Good Administrator Research Articles

Souvenirs d'un ultra-royaliste (1815-1832) by Ferdinand de Bertier

296 BOOK REVIEWS and honor from Protestant countries, where unmarried mothers were expected to keep their children and no wheels of abandonment existed. One wonders if attitudes toward such women and their offspring with regard to honor were all that less strong than in Italy. Kertzer gives a hint of this in his epilogue, which examines the contemporary implications of his research, and where he asserts that in the 1920's thousands of young women in the United States were "driven out of their homes, forced to seek anonymous refuge in institutions set up for this purpose," although in contrast to Italy they were encouraged to keep their babies (pp. 183-184). This emphasis on honor was hardly the Counter-Reformation at work, and a more careful analysis ofhonor in Protestant Europe could only enhance Kertzer's presentation of conditions in Catholic Italy. Such suggestions are, however, ancillary. Overall, this is a dramatic work of real importance that will set the terms of debate in this field for a long time to come. Steven C. Hughes Loyola College in Maryland Souvenirs d'un ultra-royaliste (1815-1832). By Ferdinand de Bertier. Edited and introduced by Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny. (Paris: Librairie Jules Tallandier. 1993. Pp. 691. 198 FF.) With the publication of the memoirs ofComte Ferdinand de Bertier ( 17821864 ), the scholarly labors of Père Guillaume de Bertier de Sauvigny, the distinguished French historian and authority on the French Restoration, have come full circle. In manuscript Bertier's memoirs were the main source for his published dissertation: Le Comte Ferdinand de Bertier et l'énigme de la Congrégation (1948). In the intervening years he published over fifteen historical works, of which La Restauration 1815—1830 (1977), later translated into English, is particularly noteworthy. The work under review is a sequel to Souvenirs Inédits d'un conspirateur ( 1990), which covered the period from 1 789 to 181 4. Like the earlier volume, it includes only those parts of the original manuscript deemed of historical interest. Ferdinand de Bertier belonged to the robe nobility, holding administrative rather than judicial offices. His father, the intendant of the Paris generality in 1789, was lynched by the mob, and his head was mounted on a pike. This atrocity aroused in Ferdinand an intense hatred of the French Revolution that fired his militancy for the royalist cause. A devout ultramontane Catholic, he ardently desired the union of throne and altar. To further these aims he established in 1810 a secret society, the Chevalerie de la Foi, incorporating into it features of religious and military knighthoods and even of the masonic order, which he briefly joined to learn its system of BOOK REVIEWS 297 secrecy. (This is described in chapter 8 of the first volume.) It rapidly gained adherents among influential members of the nobility. It incited resistance to Napoleon, prepared the return of Louis XVIII, and influenced events during the ministries ofVillèle and Polignac. After 1830, against his better judgment, Bertier joined remnants of the now-disbanded secret knighthood in a disastrous attempt to overthrow Louis Philippe and restore the Bourbon dynasty. Bertier held various posts including prefect in two departments, counselor of state, deputy, and minister of state, but never a top-level one. A good administrator, skilled at operating behind the scenes, he lacked confidence in himself as a leader. More royalist than the king, he had difficulty in compromising . As memoirist, Bertier has an engaging style, a good narrative sense, and a historian's concern for accuracy. But his opinions of adversaries are hardly dispassionate. Bertier de Sauvigny, a direct descendant of Bertier, has done a superb job of editing Bertier's memoirs. The notes constitute a veritable who's who of the period. The editor mentions their "superabundance," for which historians will be generally grateful. A minor defect is a sprinkling of typographic errors. What is the value of Souvenirs d'un ultra-royaliste to scholars? Besides an insider's view of Restoration politics, it provides a unique insight into the workings of the secret knighthood, which some historians have either ignored or lumped together with the Congrégation. Bertier de Sauvigny's dissertation argues persuasively for the...

