinations. We calculated the odds ratio to obtain the preventive fraction (PF) to evaluate the effects of the cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels on health outcomes (ie, obesity, metabolic health, cardiac health, cognitive health and mood, bone health). Despite their young age, 88% of the participants presented at least one adverse health outcome, and 46% presented ≥3. Their cardiorespiratory fitness was also lower than expected with a median VO2 peak reaching 84% of the predicted value. In the analyses using cardiorespiratory fitness, statistically significant PFs were observed for obesity (0.30), low-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (0.21) and depression (0.26). In the physical activity level analyses, statistically significant PFs were observed for obesity, depression, and low bone mineral density, with a PF of 0.55, 0.81, and 0.60, respectively. Our results indicate that a good cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity level induced a preventive action for most health outcomes studied and was associated with a lower late adverse effects prevalence in ALL survivors.

Factors Associated with Persistently High Muscular Power from Childhood to Adulthood

Child and adult muscular power have been shown to associate with contemporary cardiometabolic health. Muscular power typically persists (tracks) between childhood and adulthood. Few studies span childhood to adulthood, so we aimed to identify modifiable and environmental factors associated with the persistence or change in muscular power across the life course. Prospective study examining 1938 participants who had their muscular power (standing long jump distance) measured in 1985 as children 7-15 yr old and again 20 yr later in adulthood (26-36 yr old). A selection of objectively measured anthropometric characteristics (adiposity and fat-free mass), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), self-reported physical activity, dietary (quality and fruit, vegetable, and protein intake), and sociodemographic data were available at both time points. Muscular power was separated into thirds, and participants were reported as having persistently low, decreasing, persistently moderate, increasing, or persistently high muscular power. Higher adiposity, lower physical activity, diet quality and socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course, and lower adult CRF were associated with persistently low muscular power. Lower adult protein intake and an increase in adiposity over time were associated with decreasing muscular power. An increase in fat-free mass was associated with a reduced probability of decreasing or persistently high muscular power and an increased probability of increasing muscular power. Higher adult fruit intake was associated with increasing muscular power. Lower adiposity across the life course, higher adult CRF and SES, and higher child protein intake were associated with persistently high muscular power. Healthy weight, good CRF, greater protein intake, and high SES are important correlates of high muscular power maintained from childhood to adulthood.

Factors Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Swiss Working Population.

Background Good cardiorespiratory fitness (high VO2max) has beneficial effects on morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a tool to estimate VO2max in daily clinical practice is of great value for preventing chronic diseases in healthy adults. This study aimed at exploring the cardiometabolic profile in a representative Swiss working population. Based on these insights, a regression model was derived revealing factors associated with VO2max. Methods Cross-sectional data of 337 healthy and full-time employed adults recruited in the Basel region, Switzerland, were collected. Anthropometric measurements to compute body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were performed. A 20-meter shuttle run test was conducted to determine individual VO2max. Heart rate (HR) was measured at rest, during maximal exertion, and two minutes after exercise. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed at rest and after exercise. A multiple linear regression model was built to identify a set of nonexercise predictor variables of VO2max. Results Complete data of 303 individuals (63% male) aged 18 to 61 years (mean 33 ± 12 years) were considered for analysis. The regression model (adjusted R2 = 0.647, SE = 5.3) identified sex (β = -0.699, p < 0.001), WC (β = -0.403, p < 0.001), difference of maximal to resting HR (β = 0.234, p < 0.001), smoking (β = -0.171, p < 0.001), and age (β = -0.131, p < 0.01) as the most important factors associated with VO2max, while BMI, SBP, and DBP did not contribute to the regression model. Conclusions This study introduced a simple model to evaluate VO2max based on nonexercise parameters as part of daily clinical routine without needing a time-consuming, cost-intense, and physically demanding direct assessment of VO2max. Knowledge about VO2max may help identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk and may provide the basis for health counselling and tailoring preventive measures.

ANÁLISE FÍSICO FUNCIONAL E CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA DE PACIENTES EM LISTA DE ESPERA PARA O TRANSPLANTE RENAL: ESTUDO TRANSVERSAL

Introdução: Para o tratamento da doença renal crônica os pacientes necessitam de hemodiálise ou diálise peritoneal enquanto aguardam em lista de espera pelo transplante renal. Apesar dos avanços nos procedimentos de diálise, os pacientes que fazem esse tratamento apresentam baixa capacidade física e funcional e comorbidades que influenciam no tempo de espera. Objetivo: Descrever as características físicas, antropométricas e cardiorrespiratórias de pacientes em lista de espera para o transplante renal, assim como, analisar as variáveis de acordo com o tempo em lista de espera e tempo de diagnóstico da doença. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UNIJUÍ parecer n° 1.992.013. Foram avaliados 11 pacientes cadastrados no Hospital de Caridade de Ijuí, quanto aos dados sobre a doença renal e seu tratamento, tempo em lista de espera, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, resistência muscular de membros inferiores, força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional submáxima. Resultados: Foram avaliados 11 pacientes, sendo 54,5% do sexo feminino, média de idade de 51,9±11,4 anos, 45,5% tinham doença renal de origem hipertensiva, tempo de diagnóstico da doença de 84,0 (48,0-180,0) meses, 90,9% realizavam hemodiálise há uma mediana de 15,0 (8,0-41,0) meses e estavam em lista de espera há 12,0 (6,0-32,0) meses. Os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes foram hipertensão e sedentarismo. No teste de sentar e levantar em um minuto realizaram 17,0 (16,0-22,0) repetições, pressão inspiratória máxima de 62,0 (50,0-80,0) cmH2O, pressão expiratória máxima de 78,0 (64,0-99,0) cmH2O e percorreram 452,5 (416,1-503,2) metros no teste de caminhada em seis minutos. Conclusão: Os pacientes cadastrados em lista de espera para o transplante renal do nosso estudo apresentaram uma boa condição físico funcional e cardiorrespiratória. O tempo de diagnóstico da doença renal se correlacionou moderada e negativamente com a pressão expiratória máxima. O tempo de permanência em lista de espera não se correlacionou com a resistência de membros inferiores, força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional submáxima.