The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (review)

356CIVIL WAR HISTORY military practices, logistics and communications. It then proceeds with chronological day-by-day entries, although not every day in the period 1861 through 1865 is documented. Like E. B. and Barbara Long's monumental work, Denney outlines the main events of each day. but he goes beyond the Longs by providing biographical sketches of military and civilian leaders and descriptions of ordinance. This unusual format provides a wealth of information but also becomes unwieldy. Information such as Joe Johnston's death is needlessly repeated (10, 38); events, such as the 1862 cabinet crisis, are poorly explained (244-46); errors, such as Stephen A. Douglas's burial in Springfield instead of Chicago (49), often mar this tome. The author does not mince words when describing the ability of individuals . George B. McClellan was "a legend in his own mind" (66); Henry Halleck was "a fusspot, a procrastinator, an envious man, and a fairly good administrator" (193); and Edwin M. Stanton "would draw much criticism during his tenure as Secretary of War, much of it deserved" (1 13). By compressing complex events into brief entries, traditional interpretations replace recent historiography. For example, Denney argues that the Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave and was issued for foreign policy effect . But Mark E. Neely, Jr., and James M. McPherson have effectively called into question these views, arguing that the proclamation was a domestic policy initiative formulated to emancipate slaves. Given the sheer mass of information, this books contains something of interest for everyone. Thomas Schwartz Illinois State Historical Library The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes ofSocial Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System. By Thomas D. Schoonover. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991. Pp. 253. $32.50.) Reading this work in the wake of the Reagan-era interventions in Central America is a sobering experience. Just as in more recent times, when the region and its problems, vastly overstated as "strategic threats," can be seen as a bone thrown to the far Right, Schoonover shows how groups denied full power in domestic society (especially ex-Confederate statesmen such as G. M. Williamson) would be put in charge of shaping U.S. policy toward and actions in the region. If Southern expansionism in the postbellum period in history repeated as tragedy in Central America, then for all of its tragic local consequences the more recent "episode" must surely qualify as farce. The major analytical threads of this collection of "episodes" or vignettes are: 1) the role of Southern statesmen in forming U.S. policy in the region; 2) the outrageously racist behavior of U.S. diplomats and investors toward both the "locals" and expatriate U.S. blacks residing there; 3) the self- BOOK reviews357 serving definition of U.S. interests as not only contrary to European commercial dominance but also synonymous with local development needs; and 4) the difficulties the U.S. faced in dealing with the anti-Americanism that logically followed such self-indulgent rationalizing. Readers of this journal will probably find of greatest interest Schoonover's descriptions of Southern diplomats and his statistics on Gulf Coast trade with Central America, rather than his appendix attacking the U.S. "exceptionalist " tradition and the historiography on the King Cotton question. Indeed, while one recognizes that the strength of traditionalist, consensual, and exceptionalist tendencies within U.S. diplomatic historiography require direct attack, the author is given to repeating the same points within several of the different chapters or episodes. Virtually no Latin American historian would doubt the reality of what the author calls "social imperialism" (the export of both surplus goods and people to relieve domestic crises) and "imperial rivalry " (an inability to recognize the imperialist distortions one's own society brings to a client state, while denouncing similar intent on the part of one's rivals; the basis of both policymakers' delusions and the naively "exceptionalist " tradition). However, the frequent repetition of these claims/passages suggests quite the contrary in U.S. diplomatic history circles, at least according to Schoonover. Central Americanists will await the promised monographs on U.S., French, and German commercial relations with the region. While these case studies are of considerable interest...

The Civil War Years: A Day-By-Day Chronicle of the Life of a Nation (review)

BOOK REVIEWS355 The African American soldiers wrote passionately about the omnipresence of racial injustice, which was their constant companion. Since racism had permeated virtually every aspect of military life, their treatment was egregious , whether prisoners of war or part of an occupying force. Black troops not only had to fight the enemy, but to endure prejudice as well. Many of them understood that the Northern army was a microcosm of American society . Despite attempts by abusive white officers and soldiers to break their spirits, black troops maintained a sense of racial pride. Moreover, they did not hesitate to criticize white commanders they considered ineffective or racist . A clear picture emerges from this engaging volume of letters of the roles, fears, hopes, and disappointments of black soldiers. Redkey has done an outstanding job of editing so as not to alter the texts or meaning of the letters. His excellent introduction to each chapter of letters places them within the context of the war. The editor provides a brief description of each entry that includes the author's name, military rank, unit affiliation, date, the purpose of writing, and the newspaper in which the letter first appeared. The addition of explanatory footnotes to identify individuals, places, events, or phrases lends clarity to the work. A Grand Army ofBlack Men adds significantly to the literature of the Civil War and is a fascinating account of military life in the Union army as seen through the eyes ofAfrican American soldiers. These letters contain valuable information on the contributions and challenges of "a grand army of black men" at war. Leonne M. Hudson Kent State University The Civil War Years: A Day-By-Day Chronicle of the Life of a Nation. By Robert E. Denney. (New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. Pp. 606. $24.95.) This book is written with the general reader in mind. The author denies that he is trying "to prove a point, establish guilt (or innocence) for any action, political or military, that occurred during that period" (9). Rather, Denney seeks to highlight the lives of average soldiers, breathing "life into their stories by providing a perspective of the overall event—the war" (9). To achieve his purpose, Denney uses extended excerpts from the letters and diaries of the men who fought in the war. Most of the entries come from five individuals: Pvts. Julius D. Allen, D. L. Day, and John S. Jackson; CpI. Lucius W. Barber, and Maj. George W. Nichols. Indeed, the book's greatest strength is Denney's ability to paint a vivid picture of men encountering the drudgery of military life, finding humor in the experiences of camp life, and witnessing the carnage of battle through the writings of these five men. Private Day thought the pork so bad that he doubted it "would take a premium in any fair in the country unless it was for meanness" (116). The book begins with a short prologue summarizing military organization, population and economic differences, states' rights doctrine, medical and 356CIVIL WAR HISTORY military practices, logistics and communications. It then proceeds with chronological day-by-day entries, although not every day in the period 1861 through 1865 is documented. Like E. B. and Barbara Long's monumental work, Denney outlines the main events of each day. but he goes beyond the Longs by providing biographical sketches of military and civilian leaders and descriptions of ordinance. This unusual format provides a wealth of information but also becomes unwieldy. Information such as Joe Johnston's death is needlessly repeated (10, 38); events, such as the 1862 cabinet crisis, are poorly explained (244-46); errors, such as Stephen A. Douglas's burial in Springfield instead of Chicago (49), often mar this tome. The author does not mince words when describing the ability of individuals . George B. McClellan was "a legend in his own mind" (66); Henry Halleck was "a fusspot, a procrastinator, an envious man, and a fairly good administrator" (193); and Edwin M. Stanton "would draw much criticism during his tenure as Secretary of War, much of it deserved" (1 13). By compressing complex events into brief entries, traditional interpretations replace recent historiography. For example, Denney argues that the...

The Power of Positive Mentors: Variables Associated with Women's Interest in Social Work Administration

Abstract Some of the strategies for overcoming obstacles to gender parity in organizations include consciousness-raising, mentoring, informal support, training, and role modeling. The present study explored whether there was evidence to support the use of these strategies based upon the past experiences of female graduate social work students. Experiences with mentors and consciousness-raising were the only two variables found to be predictors of interest in administration among these students. Even though these students expressed a preference for the masculine stereotype in their descriptions of the good administrator, this variable was not found to be a predictor of interest in administration.

Administrative psychiatry.

Although management skills are urgently needed to run our nation's numerous and increasingly complex therapeutic organizations, relatively little emphasis is given to this field, and practically no formal training is required. The management field views human organizations from different perspectives: as technological systems, as systems for policy formulation and decision making, as social process, and as systems of responsibility and accountability. The social process perspective appeals especially to the psychiatrist-executive, who may view his role as that of a social system clinician. The author discusses the qualities of a good administrator and presents the stresses, strains, and rewards of the administrative life.

In search of an administrator

AbstractWhen you go in search of an administrator, set your aims as high as possible, but remember that what constitutes a good administrator in another organization may not be exactly the person who fits best into your organization—analyze your own needs as closely as your candidates' administrative qualities, and determine the mix of these characteristics that will work best for you: intelligence, imagination, technical knowledge, verbal skill, humor, adaptability, ambition, aggressiveness, and discipline.

Priorities in Planning

IF MR. DEAN (the previous speaker), is to be believed, what I am now talking to you about should be called : How to recognise an elephant when you see one. The trouble is that a lot of people have preconceived ideas about the kind of elephant that it is. If Mr. Enoch Powell is to be believed, I think he'd have you believe it's a white elephant. Some of my friends believe that at least it's a pink elephant, if not actually a red and Marxist one. The fact is of course, that what we are engaged on in Kenya is neither a white elephant nor a red elephant. It's a persuasive elephant. We are trying to carry out what is called 'persuasive planning'. It's not compulsive planning. You cannot direct people what they will do. As Mr. Dean told you, he has been planning in one country where nobody listened to what he had to say, with results which are now public knowledge. We are engaged on persuasive planning, where the real challenge to the planner is of course, to get his advice accepted. Now, what kind of an elephant is this ? What does the planner do ? How does he plan ? How does he form his priorities ? Is he doing anything other than merely speaking commonsense ? Couldn't any good administrator sitting in his office, do exactly the same things, and produce just the same amount of growth ? How do you measure the benefits of the planner's work, as one of the questioners asked the last speaker, who very wisely ducked the answer. What the planner does in practice is to take commonsense reasoning and test it out by using all available statistics, and applying economic theory. It is well known that a lot of so called commonsense merely consists of common fallacies, and it is the planner's job, where commonsense does consist of fallacies, or merely emotional views or emotional nonsense, to try and show this up. If a lot of popular fallacies are followed, commonsense can lead to

Money Talks — What Does Your Budget Say?

Preparation of a budget is the most important planning device at the disposal of an administrator. It must be not only carefully conceived but also well justified to secure legislative approval. With increasing demands for the taxpayers' dollars, an ever greater scrutiny of budget proposals is needed. Each program must meet the test of need; and proposals for things other than the basic necessities of life must be shown to be productive. Requests for budget increases should be based on these generally accepted reasons: to increase efficiency, improve the success rate, maintain a level of service, and correct health and safety hazards. And the good administrator must make the most of the dollar available to him.

A. The Administrator Looks at Science Education Objectives

In this article, Dr. Brooks discusses the what, the when, the where, the why, and the how of science education in the secondary school. He discusses various objectives that the good school administrator considers in setting up functional courses of study in science or in evaluating them. He shows how science courses must be kept in line with the time. He states "that the principal who would build well in the field of science instruction must select his objectives both general and specific with care; he must be sure that they are sound in terms of educational philosophy, community understanding, and pupil needs and interests."

The Case of the Speluncean Explorers

theories, but by other men. They are ruled well when their rulers understand the feelings and conceptions of the masses. They are ruled badly when that understanding is lacking. Of all branches of the government, the judiciary is the most likely to lose its contact with the common man. The reasons for this are, of course, fairly obvious. Where the masses react to a situation in terms of a few salient features, we pick into little pieces every situation presented to us. Lawyers are hired by both sides to analyze and dissect. Judges and attorneys vie with one another to see who can discover the greatest number of difficulties and distinctions in a single set of facts. Each side tries to find cases, real or imagined, that will embarrass the demonstrations of the other side. To escape this embarrassment, still further distinctions are invented and imported into the situation. When a set of facts has been subjected to this kind of treatment for a sufficient time, all the life and juice have gone out of it and we have left a handful of dust. Now I realize that wherever you have rules and abstract principles lawyers are going to be able to make distinctions. To some extent the sort of thing I have been describing is a necessary evil attaching to any formal regulation of human affairs. But I think that the area which really stands in need of such regulation is greatly overestimated. There are, of course, a few fundamental rules of the game that must be accepted if the game is to go on at all. I would include among these the rules relating to the conduct of elections, the appointment of public officials, and the term during which an office is held. Here some restraint on discretion and dispensation, some adherence to form, some scruple for what does and what does not fall within the rule, is, I concede, essential. Perhaps the area of basic principle should be expanded to include certain other rules, such as those designed to preserve the free civilmoign system. But outside of these fields I believe that all government officials, including judges, will do their jobs best if they treat forms and abstract concepts as instruments. We should take as our model, I think, the good administrator, who accommodates procedures and principles to the case at hand, selecting from among the available forms those most suited to reach the proper result. The most obvious advantage of this method of government is that it permits us to go about our daily tasks with efficiency and common sense. My adherence to this philosophy has, however, deeper roots. I believe that it is only with the insight this philosophy gives that we can preserve the flexibility essential if we are to keep our actions in reasonable accord with the sentiments of those subject to our rule. More governments have been wrecked, and more human misery caused, by the lack of this accord between ruler and ruled than by any other factor that can be discerned in history. Once drive a sufficient wedge between the mass of people and those who direct their legal, I9991 I869

The Blathwayt Papers of Colonial Williamsburg, Inc.

ACQUAINTANCESHIP with William Blathwayt (i649-1717), 1LA English colonial administrator, is confined almost exclusively to historians and archivists. He was a public official and he left voluminous records which have been used effectively by his recent biographer, Gertrude Ann Jacobsen.' But Blathwayt was essentially a bureaucrat whose job was to keep wheels of administration turning smoothly. He never rose to level of policy making whereby he might have become famous in history. He enjoyed favor of three successive kings during his long career of almost forty years and he was known to numerous high officials and to a legion of lesser public servants in England and colonies. As clerk and then secretary of Lords of Trade and Plantations, as auditor general, as secretary at war, and in other capacities he was a hard worker, doing more of routine than a good administrator should. He was efficient cold Mr. Blathwayt, the Elephant, as one of his assistants dubbed him,2 who set pace for his underlings and yet was solicitous of their advancement. His portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller reveals a comfortable, portly person with an air of smugness and an eager glint in his eyeY Since he knew limitations of his political and social position, it must have pleased him immensely to sit for Sir Godfrey, who painted King William III and many of his brother monarchs. Blathwayt guarded carefully his own worldly goods, as he did His Majesty's interests; he married well and lived in retirement during his last years at Dyrham Park, his late wife's estate in Gloucester. The years of Blathwayt's public service span period which marks evolution of old colonial system under Lords of Trade and Plantations, i675-i696, followed by Board of Trade, of which he was a member. The first secretary of Lords of Trade was Blathwayt's mentor and friend, Sir Robert Southwell. After his retirement in De-

Training for Public Administration: A Symposium. III. Training for Administrative Posts in the Public Service of Canada

The question of training for administrative posts in the Public Service gives rise to certain questions regarding administration in general, and public administration in particular. What do we mean by administration? Does public administration differ from private administration? What qualities are necessary to make a good public administrator? Can training aid in the development of these qualities? If so, what form should it take? And how can it best be given?“Administration” has been defined as “the performance of the executive duties of an institute or business”; and “public administration” as “the activities of the executive departments in the conduct of government.” “Executive duties” as related to public administration have again been defined as “pertaining to the execution of the country's laws,” and for the purpose of this discussion, we can perhaps agree that the public administration which we have in mind consists of the carrying out of the law in the various departments of government.Are there fundamental differences between this form of administration and that which prevails in private business? There are at least certain distinctive elements in each. In industry the profit motive is a much more important factor than it is in government. Similarly the question of remuneration bulks more largely in private industry than it does in public administration. While the old conception of a post in the Public Service as “a job for life and a pension afterward” may have passed away, the financial rewards at present attached to administrative positions in the Public Service are not such as to render the public administrator subject to what Seneca speaks of as the most fertile source of human sorrow, namely, great possessions. A public servant, on the other hand, must be much more responsive to public opinion than his counterpart in industry. He must not only carry out a policy but must sense whether or not that policy meets with public approval. He is subject at all times to public criticism and to investigations as to his acts, and this factor has a determining effect upon his methods of administration to a greater degree than exists in industry.

An Attempt at a Scientific Classification of Biblical Literature

the standpoint of any other literature it seems to have a unity both of purpose and of style. This is recognized by writers so diverse in their interests as von SodenW and Gardiner.3 This unity comes in part from the intensity with which the biblical writers felt the reality of the deepest inner life, and in part from the fact that the book from beginning to end is so largely dominated by the point of view and the culture of Palestine. No one who approaches the study of the. Bible closely, however, can remain unaware that it is not a book, but a library, containing a considerable variety of literature. There is history, poetry, philosophy, biography, and epistolary literature. It seems at first an easy task to classify this library and put each kind of literature into its proper alcove, and, like a good administrator of the Dewey library system, place over each alcove its proper number from I to i,ooo. When, however, one approaches the task, as I am asked to do, and make a scientific classification of this library from the literary point of view, he finds it a different matter. The older classification into historical, prophetic, poetical, and epistolary books is obviously inadequate. Prophetic can be applied to such books as Daniel and Revelation, only if used in a very different sense from that applicable to Amos and Hosea. Some of the books which used to be counted as historical are not histories, but laws. Large sections of the prophets and fragments of the historical books are poetical, and deserve to be so called as much as Job or the Psalms. Some of the so-called Epistles, as Hebrews and James, are obviously not letters at all, but slightly disguised orations. The modern critical analysis, which enables us to treat of J, E, D, and P, and to separate editorial material from the oracles of the prophets, seems, at first sight, to make classification easier, but does not in reality enable one to carry it through, for after all our analysis one form of literature blends into another in many of the writings and defies classification. This is why the books on the history of the literature of ancient Israel, such as Budde's Geschichte der althebrdiischen Literatur, Leipzig, 19o6, and Fowler's History of the Literature of Ancient Israel, New York, 1912, attempt no classification, but endeavor to trace the genetic origins of existing writings. The most obvious literary distinction